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Dynamic Source Routing: Advantages Routes maintained only between nodes who need to communicate reduces overhead of route maintenance Route caching can further reduce route discovery overhead A single route discovery may yield many routes to the destination, due to intermediate nodes replying from local caches 58
Dynamic Source Routing: Disadvantages Packet header size grows with route length due to source routing Flood of route requests may potentially reach all nodes in the network Care must be taken to avoid collisions between route requests propagated by neighboring nodes insertion of random delays before forwarding RREQ Increased contention if too many route replies come back due to nodes replying using their local cache Route Reply Storm problem Reply storm may be eased by preventing a node from sending RREP if it hears another RREP with a shorter route 59
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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: Routing, MA
Page 3 and 4:
Introduction Unicast routing Mult
Page 5 and 6:
Coverage Not intended to be exhaus
Page 7 and 8: Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Formed by w
Page 9 and 10: Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) Mob
Page 11 and 12: Many Applications Personal area ne
Page 13 and 14: Many Variations Traffic characteri
Page 15 and 16: Challenges Limited wireless transm
Page 17 and 18: Research on Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
Page 19 and 20: Assumption Unless stated otherwise
Page 21 and 22: Why is Routing in MANET different ?
Page 23 and 24: Proactive protocols Routing Protoco
Page 25 and 26: Overview of Unicast Routing Protoco
Page 27 and 28: A Flooding for Data Delivery B H S
Page 33 and 34: A Flooding for Data Delivery B H
Page 35 and 36: Flooding for Data Delivery: Advanta
Page 37 and 38: Flooding of Control Packets Many p
Page 39 and 40: A B Route Discovery in DSR H S E C
Page 45 and 46: Route Discovery in DSR Destination
Page 47 and 48: Route Reply in DSR Route Reply can
Page 49 and 50: A B Data Delivery in DSR H DATA [S,
Page 51 and 52: DSR Optimization: Route Caching Ea
Page 53 and 54: A B Use of Route Caching [S,E,F,J,D
Page 55 and 56: Use of Route Caching: Can Reduce Pr
Page 57: Route Caching: Beware! Stale cache
Page 61 and 62: Flooding of Control Packets How to
Page 63 and 64: X = last known location of node D,
Page 65 and 66: LAR Only nodes within the request
Page 67 and 68: LAR Variations: Adaptive Request Zo
Page 69 and 70: Location-Aided Routing The basic p
Page 71 and 72: Detour Routing Using Location Infor
Page 73 and 74: Distance Routing Effect Algorithm f
Page 75 and 76: Relative Distance Micro-Discovery R
Page 77 and 78: Geographic Distance Routing (GEDIR)
Page 79 and 80: Grid Location Service (GLS) [Li00Mo
Page 81 and 82: Query Localization [Castaneda99Mobi
Page 83 and 84: G F E B A S C D Query Localization:
Page 85 and 86: Broadcast Storm Problem [Ni99Mobico
Page 87 and 88: Solutions for Broadcast Storm Prob
Page 89 and 90: Solutions for Broadcast Storms Dis
Page 91 and 92: Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Ro
Page 93 and 94: A B Route Requests in AODV H S E C
Page 95 and 96: A B Route Requests in AODV H S E C
Page 97 and 98: A Reverse Path Setup in AODV B H S
Page 99 and 100: A B Route Reply in AODV H S E C I G
Page 101 and 102: A Forward Path Setup in AODV B H S
Page 103 and 104: Timeouts A routing table entry mai
Page 105 and 106: Route Error When node X is unable
Page 107 and 108: Link Failure Detection Hello messa
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Why Sequence Numbers in AODV A B C
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Summary: AODV Routes need not be i
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Link Reversal Algorithm [Gafni81] A
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Link Reversal Algorithm A B F C E G
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Link Reversal Algorithm Attempts t
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Partial Reversal Method A B F C E G
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Link Reversal Methods: Advantages
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Link Reversal in a Partitioned Netw
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Full Reversal in a Partitioned Netw
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Full Reversal in a Partitioned Netw
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Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorith
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E D Partition Detection in TORA A N
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E D Partition Detection in TORA A N
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E D Partition Detection in TORA A F
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E D Partition Detection in TORA A F
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TORA Design Decision TORA performs
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So far ... All nodes had identical
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Core-Extraction Distributed Ad Hoc
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Link State Propagation in CEDAR Th
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H G B CEDAR: Core Maintenance A C E
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H G B CEDAR Route Discovery A C E S
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Advantages CEDAR Route discovery/ma
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Proactive Protocols Most of the sc
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Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR)
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Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR)
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OLSR OLSR floods information throu
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Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vect
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Hybrid Protocols 171
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ZRP All nodes within hop distance
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B F ZRP: Example with Zone Radius =
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B F ZRP: Example with d = 2 A S C D
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LANMAR Routing to Nodes Within Scop
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LANMAR Routing to Nodes Outside Sco
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Geodesic Routing Without Anchors [B
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Routing Protocols discussed so far
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Other Routing Protocols Plenty of
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Power-Aware Routing [Singh98Mobicom
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Power-Aware Routing Possible modifi
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Associativity-Based Routing (ABR) [
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Preemptive Routing [Goff01MobiCom]
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Quality-of-Service Several proposa
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Multicasting in Mobile Ad Hoc Netwo
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Multicasting in MANET Need to take
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AODV Group Sequence Number In our
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Joining the Multicast Tree: AODV H
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Joining the Multicast Tree: AODV H
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Sending Data on the Multicast Tree
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Since J is not a leaf node, it must
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Leaving a Multicast Tree: AODV H C
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Handling a Link Failure: AODV Multi
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Merging Partitions: AODV If the ne
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Merging Partitions: AODV Assume th
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Q Merging Partitions: AODV B RREQ (
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Group Hello (update) Q Merging Part
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On-Demand Multicast Routing Protoco
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ODMRP No explicit join or leave pr
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Geocasting in Mobile Ad Hoc Network
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Geocasting [Navas97Mobicom] Navas
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Simple Flooding-Based Geocasting U
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Geocasting based on Location-Aided
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Geocast LAR If all routes between
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Anycasting with Modified TORA [Ko20
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DAG for Anycasting Since links bet
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Geocasting using Modified Anycastin
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Other Geocasting Schemes [Macwan01
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Some Related Work Content-based Mu
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Capacity of Fixed Ad Hoc Networks [
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Continues from last slide … Dela
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Measured Scaling Law [Gupta01] Mea
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Medium Access Control Protocols 263
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Hidden Terminal Problem Node B can
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Reliability Wireless links are pro
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IEEE 802.11 Wireless MAC Distribut
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Collision Avoidance With half-dupl
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B1 = 25 B2 = 20 cw = 31 DCF Example
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MAC Protocols: Issues Hidden Termi
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Binary Exponential Backoff in DCF
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IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordinatio
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Fairness Issue Assume that initial
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MACAW Solution for Fairness When a
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Distributed Fair Scheduling (DFS) [
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Impact of Collisions After collisi
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Distributed Fair Scheduling DFS us
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Fairness in Multi-Hop Networks Not
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Balanced MAC degree of node j p_ij
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Balanced MAC Results show that it
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Estimation-Based Fair MAC Fair sha
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Proportional Fair Contention Resolu
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Sender-Initiated Protocols The pro
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Using Receiver’s Help in a Sender
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Receiver-Based Adaptive Rate Contro
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Capacity and MAC Protocols The MAC
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Energy Conserving MAC Since many m
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A Power Aware Multi-Access Protocol
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PAMAS PAMAS uses a control channel
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Another Proposal in PAMAS To avoid
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UDP on Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 317
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UDP Performance Several relevant s
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UDP Performance Difficult to ident
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Overview of Transmission Control Pr
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Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
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Cumulative Acknowledgements A new
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Window Based Flow Control Sliding
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Window Based Flow Control Congesti
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How does TCP detect a packet loss?
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Retransmission Timeout (RTO) calcul
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Fast Retransmission Timeouts can t
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Congestion Avoidance and Control S
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Congestion Control On detecting a
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Congestion window (segments) 25 20
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ssthresh = Fast Recovery min(cwnd,
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Slow-start Congestion avoidance F
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Performance of TCP Several factors
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Random Errors May Cause Fast Retran
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Sometimes Congestion Response May b
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Burst Errors May Cause Timeouts If
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Impact of Transmission Errors TCP
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This Tutorial This tutorial consid
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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Mobility ca
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Impact of Multi-Hop Wireless Paths
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Ideal Throughput f(i) = fraction o
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Impact of Mobility 20 m/s 30 m/s Id
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Actual throughput But not always
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mobility causes link breakage, resu
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B C A Why Does Throughput Improve?
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Network feedback How to Improve Thr
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Actual throughput Performance Impro
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Issues Network Feedback Network kn
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To Cache or Not to Cache Average sp
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Issues To Cache or Not to Cache Ca
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TCP Performance Two factors result
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Issues RTO After Route Repair Same
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Impact of Acknowledgements TCP Ack
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Security Issues 395
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Security Issues in Mobile Ad Hoc Ne
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Resurrecting Duckling [Stajano99]
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Secure Routing Establishing a Cert
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Techniques for Intrusion-Resistant
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Intrusion Detection [Zhang00Mobicom
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Packet Purse Model [Byttayn00MobiHo
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Existing Implementations Several i
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CMU Implementation: Lessons Learned
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BBN Implementation [Ramanathan00Wcn
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Link layer Implementation Issues: W
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Implementation Issues: Address Assi
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Implementation Issues: Security Ho
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Implementation Issues Only some is
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Distributed Algorithms for Mobile A
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Distributed Algorithms There is al
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Related Standards Activities 427
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Internet Engineering Task Force (IE
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Bluetooth [Haartsen98,Bhagawat00Tut
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Bluetooth: Piconet A channel is ch
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Bluetooth: Scatternet Several pico
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Open Issues in Mobile Ad Hoc Networ
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Related Research Areas Algorithms
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Thank you !! For more information,
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