Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)

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LICHEN GENUS MICAREA IN EUROPE 123 Habitat and distribution: In the British Isles M. cinerea is mostly found in communities of (or closely akin to) the Parmelietum laevigatae on the trunks or over bryophytes thereon of Quercus, Betula and, less often, Alnus, Corylus, Fraxinus, Ilex, Sorbus, Larix, Pinus, and Pseudotsuga. Associated species in these communities include Catillaria pulverea, Cladonia coniocraea, C. macilenta, C. squamosa, Haematomma caesium, H. elatinum, Lecidea icmalea, Lepraria incana, Micarea alabastrites, M. stipitata, M. synotheoides, Mycoblastus sterilis, Parmelia laevigata, P. saxatilis, Platismatia glauca, Stenocybe septata, Thelotrema lepadinum, Trapelia corticola ined. , Frullania tamarisci, Lejeunea ulicina, Scapania gracilis, Dicranum fuscescens, and Hypnum cupressiforme. Less commonly it is found in the Ugnum of fallen, decorticated trunks. Occurrences on other substrata are rare although I have found it on one occasion growing directly on rock (Coed Hafod in Denbigh) where it was associated with Trapelia involuta on the top of a dry-stone wall in an oak-birch wood. In addition, it was found on mosses on epidiorite at an altitude of 1000 m in the Ben Alder range of Inverness-shire by Dr O. L. Gilbert; the specimen is sterile but has pycnidia with the characteristic macroconidia. In Britain M. cinerea usually occurs at lower altitudes (mostly below 300 m), and exhibits a distribution pattern attributable to the General Western Group of Coppins (1976). However, there are two outlying easterly localities (in North Northumberland and East Perth) both of which are sheltered, more or less undisturbed, valley woodlands. From outside Britain I have seen material of M. cinerea from Hordaland and Rogaland in western Norway, the east Sudety and Vysoke Tatry of Czechoslovakia, southern Germany, and the Swiss, Austrian and Italian Alps. Most collections from southern Germany and the Alps are Map 6 Micarea cinerea • 1950 onwards O Before 1950
124 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS from the trunks of conifers (Picea, Pinus, and Abies), but they also included specimens from the trunks of A Inus and Betula, lignum of stumps, fallen trees, and old fence posts. In addition, it was collected several times on thin twigs of Picea by F. Arnold and his contemporaries, and it is possibly of interest to note that I do not know it as an inhabitant of twigs in north-west Europe. Unlike M. alabastrites and M. peliocarpa, M. cinerea is not known from Macaronesia, and I have not seen any material of it from outside Europe. Exsiccata: Arnold Lich. Exs. 548 (M), 549 (BM ex K, M). Arnold Lich. Mon. 47 (BM ex K), 1 15 (BM ex K, M, MANCH), 116 (BM ex K, M). Britz. Lich. Exs. 846 (M). Hepp Flecht. Eur. 21 p.p. (BM, M). Lojka Lich. Hung. 60 (M). Vezda Lich. Set. 1087 (BM, S). Zwackh Lich. Exs. 898 (M). 8. MicareacontextaHedl. (Figs 12A, 40A-B) in Bih. K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. Ill, 18 (3): 83, 96 (1892). - Catillaria contexta (Hedl.) Zahlbr, Cat. lich. univ. 4: 35 (1926). Type: Sweden, Halsingland, Ovanaker, 1891, J. T. Hedlund (S - lectotype!). Thallus effuse, endoxylic, inapparent or evident as a slight bleaching of the wood, consisting of scattered, small, rounded granules (c. 15-25 pm diam) buried between the wood fibres; external hyphae of granules with dark green walls, K— , HNO3-I- red. Phycobiont micareoid, cells 4-7 pm diam. Apothecia numerous, immarginate, ± globose from the start, often becoming tuberculate, black, matt, 0- 1-0-2 mm diam, or to 0-3 mm diam when tuberculate. Hymenium 35-45 pm tall; upper part (epithecium) dark green, K- or green intensifying, HNO3+ purple-red; remaining (lower) part ± hyaline or dilute greenish with dark green, vertical streaks, sometimes with a few, minute, purple-violet (K-l- aeruginose) granules. Asci clavate, 35-40x10-14 pm. Spores ovoid or oblong-ovoid, upper cell broader than the lower and with a more rounded apex, 1-septate, or rarely with a thin, additional septum in the lower cell, 7-13(-14)x(2-3-)3-4-5 pm. Paraphyses rather scanty, of two types: p. max. p. branched and anastomosing, haline, thin, 0-6-0-8 pm wide, apices often with thickened, pigmented walls and then to 2 pm wide; /?. min. p. scattered or in small fascicles, simple, with thickened, pigmented walls throughout and 1-5-2 pm wide, apices sometimes widening to 3 pm. Many apices overtopping the asci to form a ± distinct epithecium. Hypothecium 20-90 pm tall, dark green or dark purple (colours often intermixed), K-l- dark olive-green or aeruginose, HNO3-I- purple-red; hyphae interwoven, hyaline or thickened with pigment, 1-2 pm wide; ascogenous hyphae with swollen cells to 4 pm wide. Excipulum indistinct, sometimes evident as a narrow, dark greenish zone, c. 5-12 /am wide, forming a lateral border to the reflexed edge of the hymenium. Pycnidia usually present but inconspicuous, immersed between the wood fibres or emergent to sessile, black, with dark greenish walls, K - or green intensifying, HNO3-I- purple-red; of two types (a) c. 40 pm diam; conidia (mesoconidia) cylindrical, often faintly biguttulate 3-8^-7x 1-3-1-8 pm; (b) c. 20-40 pm diam; conidia (microconidia) narrowly cylindrical, 4-5x 0-8-1 pm. Chemistry: Apothecia sections C— ; material insufficient for analysis by t.l.c. Observations: Micarea contexta is characterised by its endoxylic thallus, very small, black, ± globose apothecia, dark green epithecium, dark greenish or purplish hypothecium, ovoid, 1-septate spores, thin hyaline paraphyses and an absence of stalked pycnidia. It is apt to be confused with diminutive, immature forms of M. melaena, but that species has more numerous paraphyses, longer microconidia, and a superficial, granular thallus which contains gyrophoric acid when in a healthy condition. When mature, M. melaena has more robust apothecia and larger, 3-septate spores. M. eximia can be distinguished from M. contexta by its more brightly coloured epithecium and narrower, ± fusiform spores; and M. nigella can be distinguished by its simple spores and stalked pycnidia. M. olivacea differs in having more numerous paraphyses which are broader (1-1-2 ^im) when hyaline, a complete absence of purple pigmentation in its apothecia, and relatively narrower, ± oblong spores. 1
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20 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Micarea The g
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22 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Morphology Th
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24 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS (ii) Goniocys
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34 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 8 M. ala
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36 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 10 A, M.
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40 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS r\ U Fig. 14
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44 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 18 M. le
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46 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 20 A-B,
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48 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 22 M. me
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50 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 24 A, M.
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52 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 26 M. pr
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54 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS VJ Fig. 28 A,
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56 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 30 M. su
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58 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 31 - con
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60 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 33 M. tu
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62 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 34 Two t
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64 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Table 1 Conid
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68 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 37 M. ad
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34. Micarea prasina Fr. LICHEN GENU
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LICHEN GENUS MICAREA IN EUROPE 175
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conferanda (Lecidea) 205 confusula
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populina (Lecidea, Micarea) 31,32 p
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