Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)

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LICHEN GENUS MICAREA IN EUROPE 145 Map 9 Micarea lignaria var. lignaria # 1950 onwards O Before 1950 plant debris, loose stones, pieces of timber and sack-cloth. Mr V. Giavarini has recently found it in Dorset, growing on waste heaps of slag clay, in the company of M. leprosula, Baeomyces roseus, Cladonia arbuscula, C. ciliata, C. furcata, C. portentosa, and Coeldcaulon aculeatum s. lat. M. lignaria is very rare in the lowlands of south-east England, but has been found there growing directly on the rock of east or north facing sandstone walls and churchyard memorials, and also on natural sandstone outcrops of the Sussex Weald. In upland areas M. lignaria is frequently found on the exposed lignum of fallen trunks (especially of conifers) and old timberwork, with, for example, Cladonia spp., Hypogymnia physodes, Micarea peliocarpa, Mycoblastus sterilis, Ochrolechia turneri, Parmelia saxatilis, and Lecanora polytropa (worked timber) . Occurrences of M. lignaria on the bark of healthy trees are rather rare, and in Britain are confined to the high rainfall areas of the north and west, where it has been collected on Alnus, Betula, Fraxinus, Ilex, Quercus, and old Sambucus. Reports of M. lignaria on mosses on limestone rocks usually result from the misidentification of Bacidia sabuletorum or Toninia lobulata. However, on a few occasions I have seen M. lignaria growing on thick bryophyte cushions or mats at high altitudes over limestone in the north Pennines, and over calcareous mica-schist in the Breadalbane Mountains; in such situations the pH and calcium content of the substratum is presumably kept low by the leaching effect of the' high rainfall in those areas. The altitude range of M. lignaria in Britain is from sea-level to about 1200 m (Ben Lawers), although it may well occur at higher altitudes in the Ben Nevis group and the Cairngorni Mountains. Higher altitudes are attained in the mountains of central Europe, from where it has
146 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS been collected at 2800 m in the Austrian Tirol, c. 2000 m in the Tatry mountains of Poland and Czechoslovakia, and at nearly 2500 m in the Transylvanian Alps of Romania. M. Ugnaria is common in northern and western Britain, but is very rare, with only a few scattered records, in lowland, southern England east of Devon. It is widely distributed throughout most of Europe, although in southern Europe it appears to be confined to the mountains: like most species of Micarea it seems to avoid the lowland Mediterranean regions. Records suggest that it is rare in arctic Fennoscandia, although I have seen material from north Finland and the Kola Peninsula. It has been found in the Azores at altitudes of about 900 m but I do not know of it from elsewhere in Macaronesia. From outside Europe I have seen material from the north coast of western Siberia, the Franconia Mountains (at c. 1450 m) of New Hampshire in the USA, and from Brazil (Serra Montiqueira, at c. 1900 m). Exsiccata: Anzi Lich. Lang. 148 (BM). Arnold Lich. Exs. 348A, B (BM ex K, L, M). Bohler Lich. Brit. 85 (E). Claudel & Harm. Lich. Gall. 43 (BM). Cumm. Dec. N. Am. Lich. ed. I: 302 (BM, C), ed. 2: 232 (M). Flotow Lich. Exs. 129A, E and 131 (UPS). Fries Lich. Suec. 29 (E, M, UPS); 98 (E). Harm. Guide 91 (UPS). Harm. Lich. Loth. 852 (M). Hav. Lich. Norv. 555 (C). Hertel Lecid. 34 (E, GZU). Johnson Lich. Herb. 453 (E). Kalb Lich. neotropici 22, 186 (hb Kalb). Krypt. Exs. Vindob. 658 (BM, BM ex K, C, M). Kutak Lich. Bohem. 417 (O). Larb. Lich. Caes. Sarg. 83 (BM). Larb. Lich. Herb. 272 (BM). Leighton Lich. Brit. 210 (BM, DBN, E, MANCH, NMW), 238 p.p. (BON, DBN, E, M, MANCH), 386 (BM, BON, DBN, E, FRS, M). Lojka Lich. Hung. 61 (BM, BM ex K, M). Malme Lich. Suec. 288 (C, M, S). Migula Crypt. Germ. Ip.p. (BM, C, M, MANCH); 226 (BM, C, MANCH). Moug. & Nestl. Stirp. Crypt. 1430 (E). Mudd Lich. Brit. 156 (BM, E, M, MANCH), 157 (E, MANCH), 158 (BM, E, M, MANCH). Norrlin & Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. 319A, B (BM, C, H). Oliv. Lich. Orne 344 (M, S). Pisut Lich. Slov. 156 (BM, M). Rabenh. Lich. Eur. 322, 603 (BM, M). Roum. Lich. Gall. 193 (BM), 232 (BM, M). Samp. Lich. Port. 147 (LD). Schaerer Lich. Helv. 196p.p. (BM, BM ex K, E). Vezda Lich. Bohem. 133, 258 (LD, M). Vezda Lich. Sel. 516, 858, 1036, 1088 (BM). Zwackh. Lich. Exs. Ill (BM). 19b. Micarea lignaria var. endoleuca (Leighton) Coppins, comb. nov. (Figs 53-54; Map 10) Lecidea milliaria var. endoleuca Leighton, Lich. Fl. Brit., edn 3: 363 (1879). Type: Ireland, West Galway, ontheDoughraugh, 1875, C. Lar/?fl/e5^ieA-(BMexK-lectotype!; BM-? isolectotype!). Thallus identical to var. lignaria except that the areolae usually have dull yellowish (isabelline) tinge. Apothecia and pycnidia (containing microconidia) identical to var. lignaria; pycnidia containing macroconidia or mesoconidia not known. Chemistry: Thallus K- or Kf+ yellow, C+ yellow-orange (persistent), KC-I- reddish orange (persistent), PD-; sections of apothecia C-; t.l.c: xanthone(s), possibly arthothelin and thiophaninic acid. Observations (including habitat and distribution) : My preliminary studies on M. lignaria found most specimens to have a C-, PD+ red thallus reaction, but a few otherwise ± identical specimens from western Ireland, north Wales, and western Scotland gave C+ persistent orange, PD- reactions. Subsequent t.l.c. analysis proved the normal form to have the then unidentified, P+ red compound found also in Phyllopsora rosei (Coppins & James, 1979), and the anomalous form to contain two xanthones (possibly arthothelin and thiophaninic acid). Xanthones often impart a yellowish tinge to lichen thalli (e.g. Lecidella elaeochroma, L. scabra, Pertusaria flavida, and P. hymenea) and this is the case for the xanthone containing race of M. lignaria; the colour difference is most evident when the two races occur together. Of all the types of names attributable to M. lignaria s. ampL, only that applicable to the 'var. endoleuca Leighton' was found to contain xanthones, and that name is here adopted at the same rank. Although the var. endoleuca is morphologically identical to the var. lignaria it has a sympatric but much more restricted geographical range. In the British Isles it is confined to the more oceanic districts with one rather anomalous occurrence in Surrey (Leith Hill). Furthermore, it appears to have a lower altitudinal range, with a collection at 600 m in Snowdonia representing its known upper limit in
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. 18 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS 11. M.denig
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20 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Micarea The g
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22 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Morphology Th
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24 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS (ii) Goniocys
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26 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS A B Fig. 2 'M
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30 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 5 Sketch
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32 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 6 Ascus
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34 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 8 M. ala
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36 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 10 A, M.
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38 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 12 A,M.
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40 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS r\ U Fig. 14
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46 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 20 A-B,
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48 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 22 M. me
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56 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 30 M. su
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58 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 31 - con
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64 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Table 1 Conid
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68 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 37 M. ad
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72 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS n 1/ [\ f] n
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. 88 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS the epithec
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90 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS fM. elachista
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92 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Saxicolous ha
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conferanda (Lecidea) 205 confusula
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populina (Lecidea, Micarea) 31,32 p
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