Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)

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LICHEN GENUS MICAREA IN EUROPE 133 4 fim wide. Excipulum poorly developed and much reflexed, sometimes evident as a narrow, pale fuscous-brown zone; hyphae hyaline, radiating, branched and anastomosing, 1-1-5 /xm wide. Pycnidia usually present and numerous, developing from within areolae but soon becoming emergent and sometimes ± sessile; of two types: (a) c. 100-200 /xm diam, grey-brown but usually paler or whitish around the ostiole, surface smooth and ± glossy; ostioles distinct and c. 20 jxm diam, sometimes gaping and to 50 jxva diam; wall not continuing below the base, laterally c. 23-40 /xm wide, dilute olivaceous or brownish, K-l- violet, and formed of interwoven hyaline hyphae (c. 1-5 /xm wide) that ± separate in K; conidiogenous cells cylindrical, occasionally percurrently proliferating, c. 4—7x1-2 /xm; conidia (mesoconidia) ± cylindrical, sometimes slightly wider at proximal end, often faintly biguttulate, 3-5-4-5xl-3-l-7(-2) /xm. (b) similar in appearance and structure to above, but smaller and 60-100 /xm diam; conidiogenous cells cylindrical, c. 3-6x1 /xm; conidia (microconidia) narrowly cylindrical, (4-)4-5-6(-6-5)x 0-7-1 /xm. Chemistry: Thallus K— , C— by t. I.e. , KC— , PD— ; sections of apothecia C— ; no substances detected Observations: The combination of ± globose areolae, ± globose, brown apothecia, dense brown (dissolving in K) epithecial pigment, C- hymenium, fusiform, 1-3-septate spores and distinctive, ± glossy pycnidia usuall-y make this species easy to identify. Some confusion has been made with shade forms of M. denigrata, but these can be distinguished by their rather adnate and often larger apothecia, C-f- orange-red (gyrophoric acid) hymenium and thallus, never glossy, thin-walled pycnidia, and, when present, curved macroconidia. M. elachista is closely related to M. rhabdogena (q-v.), which differs in having an endoxylic thallus, smaller, mostly simple, spores, and black pycnidia. The areolae of M. elachista sometimes have a white-pruinose appearance: the 'pruina' resulting from the partial disintegration of the thin 'epicortex'. Habitat and distribution: M. elachista is found, often in the company of Parmeliopsis spp. , on the lignum (rarely bark) of partially or wholly decorticate trunks or large stumps of old trees, especially Castanea, Pinus, and Quercus. Most collections from France and Germany were made from Castanea, whereas those made from Scandinavia were mostly from conifers. It occasionally occurs on burnt or charred stumps and my collection (Coppins 6017) from Sweden, on Pinus, was accompanied by Chaenotheca ferruginea, Hypocenomyce friesii, Lecidea granulosa agg. , Micarea melaena, and Parmeliopsis spp. It seems to be rare on worked timber, but was collected on old fence-posts in Bavaria by Arnold. I have seen only one saxicolous gathering of M. elachista, i.e. the holotype of Lecidea sororians from southern Finland, with which occurred colonies of a Stigonema sp. , a few lobes of a brown Parmelia (? P. verruculifera) and, according to Nylander, Biatorella torvula (not present in the existing material). This specimen is very small and in poor condition, and the few spores seen appeared to be abnormally developed, 1-3-septate, 15-24x2-2-5 /xm; other features of the thallus and apothecia agree with M. elachista (pycnidia were not found) and I think it is most unlikely to represent a distinct taxon. M. elachista appears to avoid the more strongly oceanic areas of Europe, and is known from mid-Sweden, southern Finland, France (Haute Vienne, the Massif Central and the Pyrenees), southern Germany (Hessen, Baden-Wiirttemberg and Bavaria), and the Austrian Tirol. Its presence in Britain is a possibility and it should be sought for, especially in the central Highlands and east Scotland, and the Welsh border counties. Exsiccata: Arnold Lick. Exs. 1471 (BM ex K, M). Arnold Lick. Mon. 246 (BM ex K, M). Malme Lick. Suec. 21 (M, S). Norrlin & Nyl. Herb. Lick. Fenn. 314 (BM, H, M); 724 (BM). Vezda Lick. Sel. 1134 (BM). Zwackh Lich. Exs. 122 (H-NYL 18828, M).
134 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS 13. Micarea eximia Hedl. (Figsl4B,40C) in Bih. K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. Ill, 18 (3): 80, 84, 95 (1892). - Catillaria malmeana Zahlbr., Cat. lich. univ. 4: 56 (1926); nom. nov.; non Catillaria eximia Malme. Type: Sweden, Dalarna, Alvdal, Hallstugen, vi 1891, J. T. Hedlund (S - lectotype! [t.l.c: no substances]; S - isolectotype!; material distributed as Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. 26 is possibly part of this collection). Thallus effuse, endoxylic, of minute clusters (c. 15-40 yun diam) of the phycobiont amongst the wood fibres, with intertwining hyphae that often have green walls, K-, HNO3+ red. Phycobiont micareoid, cells 4-7 /x,m diam. Apothecia numerous, immarginate, ± convex-globose from the start, often becoming tuberculate, black, matt or slightly glossy, 0- 1-0-2 mm diam, or to 0-4 mm diam when tuberculate. Hymenium 30-45 /am tall; upper part bright to dark aeruginose, K— or dulling, HNO3+ purple-red; remaining (lower) part ± hyaline with aeruginose vertical streaks. Asci clavate, c. 30-40x11-12 ^.m. Spores oblong-fusiform, sometimes slightly curved, 9-14 (-16) X 1 •8-2-5 /xm. Paraphyses rather scanty, branched and anastomosing, thin and 0-7-0-8 /xm wide, but upper c. 5-17 (xm with thickened, pigmented walls and then 2-3 /xm wide; usually a few paraphyses have pigmented walls throughout their length and are about 2 ^im wide in the middle hymenium. Hypothecium 45-120 //,m tall, dilute reddish- or purplish brown, sometimes with darker blotches, K+ dull greenish, HNO3+ purple-red, pigment confined to gel-matrix; hyphae interwoven, hyaline, c. 1-1-5 /xm wide; ascogenous hyphae with swollen cells up to 4 ^im diam. Excipulum indistinct, sometimes evident as a dark green or brownish (K-l- olivaceous) reflexed zone with branched, radiating, pigmented hyphae c. 1-5-2 /xm wide. Pycnidia numerous but inconspicuous, usually immersed between surface wood fibres, but sometimes ± emergent, black, c. 35-80 /xm diam; walls dark green, K-, HNO3-I- purple-red, composed of tightly bound, pigmented hyphae, c. 2 /xm wide. Conidia (mesoconidia) cyhndri- cal, sometimes biguttulate, 3-9-5-5X 1-1-4 /xm. Chemistry: Sections of apothecia and thallus C— ; no substances detected by t.l.c. Observations: Micarea eximia is characterized by the combination of an endoxylic thallus, small, black, ± globose or tuberculate apothecia, bright green upper hymenium, reddish or purplish brown (K-l- green) hypothecium, simple or 1-septate, oblong-fusiform spores, and an absence of stalked pycnidia. It is most likely to be confused with M. contexta and M. olivacea. The former has broader, ovoid spores and a darker hypothecium; and the latter has a less brightly coloured hymenium, a darker olivaceous hypothecium, more numerous and broader paraphyses, shorter and slightly broader spores with rounded apices, and shorter mesoconidia. M. nigella differs from M. eximia in having a purplish brown upper hymenium, a darker hypothecium (hyphal walls pigmented), ellipsoid to oblong-ovoid, simple spores, and stalked pycnidia. The spores of M. eximia are similar to those of M. denigrata, but that species has an olivaceous, K-l- violet pigment in its upper hymenium and pycnidial walls, and a ± hyaline hypothecium. Habitat and distribution: M. eximia is a rare or overlooked species of conifer lignum, known only from middle Sweden and northern Finland. Associated species on the specimens examined include Bacidia retigena, Calicium glaucellum, Cetraria pinastri, Cladonia spp., Lecideapullata, Micarea misella, Parmeliopsis aleurites, P. ambigua, P. hyperopia, and Xylographa vitiligo. 14. Micarea globulosella (Nyl.) Coppins, comb. nov. (Figsl5,43A-B;Map24) Lecidea globulosella Nyl., Lich. Jap.: 69 (1890). - Bacidia globulosella (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Cat. lich. univ. 4: 202 (1926). Type: Japan, Yokohama, on bark, 1879, E. /4/m^Mwf(S -lectotype! ; isolectotypes: H-NYL 17412! and 17413!, S!). Thallus effuse, of scattered or, more usually, ± contiguous areolae. Areolae convex, whitish or grey, not gelatinous when wet, 40-150 /xm diam; in section without an amorphous covering
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40 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS r\ U Fig. 14
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48 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 22 M. me
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50 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 24 A, M.
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52 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 26 M. pr
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56 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 30 M. su
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58 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 31 - con
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60 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 33 M. tu
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64 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Table 1 Conid
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68 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 37 M. ad
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72 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS n 1/ [\ f] n
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conferanda (Lecidea) 205 confusula
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populina (Lecidea, Micarea) 31,32 p
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