Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)

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LICHEN GENUS MICAREA IN EUROPE 119 Map 4 Micarea bauschiana # 1950 onwards O Before 1950 (1925). Type: Finland, Tavastia australis, Lammi, Evo, Lapinkallio, 1866, J. P. Norrlin 404 (H-NYL 20685 p.p. -lectotype!; H-isolectotype!). Note: In the protologue Nylander states 'ad lignum putridum' but this is clearly an error (see Vainio 1934: 361). The lectotype has been selected from a packet in the Nylander Herbarium containing two pieces of rock - one with M. lutulata, the other (lectotype) with the apothecia and characteristic stalked pycnidia of M. botryoides. It is possible that Nylander 's diagnosis was based in part on the apothecia of M. lutulata, which bear many similarities to those of M. botryoides. Because Art. 70 of the ICBN is no longer applicable Lecidea apochroeella var. botryoides cannot be rejected as being based on discordant elements; consequently the part containing M. lutulata is excluded, and that part including stalked pycnidia (as described in Nylander's diagnosis) is chosen as the lectotype. Thallus effuse, thin, more rarely developing into a thick, loose crust up to c. 0-4 mm thick, scurfy-granular, pale to dark dull green, dark olive-green, or dull greenish black, sometimes whitish buff when on dry, deeply shaded rocks. When very thin the thallus consists of flattened granules, c. 20-50 ^im diam. , which are often dispersed and interconnected by white, arachnoid, prothalline hyphae. Thickening of the thallus is caused by the production of goniocysts (c. 16-30 ixm diam), the first of which appear to arise by budding from the primary granules; when thick the thallus has a ± gelatinous appearance when wet. Phycobiont micareoid, cells 4—7 /xm diam. Apothecia usually few, more commonly absent, immarginate, at first convex-hemispherical, soon becoming ± globose and much constricted below (sometimes short-stipitate), often becoming tuberculate, black, or dark brown (in deep shade), matt, 0- 1-0-25 mm diam, or to 0-5 mm when tuberculate. Hymenium 25-35 ^im tall, hyaline or sometimes tinged dilute brown (K- , HNO3-) or dilute olivaceous (K- , or K± green intensifying, HNO3+ red) in places, but
120 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS always with numerous dark brown (K± olivaceous tinge, HN03± reddish tinge) vertical streaks. Asci cylindrical-clavate or clavate, 20-35x7-9 /xm. Spores ovoid, oblong-ellipsoid or oblong-ovoid, straight or slightly curved, 0-l(-3)-septate, 8-13(-16)x 2-3-3 •7(-4) /xm. Paraphyses rather scanty, of two types: p.p. evenly distributed, flexuose, simple or sparingly branched, sometimes anastomosing, thin, 0-7-1 fxm wide, sometimes widening above to 1 -7 /^m, walls hyaline throughout; p.p. fasciculate, simple or sparingly branched, stout, c. 2-2-5 /xm wide, sometimes widening above to 3-5 ixm, coated ± throughout by dark brown pigment. Hypothecium c. 60-120 /xm tall, dark reddish brown, K- or dulling, HNO3- or red tinge slightly intensifying; hyphae coated with dark brown pigment, c. 2-3 /xm wide, interwoven but becoming vertically orientated towards the hymenium and sometimes continuing into it as stout, fasciculate, pigmented paraphyses; ascogenous hyphae similarly pigmented, with short, swollen cells to 5 /xm wide. Excipulum indistinct, sometimes evident in young apothecia as a reflexed reddish brown zone concolorous with, or sHghtly paler than, the hypothecium; hyphae radiat- ing, branched and anastomosing, c. 1-1-5 /xm wide, their walls sometimes with a thin coating of brown pigment. Pycnidia always present and numerous, sessile or, more usually, distinctly stalked, black, 50-400 /xm tall (including stalk) and 40-90 /xm diam; stalks simple, or branched and bearing up to six pycnidia; the 'stalk-part' below the current conidia-producing pycnidia often includes old pycnidia (see Fig. 35); the stalk and pycnidia are usually black but in extreme shade forms the stalk tissue may be ± colourless, contrasting with the dark brown or blackish, current and old pycnidia. In microscope preparations (at x400): pycnidiophore tissue dilute to dark fuscous or reddish brown, K- or dulling, HNO3- or red tinge slightly intensifying; pycnidial wall dark greenish brown, K- or K-l- green intensifying HN03-(- red. Conidiogenous cells ± cylindrical or elongate ampuUiform, often with swollen base which is thickened with brownish pigment, often with one or two percurrent proliferations, 3-5-7-5 x 1-1-4 /xm, base sometimes swollen to 2-5 /xm wide. Conidia (mesoconidia) ± cylindrical, often biguttulate, sometimes slightly constricted in the middle, 3-5-4-8x1-1-5 /xm. Chemistry: Thallus K— , C— detected by t. I.e. , PD— ; sections of apothecia and thallus C— ; no substances Observations: Micarea botryoides is easily recognised by its numerous, black, stalked pycnidia, whose walls are dark greenish brown (K- or K-l- green intensifying), and its normal occurrence on substrate other than hgnum. It is very similar to the rare M. melaeniza, but that species has shorter conidia, smaller, simple spores, and is apparently confined to lignum. M. misella often has stalked, black pycnidia, but is usually hgnicolous. However, it does occasionally occur on decaying bryophytes where it could be confused with M. botryoides. In such instances their separation is easy because the pycnidia of M. misella contain an olivaceous or dull brownish pigment that turns violet in K. When on rock the apothecia of M. botryoides could be confused with those of M. lutulata, but the latter species has smaller, simple spores, a non-micareoid phycobiont, and immersed pycnidia. When on soft lignum it should be compared with M. nigella which is superficially identical, but has a purple-brown (K-l- green) pigment in its apothecia and pycnidia. Sterile forms of M. botryoides have puzzled lichenologists for many years, being dismissed with such remarks as 'indeterminate pycnidia' or 'fungus'. In 1867 Leighton distributed sterile material of M. botryoides in his exsiccate (no. 388), as ' Lecidea sabuletorum var. milliaria (Fr.), spermagonia', evidently believing it to be the pycnidial state oi Micarea lignaria, the apothecia of which occur on some of his specimens . The identity of these pycnidia remained a mystery until my discovery of fertile material in Scotland in 1976 and my subsequent examination of the type material of Lecidea apochroeella var. botryoides in 1979. Habitat and distribution: M. botryoides is usually found as a constituent of the Micareetum sylvicolae in dry underhangs, growing on solid rock, loose stones, consolidated soil, tree roots, and loose mats ot moribund bryophytes; but it also occurs on rock, stones, and decaying bryophytes in wetter shaded situations. There are a few collections made from the soft.
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. 18 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS 11. M.denig
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20 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Micarea The g
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22 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Morphology Th
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24 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS (ii) Goniocys
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26 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS A B Fig. 2 'M
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28 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS 3 00
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30 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 5 Sketch
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32 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 6 Ascus
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34 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 8 M. ala
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36 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 10 A, M.
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38 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 12 A,M.
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40 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS r\ U Fig. 14
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42 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 16 M. in
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44 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 18 M. le
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46 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 20 A-B,
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48 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 22 M. me
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50 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 24 A, M.
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52 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 26 M. pr
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54 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS VJ Fig. 28 A,
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56 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 30 M. su
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58 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 31 - con
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60 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 33 M. tu
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62 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 34 Two t
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64 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Table 1 Conid
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66 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 36 Sugge
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32. Micarea osloensis (Th. Fr.) Hed
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LICHEN GENUS MICAREA IN EUROPE 171
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34. Micarea prasina Fr. LICHEN GENU
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conferanda (Lecidea) 205 confusula
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populina (Lecidea, Micarea) 31,32 p
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