Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)

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LICHEN GENUS MICAREA IN EUROPE 125 Habitat and distribution: M. contexta occurs on conifer lignum, probably in sheltered, woodland situations. Species associated with M. contexta on the specimens examined include Arthonia helvola, Cetraria pinastri, Cladonia spp., (scattered squamules), Hypogymnia phy- sodes, Lecanora symmicta agg., Lecidea efflorescens, L. pullata, Micarea anterior, M. misella, Parmeliopsis ambigua, and P. hyperopta. The known distribution of M. contexta is restricted to middle Sweden, from where it was found in several localities by Hedlund. Supposed collections from outside Sweden seen by me belong to M. melaena. Nevertheless, M. contexta should be sought for in other regions, especially those containing naturally occurring coniferous forests. Exsiccata: Malme Lich. Suec. 28 (M, S). 9. Micarea crassipes (Th. Fr.) Coppins, comb. nov. (Figs4B, 12B,41C) Helocarpon crassipes Th. Fr., Lich. arctoi: 178 (1860); and in Nova Acta R. Soc. Sclent. Upsal. Ill, 3: 278 (1861). - Lecidea crassipes (Th. Fr.) Nyl. in Flora, Jena 45: 464 (1861). Type: Norway, Finnmark, Aldjok, 1857, Th. M. Fries (S-lectotype!; isolectotypes: BM!, BM ex K!, LD, UPS!). Lecidea crassipes f. morlformls Th. Fr., Lich. Scand. 2: 520 (1874). Type: Norway, Finnmark, Masoy, 16 vii 1864, Th. M. Fries (UPS-lectotype!). Lecidea crassipes f. pulverula Th. Fr., Lich Scand. 2: 520 (1874). Type: Norway, Sor-Trondelag, Oppdal hd., Dovre, Kongsvoll, Hogsnyta, 11 viii 1863, Th. M. Fries (UPS-lectotype!). Lecidea hypopodla f. subasslmllata Nyl. in Bull. Soc. linn. Normandle, IV, 1: 242 (1887). Type: U.S.A., Alaska, Bering Strait, St Lawrence Island, 1879, E. Almqulst (H-NYL 20915 - holotype!). Thallus growing on bryophytes or plant debris, rarely spreading on to sandy soil, composed of small, ± globose areolae. Areolae cream-white, pale grey-brown, sometimes ash-grey in part, matt, rather fragile, 0-07-0-2 mm diam; the larger areolae sometimes budding to produce smaller, secondary granules thereby giving the thallus an isidiose appearance. Areolae in section without a hyaline covering layer; thallus hyphae entirely hyaline, c. 2-3 pm wide. Phycobiont micareoid, cells 4-7 pm diam. Apothecia numerous, sessile but (in section) markedly constricted below, or turbinate, or short-stalked, 0-2-0-6 mm diam; disc matt, at first plane with a thin, often slightly raised, concolorous or slightly paler, often ± glossy, margin, 0-02-0-05 mm wide; disc later expanding, becoming convex and excluding the margin. On rare occasions apothecia become tuberculate and up to 1-4 pm diam. Hymenium 45-50 pm tall; upper part (epithecium) dark green or olivaceous and K-h green-intensifying, or purple-brown and K+ purple-intensifying; remaining (lower) part dilute purplish, K+ purple-intensifying or K+ sordid-green. Asci clavate, 40- 48x11-14 pm. Spores 0(-l)-septate, fusiform-ellipsoid, (9-)10-17(-21)x(2-5-)3-4-5 pm. Paraphyses numerous, simple, or sparingly branched above, sometimes anastomosing, 1-1-5 ju-m wide, sometimes widening above to 2-5 ^tm; apical walls hyaline but often surrounded by dense pigment. Hypothecium dark, variably pigmented: upper part (c. 30-60 pm) dark purple-brown, K-l- dark olive-green, or K-l- purple-intensifying in part or in whole; lower part (including 'stipe') paler and mottled, brown- or vinose-red and K- , or with purple tinge and K+ purple-intensifying; hyphae in upper part tightly interwoven but becoming vertically orientated towards the hymenium, c. 1-5-2 pm wide, embedded in a densely pigmented gel-matrix, intermixed with ascogenous hyphae c. 2-5-4 ^tm wide; hyphae in lower part loosely interwoven, becoming outwardly directed laterally (i.e. as they approach the excipulum), c. 1-1-5 pm wide, embedded in a gel-matrix that swells and partially dissolves in K. Excipulum well developed, and conspicuous in young mature apothecia, c. 50 pm wide laterally; innerpart concolorous with upper hypothecium; outer part dilute to dark olivaceous, K+ green-intensifying; hyphae radiating, branched and anastomosing, c. 1-1-5 pm wide. Excipular and hypothecial tissues usually extended vertically downwards to form a 'stipe' (Fig. 4B). Pycnidia rare, sessile, black, c. 60-150 pm diam, ostiole sometimes gaping; walls c. 10- 17 pm wide, green-black (K- or K+ green-intensifying) in upper parts, changing to dark red-brown (K-) below; conidiogenous cells elongate-ampulliform, strongly tapered towards
126 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS the neck, 6-9x3-4 /xm, neck 1-1-3 /xm wide; conidia {7 mesoconidia) cylindrical, 4-5-5-7xl-2- 1-5 ixm. Chemistry: Thallus K— , C-, KC-, PD-; t.l.c: no substances. Observations: The combination of a finely granular (sometimes isidiose) whitish to grey, muscicolous thallus and turbinate or short-stalked, marginate (when young), black apothecia make this an easy species to recognise, even with a hand lens. Internally, the apothecia have a well differentiated excipulum and a distinctly two-zoned hypothecium. This structure, which is rather 'advanced' for a Micarea, has led me to deliberate on the merits of the monotypic genus Helocarpon Th. Fr. However, characters such as the basic arrangement, organisation and form of apothecial hyphae (including paraphyses), ascus structure, morphology of pycnidia, and thallus structure (including phycobiont), are still those of a Micarea. The vertical extension of excipular and hypothecial tissues to produce a 'stipe' is not unique to M. crassipes, and is found in some specimens of M. lignaria and M. ternaria, and in an undescribed species from New Zealand (North Island: Trounson Kauri Reserve, on hepatics on rotten stumps 1967, D. M. Henderson (E)). This last species closely resembles M. crassipes (e.g. apothecia marginate when young, apothecial pigmentation, thallus type) but has broader, ellipsoid or ovoid, 1-septate spores (13-16-5x5-5-7 /Am) and rather sparse paraphyses. Overall considerations of morphology and ecology lead me to assign M. crassipes to the group including M. assimilata, and it is to the account of that species the reader is referred for further discussions. Habitat and distribution: M. crassipes grows over bryophytes and plant debris on the ground and amongst rocks in northern Fennoscandia and at high altitudes (probably above 1000 m) in the Alps and other central European mountains. From Norway and Sweden I have seen several collections from north of c. 63°N and in Russia it occurs on the Kola Peninsula. In Finland it extends to the southernmost parts (Karelia australis, c. 60°30'N). In central Europe it occurs in the western Sudety (Krkonose, at 1000 m) of Czechoslavakia, and southwards its range extends east to the Alps (Austrian Tirol, and Dolomiti in north Italy) and west to the Transylvanian Alps (Munjii Retezat, at c. 2000-2500 m) of Romania. From outside Europe it has been collected on St Lawrence Island in the Bering Strait; it is quite likely to have a circumpolar distribution. Exsiccata: Arnold Lich. Exs. 556 [A] (BM ex K, H, H-NYL 16578), 556B (BM ex K, H, H-NYL p.m. 5105), 1121 (BM ex K). Fellman Lich. Arct. 165 (BM ex K, H, H-NYL 16570). Malme Lich. Suec. 362 (BM). NorrlinandNyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. 194A, B(H). Vezda L/c/i. Bohem. 282(LD). Vezda L/c/i. Sel. 11 (BM). 10. Micarea curvata Coppins, sp.nov. (Fig. 12C) Thallus probabiliter albido-griseus vel brunneo-griseus, granuloso-verruculosus. Algae cellulis 4-7 /Am diam. Apothecia immarginata, convexo-hemisphaerica mox tuberculata, atrobrunnea, 0-2-0-5 mm diam, aut ad 0-65 diam ubi tuberculata. Hymenium c. 60 /tm altum, ± hyalinum, cum vittis verticalibus, pallide fuscis; parte summa (epithecio) pallide fuscis, K-, Ascosporae fabiformes vel valde curvatae, (O-)l-septatae, 9-ll-7x2-5-3-8 /^m. Paraphyses ramosae et anastomosantes, graciles, c. 0-8-1 /xm latae, apicibus baud incrassatis et baud pigmentiferis. Hypothecium pallidum. Excipulum reflexum, pallidum, margine externo pallide fusescenti. Pycnidia ignota. Thallus et apothecia in sectione C+ rubra. Typus: Germania, Guestphalia, Gravenhorst, in muro lapideo ad lapidem arenarium, leg. Th. R. J. Nitschke (WRSL -holotype ) ! . Thallus probably grey or brownish grey and granular-verrucose, but difficult to interpret in the single specimen in which the thallus is invaded by foreign algae and dematiaceous hyphae. Phycobiont micareoid, cells 4-7 pm diam. Apothecia convex-hemispherical to tuberculate, immarginate, dark brown, 0-2-0-5 mm diam, or to 0-65 mm diam when tuberculate. Hymenium c. 60 pm tall ± hyaline with pale fuscous brown vertical streaks; upper part (epithecium) pale fuscous brown, K- , HNO3. Asci clavate, c. 45-50x10-13 pm. Spores fabiform or distinctly curved, (0-) 1-septate, 9-11-7x2-5-3-8 pm.
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38 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 12 A,M.
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40 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS r\ U Fig. 14
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46 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 20 A-B,
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48 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 22 M. me
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50 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 24 A, M.
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52 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 26 M. pr
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56 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 30 M. su
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64 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Table 1 Conid
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68 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 37 M. ad
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72 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS n 1/ [\ f] n
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conferanda (Lecidea) 205 confusula
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populina (Lecidea, Micarea) 31,32 p
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