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Summary: Broadcast Storm Problem Flooding is used in many protocols, such as Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) Problems associated with flooding collisions redundancy Collisions may be reduced by “jittering” (waiting for a random interval before propagating the flood) Redundancy may be reduced by selectively rebroadcasting packets from only a subset of the nodes 90
Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) [Perkins99Wmcsa] DSR includes source routes in packet headers Resulting large headers can sometimes degrade performance particularly when data contents of a packet are small AODV attempts to improve on DSR by maintaining routing tables at the nodes, so that data packets do not have to contain routes AODV retains the desirable feature of DSR that routes are maintained only between nodes which need to communicate 91
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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: Routing, MA
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Introduction Unicast routing Mult
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Coverage Not intended to be exhaus
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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Formed by w
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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) Mob
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Many Applications Personal area ne
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Many Variations Traffic characteri
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Challenges Limited wireless transm
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Research on Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
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Assumption Unless stated otherwise
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Why is Routing in MANET different ?
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Proactive protocols Routing Protoco
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Overview of Unicast Routing Protoco
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A Flooding for Data Delivery B H S
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A Flooding for Data Delivery B H
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Flooding for Data Delivery: Advanta
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Flooding of Control Packets Many p
Page 39 and 40: A B Route Discovery in DSR H S E C
Page 45 and 46: Route Discovery in DSR Destination
Page 47 and 48: Route Reply in DSR Route Reply can
Page 49 and 50: A B Data Delivery in DSR H DATA [S,
Page 51 and 52: DSR Optimization: Route Caching Ea
Page 53 and 54: A B Use of Route Caching [S,E,F,J,D
Page 55 and 56: Use of Route Caching: Can Reduce Pr
Page 57 and 58: Route Caching: Beware! Stale cache
Page 59 and 60: Dynamic Source Routing: Disadvantag
Page 61 and 62: Flooding of Control Packets How to
Page 63 and 64: X = last known location of node D,
Page 65 and 66: LAR Only nodes within the request
Page 67 and 68: LAR Variations: Adaptive Request Zo
Page 69 and 70: Location-Aided Routing The basic p
Page 71 and 72: Detour Routing Using Location Infor
Page 73 and 74: Distance Routing Effect Algorithm f
Page 75 and 76: Relative Distance Micro-Discovery R
Page 77 and 78: Geographic Distance Routing (GEDIR)
Page 79 and 80: Grid Location Service (GLS) [Li00Mo
Page 81 and 82: Query Localization [Castaneda99Mobi
Page 83 and 84: G F E B A S C D Query Localization:
Page 85 and 86: Broadcast Storm Problem [Ni99Mobico
Page 87 and 88: Solutions for Broadcast Storm Prob
Page 89: Solutions for Broadcast Storms Dis
Page 93 and 94: A B Route Requests in AODV H S E C
Page 95 and 96: A B Route Requests in AODV H S E C
Page 97 and 98: A Reverse Path Setup in AODV B H S
Page 99 and 100: A B Route Reply in AODV H S E C I G
Page 101 and 102: A Forward Path Setup in AODV B H S
Page 103 and 104: Timeouts A routing table entry mai
Page 105 and 106: Route Error When node X is unable
Page 107 and 108: Link Failure Detection Hello messa
Page 109 and 110: Why Sequence Numbers in AODV A B C
Page 111 and 112: Summary: AODV Routes need not be i
Page 113 and 114: Link Reversal Algorithm [Gafni81] A
Page 115 and 116: Link Reversal Algorithm A B F C E G
Page 121 and 122: Link Reversal Algorithm Attempts t
Page 123 and 124: Partial Reversal Method A B F C E G
Page 129 and 130: Link Reversal Methods: Advantages
Page 131 and 132: Link Reversal in a Partitioned Netw
Page 133 and 134: Full Reversal in a Partitioned Netw
Page 135 and 136: Full Reversal in a Partitioned Netw
Page 137 and 138: Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorith
Page 139 and 140: E D Partition Detection in TORA A N
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E D Partition Detection in TORA A N
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E D Partition Detection in TORA A F
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E D Partition Detection in TORA A F
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TORA Design Decision TORA performs
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So far ... All nodes had identical
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Core-Extraction Distributed Ad Hoc
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Link State Propagation in CEDAR Th
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H G B CEDAR: Core Maintenance A C E
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H G B CEDAR Route Discovery A C E S
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Advantages CEDAR Route discovery/ma
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Proactive Protocols Most of the sc
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Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR)
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Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR)
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OLSR OLSR floods information throu
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Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vect
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Hybrid Protocols 171
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ZRP All nodes within hop distance
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B F ZRP: Example with Zone Radius =
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B F ZRP: Example with d = 2 A S C D
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LANMAR Routing to Nodes Within Scop
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LANMAR Routing to Nodes Outside Sco
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Geodesic Routing Without Anchors [B
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Routing Protocols discussed so far
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Other Routing Protocols Plenty of
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Power-Aware Routing [Singh98Mobicom
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Power-Aware Routing Possible modifi
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Associativity-Based Routing (ABR) [
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Preemptive Routing [Goff01MobiCom]
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Quality-of-Service Several proposa
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Multicasting in Mobile Ad Hoc Netwo
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Multicasting in MANET Need to take
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AODV Group Sequence Number In our
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Joining the Multicast Tree: AODV H
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Joining the Multicast Tree: AODV H
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Sending Data on the Multicast Tree
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Since J is not a leaf node, it must
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Leaving a Multicast Tree: AODV H C
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Handling a Link Failure: AODV Multi
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Merging Partitions: AODV If the ne
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Merging Partitions: AODV Assume th
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Q Merging Partitions: AODV B RREQ (
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Group Hello (update) Q Merging Part
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On-Demand Multicast Routing Protoco
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ODMRP No explicit join or leave pr
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Geocasting in Mobile Ad Hoc Network
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Geocasting [Navas97Mobicom] Navas
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Simple Flooding-Based Geocasting U
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Geocasting based on Location-Aided
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Geocast LAR If all routes between
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Anycasting with Modified TORA [Ko20
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DAG for Anycasting Since links bet
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Geocasting using Modified Anycastin
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Other Geocasting Schemes [Macwan01
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Some Related Work Content-based Mu
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Capacity of Fixed Ad Hoc Networks [
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Continues from last slide … Dela
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Measured Scaling Law [Gupta01] Mea
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Medium Access Control Protocols 263
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Hidden Terminal Problem Node B can
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Reliability Wireless links are pro
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IEEE 802.11 Wireless MAC Distribut
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Collision Avoidance With half-dupl
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B1 = 25 B2 = 20 cw = 31 DCF Example
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MAC Protocols: Issues Hidden Termi
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Binary Exponential Backoff in DCF
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IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordinatio
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Fairness Issue Assume that initial
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MACAW Solution for Fairness When a
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Distributed Fair Scheduling (DFS) [
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Impact of Collisions After collisi
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Distributed Fair Scheduling DFS us
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Fairness in Multi-Hop Networks Not
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Balanced MAC degree of node j p_ij
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Balanced MAC Results show that it
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Estimation-Based Fair MAC Fair sha
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Proportional Fair Contention Resolu
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Sender-Initiated Protocols The pro
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Using Receiver’s Help in a Sender
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Receiver-Based Adaptive Rate Contro
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Capacity and MAC Protocols The MAC
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Energy Conserving MAC Since many m
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A Power Aware Multi-Access Protocol
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PAMAS PAMAS uses a control channel
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Another Proposal in PAMAS To avoid
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UDP on Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 317
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UDP Performance Several relevant s
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UDP Performance Difficult to ident
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Overview of Transmission Control Pr
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Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
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Cumulative Acknowledgements A new
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Window Based Flow Control Sliding
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Window Based Flow Control Congesti
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How does TCP detect a packet loss?
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Retransmission Timeout (RTO) calcul
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Fast Retransmission Timeouts can t
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Congestion Avoidance and Control S
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Congestion Control On detecting a
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Congestion window (segments) 25 20
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ssthresh = Fast Recovery min(cwnd,
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Slow-start Congestion avoidance F
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Performance of TCP Several factors
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Random Errors May Cause Fast Retran
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Sometimes Congestion Response May b
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Burst Errors May Cause Timeouts If
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Impact of Transmission Errors TCP
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This Tutorial This tutorial consid
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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Mobility ca
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Impact of Multi-Hop Wireless Paths
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Ideal Throughput f(i) = fraction o
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Impact of Mobility 20 m/s 30 m/s Id
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Actual throughput But not always
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mobility causes link breakage, resu
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B C A Why Does Throughput Improve?
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Network feedback How to Improve Thr
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Actual throughput Performance Impro
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Issues Network Feedback Network kn
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To Cache or Not to Cache Average sp
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Issues To Cache or Not to Cache Ca
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TCP Performance Two factors result
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Issues RTO After Route Repair Same
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Impact of Acknowledgements TCP Ack
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Security Issues 395
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Security Issues in Mobile Ad Hoc Ne
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Resurrecting Duckling [Stajano99]
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Secure Routing Establishing a Cert
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Techniques for Intrusion-Resistant
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Intrusion Detection [Zhang00Mobicom
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Packet Purse Model [Byttayn00MobiHo
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Existing Implementations Several i
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CMU Implementation: Lessons Learned
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BBN Implementation [Ramanathan00Wcn
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Link layer Implementation Issues: W
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Implementation Issues: Address Assi
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Implementation Issues: Security Ho
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Implementation Issues Only some is
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Distributed Algorithms for Mobile A
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Distributed Algorithms There is al
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Related Standards Activities 427
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Internet Engineering Task Force (IE
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Bluetooth [Haartsen98,Bhagawat00Tut
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Bluetooth: Piconet A channel is ch
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Bluetooth: Scatternet Several pico
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Open Issues in Mobile Ad Hoc Networ
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Related Research Areas Algorithms
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Thank you !! For more information,
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