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Congestion Control - Fast retransmit Fast retransmit occurs when multiple (>= 3) dupacks come back Fast recovery follows fast retransmit Different from timeout : slow start follows timeout timeout occurs when no more packets are getting across fast retransmit occurs when a packet is lost, but latter packets get through ack clock is still there when fast retransmit occurs no need to slow start 344
ssthresh = Fast Recovery min(cwnd, receiver’s advertised window)/2 (at least 2 MSS) retransmit the missing segment (fast retransmit) cwnd = ssthresh + number of dupacks when a new ack comes: cwnd = ssthreh enter congestion avoidance Congestion window cut into half 345
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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: Routing, MA
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Introduction Unicast routing Mult
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Coverage Not intended to be exhaus
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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Formed by w
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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) Mob
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Many Applications Personal area ne
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Many Variations Traffic characteri
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Challenges Limited wireless transm
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Research on Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
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Assumption Unless stated otherwise
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Why is Routing in MANET different ?
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Proactive protocols Routing Protoco
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Overview of Unicast Routing Protoco
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A Flooding for Data Delivery B H S
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A Flooding for Data Delivery B H
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Flooding for Data Delivery: Advanta
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Flooding of Control Packets Many p
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A B Route Discovery in DSR H S E C
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Route Discovery in DSR Destination
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Route Reply in DSR Route Reply can
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A B Data Delivery in DSR H DATA [S,
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DSR Optimization: Route Caching Ea
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A B Use of Route Caching [S,E,F,J,D
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Use of Route Caching: Can Reduce Pr
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Route Caching: Beware! Stale cache
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Dynamic Source Routing: Disadvantag
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Flooding of Control Packets How to
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X = last known location of node D,
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LAR Only nodes within the request
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LAR Variations: Adaptive Request Zo
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Location-Aided Routing The basic p
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Detour Routing Using Location Infor
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Distance Routing Effect Algorithm f
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Relative Distance Micro-Discovery R
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Geographic Distance Routing (GEDIR)
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Grid Location Service (GLS) [Li00Mo
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Query Localization [Castaneda99Mobi
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G F E B A S C D Query Localization:
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Broadcast Storm Problem [Ni99Mobico
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Solutions for Broadcast Storm Prob
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Solutions for Broadcast Storms Dis
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Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Ro
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A B Route Requests in AODV H S E C
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A B Route Requests in AODV H S E C
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A Reverse Path Setup in AODV B H S
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A B Route Reply in AODV H S E C I G
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A Forward Path Setup in AODV B H S
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Timeouts A routing table entry mai
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Route Error When node X is unable
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Link Failure Detection Hello messa
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Why Sequence Numbers in AODV A B C
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Summary: AODV Routes need not be i
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Link Reversal Algorithm [Gafni81] A
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Link Reversal Algorithm A B F C E G
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Link Reversal Algorithm Attempts t
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Partial Reversal Method A B F C E G
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Link Reversal Methods: Advantages
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Link Reversal in a Partitioned Netw
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Full Reversal in a Partitioned Netw
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Full Reversal in a Partitioned Netw
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Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorith
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E D Partition Detection in TORA A N
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E D Partition Detection in TORA A N
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E D Partition Detection in TORA A F
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E D Partition Detection in TORA A F
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TORA Design Decision TORA performs
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So far ... All nodes had identical
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Core-Extraction Distributed Ad Hoc
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Link State Propagation in CEDAR Th
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H G B CEDAR: Core Maintenance A C E
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H G B CEDAR Route Discovery A C E S
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Advantages CEDAR Route discovery/ma
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Proactive Protocols Most of the sc
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Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR)
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Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR)
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OLSR OLSR floods information throu
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Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vect
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Hybrid Protocols 171
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ZRP All nodes within hop distance
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B F ZRP: Example with Zone Radius =
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B F ZRP: Example with d = 2 A S C D
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LANMAR Routing to Nodes Within Scop
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LANMAR Routing to Nodes Outside Sco
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Geodesic Routing Without Anchors [B
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Routing Protocols discussed so far
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Other Routing Protocols Plenty of
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Power-Aware Routing [Singh98Mobicom
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Power-Aware Routing Possible modifi
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Associativity-Based Routing (ABR) [
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Preemptive Routing [Goff01MobiCom]
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Quality-of-Service Several proposa
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Multicasting in Mobile Ad Hoc Netwo
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Multicasting in MANET Need to take
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AODV Group Sequence Number In our
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Joining the Multicast Tree: AODV H
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Joining the Multicast Tree: AODV H
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Sending Data on the Multicast Tree
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Since J is not a leaf node, it must
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Leaving a Multicast Tree: AODV H C
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Handling a Link Failure: AODV Multi
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Merging Partitions: AODV If the ne
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Merging Partitions: AODV Assume th
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Q Merging Partitions: AODV B RREQ (
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Group Hello (update) Q Merging Part
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On-Demand Multicast Routing Protoco
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ODMRP No explicit join or leave pr
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Geocasting in Mobile Ad Hoc Network
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Geocasting [Navas97Mobicom] Navas
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Simple Flooding-Based Geocasting U
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Geocasting based on Location-Aided
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Geocast LAR If all routes between
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Anycasting with Modified TORA [Ko20
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DAG for Anycasting Since links bet
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Geocasting using Modified Anycastin
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Other Geocasting Schemes [Macwan01
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Some Related Work Content-based Mu
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Capacity of Fixed Ad Hoc Networks [
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Continues from last slide … Dela
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Measured Scaling Law [Gupta01] Mea
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Medium Access Control Protocols 263
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Hidden Terminal Problem Node B can
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Reliability Wireless links are pro
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IEEE 802.11 Wireless MAC Distribut
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Collision Avoidance With half-dupl
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B1 = 25 B2 = 20 cw = 31 DCF Example
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MAC Protocols: Issues Hidden Termi
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Binary Exponential Backoff in DCF
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IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordinatio
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Fairness Issue Assume that initial
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MACAW Solution for Fairness When a
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Distributed Fair Scheduling (DFS) [
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Impact of Collisions After collisi
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Distributed Fair Scheduling DFS us
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Fairness in Multi-Hop Networks Not
Page 293 and 294: Balanced MAC degree of node j p_ij
Page 295 and 296: Balanced MAC Results show that it
Page 297 and 298: Estimation-Based Fair MAC Fair sha
Page 299 and 300: Proportional Fair Contention Resolu
Page 301 and 302: Sender-Initiated Protocols The pro
Page 303 and 304: Using Receiver’s Help in a Sender
Page 305 and 306: Receiver-Based Adaptive Rate Contro
Page 307 and 308: Capacity and MAC Protocols The MAC
Page 309 and 310: Energy Conserving MAC Since many m
Page 311 and 312: A Power Aware Multi-Access Protocol
Page 313 and 314: PAMAS PAMAS uses a control channel
Page 315 and 316: Another Proposal in PAMAS To avoid
Page 317 and 318: UDP on Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 317
Page 319 and 320: UDP Performance Several relevant s
Page 321 and 322: UDP Performance Difficult to ident
Page 323 and 324: Overview of Transmission Control Pr
Page 325 and 326: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Page 327 and 328: Cumulative Acknowledgements A new
Page 329 and 330: Window Based Flow Control Sliding
Page 331 and 332: Window Based Flow Control Congesti
Page 333 and 334: How does TCP detect a packet loss?
Page 335 and 336: Retransmission Timeout (RTO) calcul
Page 337 and 338: Fast Retransmission Timeouts can t
Page 339 and 340: Congestion Avoidance and Control S
Page 341 and 342: Congestion Control On detecting a
Page 343: Congestion window (segments) 25 20
Page 347 and 348: Slow-start Congestion avoidance F
Page 349 and 350: Performance of TCP Several factors
Page 351 and 352: Random Errors May Cause Fast Retran
Page 357 and 358: Sometimes Congestion Response May b
Page 359 and 360: Burst Errors May Cause Timeouts If
Page 361 and 362: Impact of Transmission Errors TCP
Page 363 and 364: This Tutorial This tutorial consid
Page 365 and 366: Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Mobility ca
Page 367 and 368: Impact of Multi-Hop Wireless Paths
Page 369 and 370: Ideal Throughput f(i) = fraction o
Page 371 and 372: Impact of Mobility 20 m/s 30 m/s Id
Page 373 and 374: Actual throughput But not always
Page 375 and 376: mobility causes link breakage, resu
Page 377 and 378: B C A Why Does Throughput Improve?
Page 379 and 380: Network feedback How to Improve Thr
Page 381 and 382: Actual throughput Performance Impro
Page 383 and 384: Issues Network Feedback Network kn
Page 385 and 386: To Cache or Not to Cache Average sp
Page 387 and 388: Issues To Cache or Not to Cache Ca
Page 389 and 390: TCP Performance Two factors result
Page 391 and 392: Issues RTO After Route Repair Same
Page 393 and 394: Impact of Acknowledgements TCP Ack
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Security Issues 395
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Security Issues in Mobile Ad Hoc Ne
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Resurrecting Duckling [Stajano99]
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Secure Routing Establishing a Cert
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Techniques for Intrusion-Resistant
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Intrusion Detection [Zhang00Mobicom
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Packet Purse Model [Byttayn00MobiHo
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Existing Implementations Several i
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CMU Implementation: Lessons Learned
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BBN Implementation [Ramanathan00Wcn
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Link layer Implementation Issues: W
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Implementation Issues: Address Assi
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Implementation Issues: Security Ho
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Implementation Issues Only some is
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Distributed Algorithms for Mobile A
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Distributed Algorithms There is al
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Related Standards Activities 427
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Internet Engineering Task Force (IE
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Bluetooth [Haartsen98,Bhagawat00Tut
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Bluetooth: Piconet A channel is ch
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Bluetooth: Scatternet Several pico
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Open Issues in Mobile Ad Hoc Networ
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Related Research Areas Algorithms
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Thank you !! For more information,
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