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Detecting Packet Loss Using Retransmission Timeout (RTO) At any time, TCP sender sets retransmission timer for only one packet If acknowledgement for the timed packet is not received before timer goes off, the packet is assumed to be lost RTO dynamically calculated 334
Retransmission Timeout (RTO) calculation RTO = mean + 4 mean deviation 2 2 Standard deviation s : s = average of (sample – mean) Mean deviation d = average of |sample – mean| Mean deviation easier to calculate than standard deviation Mean deviation is more conservative: d >= s 335
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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: Routing, MA
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Introduction Unicast routing Mult
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Coverage Not intended to be exhaus
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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Formed by w
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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) Mob
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Many Applications Personal area ne
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Many Variations Traffic characteri
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Challenges Limited wireless transm
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Research on Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
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Assumption Unless stated otherwise
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Why is Routing in MANET different ?
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Proactive protocols Routing Protoco
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Overview of Unicast Routing Protoco
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A Flooding for Data Delivery B H S
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A Flooding for Data Delivery B H
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Flooding for Data Delivery: Advanta
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Flooding of Control Packets Many p
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A B Route Discovery in DSR H S E C
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Route Discovery in DSR Destination
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Route Reply in DSR Route Reply can
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A B Data Delivery in DSR H DATA [S,
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DSR Optimization: Route Caching Ea
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A B Use of Route Caching [S,E,F,J,D
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Use of Route Caching: Can Reduce Pr
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Route Caching: Beware! Stale cache
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Dynamic Source Routing: Disadvantag
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Flooding of Control Packets How to
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X = last known location of node D,
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LAR Only nodes within the request
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LAR Variations: Adaptive Request Zo
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Location-Aided Routing The basic p
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Detour Routing Using Location Infor
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Distance Routing Effect Algorithm f
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Relative Distance Micro-Discovery R
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Geographic Distance Routing (GEDIR)
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Grid Location Service (GLS) [Li00Mo
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Query Localization [Castaneda99Mobi
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G F E B A S C D Query Localization:
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Broadcast Storm Problem [Ni99Mobico
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Solutions for Broadcast Storm Prob
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Solutions for Broadcast Storms Dis
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Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Ro
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A B Route Requests in AODV H S E C
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A B Route Requests in AODV H S E C
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A Reverse Path Setup in AODV B H S
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A B Route Reply in AODV H S E C I G
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A Forward Path Setup in AODV B H S
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Timeouts A routing table entry mai
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Route Error When node X is unable
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Link Failure Detection Hello messa
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Why Sequence Numbers in AODV A B C
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Summary: AODV Routes need not be i
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Link Reversal Algorithm [Gafni81] A
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Link Reversal Algorithm A B F C E G
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Link Reversal Algorithm Attempts t
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Partial Reversal Method A B F C E G
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Link Reversal Methods: Advantages
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Link Reversal in a Partitioned Netw
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Full Reversal in a Partitioned Netw
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Full Reversal in a Partitioned Netw
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Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorith
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E D Partition Detection in TORA A N
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E D Partition Detection in TORA A N
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E D Partition Detection in TORA A F
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E D Partition Detection in TORA A F
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TORA Design Decision TORA performs
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So far ... All nodes had identical
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Core-Extraction Distributed Ad Hoc
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Link State Propagation in CEDAR Th
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H G B CEDAR: Core Maintenance A C E
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H G B CEDAR Route Discovery A C E S
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Advantages CEDAR Route discovery/ma
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Proactive Protocols Most of the sc
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Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR)
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Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR)
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OLSR OLSR floods information throu
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Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vect
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Hybrid Protocols 171
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ZRP All nodes within hop distance
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B F ZRP: Example with Zone Radius =
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B F ZRP: Example with d = 2 A S C D
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LANMAR Routing to Nodes Within Scop
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LANMAR Routing to Nodes Outside Sco
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Geodesic Routing Without Anchors [B
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Routing Protocols discussed so far
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Other Routing Protocols Plenty of
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Power-Aware Routing [Singh98Mobicom
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Power-Aware Routing Possible modifi
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Associativity-Based Routing (ABR) [
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Preemptive Routing [Goff01MobiCom]
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Quality-of-Service Several proposa
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Multicasting in Mobile Ad Hoc Netwo
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Multicasting in MANET Need to take
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AODV Group Sequence Number In our
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Joining the Multicast Tree: AODV H
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Joining the Multicast Tree: AODV H
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Sending Data on the Multicast Tree
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Since J is not a leaf node, it must
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Leaving a Multicast Tree: AODV H C
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Handling a Link Failure: AODV Multi
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Merging Partitions: AODV If the ne
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Merging Partitions: AODV Assume th
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Q Merging Partitions: AODV B RREQ (
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Group Hello (update) Q Merging Part
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On-Demand Multicast Routing Protoco
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ODMRP No explicit join or leave pr
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Geocasting in Mobile Ad Hoc Network
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Geocasting [Navas97Mobicom] Navas
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Simple Flooding-Based Geocasting U
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Geocasting based on Location-Aided
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Geocast LAR If all routes between
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Anycasting with Modified TORA [Ko20
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DAG for Anycasting Since links bet
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Geocasting using Modified Anycastin
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Other Geocasting Schemes [Macwan01
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Some Related Work Content-based Mu
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Capacity of Fixed Ad Hoc Networks [
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Continues from last slide … Dela
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Measured Scaling Law [Gupta01] Mea
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Medium Access Control Protocols 263
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Hidden Terminal Problem Node B can
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Reliability Wireless links are pro
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IEEE 802.11 Wireless MAC Distribut
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Collision Avoidance With half-dupl
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B1 = 25 B2 = 20 cw = 31 DCF Example
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MAC Protocols: Issues Hidden Termi
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Binary Exponential Backoff in DCF
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IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordinatio
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Fairness Issue Assume that initial
Page 283 and 284: MACAW Solution for Fairness When a
Page 285 and 286: Distributed Fair Scheduling (DFS) [
Page 287 and 288: Impact of Collisions After collisi
Page 289 and 290: Distributed Fair Scheduling DFS us
Page 291 and 292: Fairness in Multi-Hop Networks Not
Page 293 and 294: Balanced MAC degree of node j p_ij
Page 295 and 296: Balanced MAC Results show that it
Page 297 and 298: Estimation-Based Fair MAC Fair sha
Page 299 and 300: Proportional Fair Contention Resolu
Page 301 and 302: Sender-Initiated Protocols The pro
Page 303 and 304: Using Receiver’s Help in a Sender
Page 305 and 306: Receiver-Based Adaptive Rate Contro
Page 307 and 308: Capacity and MAC Protocols The MAC
Page 309 and 310: Energy Conserving MAC Since many m
Page 311 and 312: A Power Aware Multi-Access Protocol
Page 313 and 314: PAMAS PAMAS uses a control channel
Page 315 and 316: Another Proposal in PAMAS To avoid
Page 317 and 318: UDP on Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 317
Page 319 and 320: UDP Performance Several relevant s
Page 321 and 322: UDP Performance Difficult to ident
Page 323 and 324: Overview of Transmission Control Pr
Page 325 and 326: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Page 327 and 328: Cumulative Acknowledgements A new
Page 329 and 330: Window Based Flow Control Sliding
Page 331 and 332: Window Based Flow Control Congesti
Page 333: How does TCP detect a packet loss?
Page 337 and 338: Fast Retransmission Timeouts can t
Page 339 and 340: Congestion Avoidance and Control S
Page 341 and 342: Congestion Control On detecting a
Page 343 and 344: Congestion window (segments) 25 20
Page 345 and 346: ssthresh = Fast Recovery min(cwnd,
Page 347 and 348: Slow-start Congestion avoidance F
Page 349 and 350: Performance of TCP Several factors
Page 351 and 352: Random Errors May Cause Fast Retran
Page 357 and 358: Sometimes Congestion Response May b
Page 359 and 360: Burst Errors May Cause Timeouts If
Page 361 and 362: Impact of Transmission Errors TCP
Page 363 and 364: This Tutorial This tutorial consid
Page 365 and 366: Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Mobility ca
Page 367 and 368: Impact of Multi-Hop Wireless Paths
Page 369 and 370: Ideal Throughput f(i) = fraction o
Page 371 and 372: Impact of Mobility 20 m/s 30 m/s Id
Page 373 and 374: Actual throughput But not always
Page 375 and 376: mobility causes link breakage, resu
Page 377 and 378: B C A Why Does Throughput Improve?
Page 379 and 380: Network feedback How to Improve Thr
Page 381 and 382: Actual throughput Performance Impro
Page 383 and 384: Issues Network Feedback Network kn
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To Cache or Not to Cache Average sp
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Issues To Cache or Not to Cache Ca
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TCP Performance Two factors result
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Issues RTO After Route Repair Same
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Impact of Acknowledgements TCP Ack
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Security Issues 395
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Security Issues in Mobile Ad Hoc Ne
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Resurrecting Duckling [Stajano99]
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Secure Routing Establishing a Cert
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Techniques for Intrusion-Resistant
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Intrusion Detection [Zhang00Mobicom
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Packet Purse Model [Byttayn00MobiHo
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Existing Implementations Several i
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CMU Implementation: Lessons Learned
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BBN Implementation [Ramanathan00Wcn
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Link layer Implementation Issues: W
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Implementation Issues: Address Assi
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Implementation Issues: Security Ho
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Implementation Issues Only some is
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Distributed Algorithms for Mobile A
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Distributed Algorithms There is al
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Related Standards Activities 427
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Internet Engineering Task Force (IE
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Bluetooth [Haartsen98,Bhagawat00Tut
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Bluetooth: Piconet A channel is ch
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Bluetooth: Scatternet Several pico
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Open Issues in Mobile Ad Hoc Networ
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Related Research Areas Algorithms
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Thank you !! For more information,
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