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MACA Solution for Hidden Terminal Problem [Karn90] When node A wants to send a packet to node B, node A first sends a Request-to-Send (RTS) to A On receiving RTS, node A responds by sending Clear-to-Send (CTS), provided node A is able to receive the packet When a node (such as C) overhears a CTS, it keeps quiet for the duration of the transfer Transfer duration is included in RTS and CTS both A B C 266
Reliability Wireless links are prone to errors. High packet loss rate detrimental to transport-layer performance. Mechanisms needed to reduce packet loss rate experienced by upper layers A B C 267
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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: Routing, MA
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Introduction Unicast routing Mult
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Coverage Not intended to be exhaus
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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Formed by w
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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) Mob
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Many Applications Personal area ne
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Many Variations Traffic characteri
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Challenges Limited wireless transm
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Research on Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
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Assumption Unless stated otherwise
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Why is Routing in MANET different ?
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Proactive protocols Routing Protoco
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Overview of Unicast Routing Protoco
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A Flooding for Data Delivery B H S
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A Flooding for Data Delivery B H
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Flooding for Data Delivery: Advanta
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Flooding of Control Packets Many p
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A B Route Discovery in DSR H S E C
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Route Discovery in DSR Destination
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Route Reply in DSR Route Reply can
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A B Data Delivery in DSR H DATA [S,
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DSR Optimization: Route Caching Ea
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A B Use of Route Caching [S,E,F,J,D
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Use of Route Caching: Can Reduce Pr
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Route Caching: Beware! Stale cache
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Dynamic Source Routing: Disadvantag
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Flooding of Control Packets How to
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X = last known location of node D,
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LAR Only nodes within the request
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LAR Variations: Adaptive Request Zo
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Location-Aided Routing The basic p
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Detour Routing Using Location Infor
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Distance Routing Effect Algorithm f
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Relative Distance Micro-Discovery R
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Geographic Distance Routing (GEDIR)
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Grid Location Service (GLS) [Li00Mo
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Query Localization [Castaneda99Mobi
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G F E B A S C D Query Localization:
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Broadcast Storm Problem [Ni99Mobico
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Solutions for Broadcast Storm Prob
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Solutions for Broadcast Storms Dis
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Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Ro
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A B Route Requests in AODV H S E C
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A B Route Requests in AODV H S E C
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A Reverse Path Setup in AODV B H S
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A B Route Reply in AODV H S E C I G
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A Forward Path Setup in AODV B H S
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Timeouts A routing table entry mai
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Route Error When node X is unable
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Link Failure Detection Hello messa
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Why Sequence Numbers in AODV A B C
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Summary: AODV Routes need not be i
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Link Reversal Algorithm [Gafni81] A
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Link Reversal Algorithm A B F C E G
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Link Reversal Algorithm Attempts t
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Partial Reversal Method A B F C E G
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Link Reversal Methods: Advantages
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Link Reversal in a Partitioned Netw
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Full Reversal in a Partitioned Netw
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Full Reversal in a Partitioned Netw
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Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorith
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E D Partition Detection in TORA A N
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E D Partition Detection in TORA A N
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E D Partition Detection in TORA A F
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E D Partition Detection in TORA A F
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TORA Design Decision TORA performs
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So far ... All nodes had identical
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Core-Extraction Distributed Ad Hoc
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Link State Propagation in CEDAR Th
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H G B CEDAR: Core Maintenance A C E
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H G B CEDAR Route Discovery A C E S
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Advantages CEDAR Route discovery/ma
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Proactive Protocols Most of the sc
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Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR)
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Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR)
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OLSR OLSR floods information throu
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Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vect
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Hybrid Protocols 171
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ZRP All nodes within hop distance
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B F ZRP: Example with Zone Radius =
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B F ZRP: Example with d = 2 A S C D
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LANMAR Routing to Nodes Within Scop
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LANMAR Routing to Nodes Outside Sco
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Geodesic Routing Without Anchors [B
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Routing Protocols discussed so far
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Other Routing Protocols Plenty of
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Power-Aware Routing [Singh98Mobicom
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Power-Aware Routing Possible modifi
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Associativity-Based Routing (ABR) [
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Preemptive Routing [Goff01MobiCom]
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Quality-of-Service Several proposa
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Multicasting in Mobile Ad Hoc Netwo
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Multicasting in MANET Need to take
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AODV Group Sequence Number In our
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Joining the Multicast Tree: AODV H
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Joining the Multicast Tree: AODV H
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Sending Data on the Multicast Tree
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Since J is not a leaf node, it must
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Leaving a Multicast Tree: AODV H C
Page 215 and 216: Handling a Link Failure: AODV Multi
Page 217 and 218: Merging Partitions: AODV If the ne
Page 219 and 220: Merging Partitions: AODV Assume th
Page 221 and 222: Q Merging Partitions: AODV B RREQ (
Page 223 and 224: Group Hello (update) Q Merging Part
Page 225 and 226: On-Demand Multicast Routing Protoco
Page 235 and 236: ODMRP No explicit join or leave pr
Page 237 and 238: Geocasting in Mobile Ad Hoc Network
Page 239 and 240: Geocasting [Navas97Mobicom] Navas
Page 241 and 242: Simple Flooding-Based Geocasting U
Page 243 and 244: Geocasting based on Location-Aided
Page 245 and 246: Geocast LAR If all routes between
Page 247 and 248: Anycasting with Modified TORA [Ko20
Page 249 and 250: DAG for Anycasting Since links bet
Page 251 and 252: Geocasting using Modified Anycastin
Page 253 and 254: Other Geocasting Schemes [Macwan01
Page 255 and 256: Some Related Work Content-based Mu
Page 257 and 258: Capacity of Fixed Ad Hoc Networks [
Page 259 and 260: Continues from last slide … Dela
Page 261 and 262: Measured Scaling Law [Gupta01] Mea
Page 263 and 264: Medium Access Control Protocols 263
Page 265: Hidden Terminal Problem Node B can
Page 269 and 270: IEEE 802.11 Wireless MAC Distribut
Page 271 and 272: Collision Avoidance With half-dupl
Page 273 and 274: B1 = 25 B2 = 20 cw = 31 DCF Example
Page 275 and 276: MAC Protocols: Issues Hidden Termi
Page 277 and 278: Binary Exponential Backoff in DCF
Page 279 and 280: IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordinatio
Page 281 and 282: Fairness Issue Assume that initial
Page 283 and 284: MACAW Solution for Fairness When a
Page 285 and 286: Distributed Fair Scheduling (DFS) [
Page 287 and 288: Impact of Collisions After collisi
Page 289 and 290: Distributed Fair Scheduling DFS us
Page 291 and 292: Fairness in Multi-Hop Networks Not
Page 293 and 294: Balanced MAC degree of node j p_ij
Page 295 and 296: Balanced MAC Results show that it
Page 297 and 298: Estimation-Based Fair MAC Fair sha
Page 299 and 300: Proportional Fair Contention Resolu
Page 301 and 302: Sender-Initiated Protocols The pro
Page 303 and 304: Using Receiver’s Help in a Sender
Page 305 and 306: Receiver-Based Adaptive Rate Contro
Page 307 and 308: Capacity and MAC Protocols The MAC
Page 309 and 310: Energy Conserving MAC Since many m
Page 311 and 312: A Power Aware Multi-Access Protocol
Page 313 and 314: PAMAS PAMAS uses a control channel
Page 315 and 316: Another Proposal in PAMAS To avoid
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UDP on Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 317
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UDP Performance Several relevant s
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UDP Performance Difficult to ident
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Overview of Transmission Control Pr
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Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
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Cumulative Acknowledgements A new
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Window Based Flow Control Sliding
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Window Based Flow Control Congesti
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How does TCP detect a packet loss?
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Retransmission Timeout (RTO) calcul
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Fast Retransmission Timeouts can t
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Congestion Avoidance and Control S
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Congestion Control On detecting a
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Congestion window (segments) 25 20
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ssthresh = Fast Recovery min(cwnd,
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Slow-start Congestion avoidance F
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Performance of TCP Several factors
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Random Errors May Cause Fast Retran
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Sometimes Congestion Response May b
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Burst Errors May Cause Timeouts If
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Impact of Transmission Errors TCP
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This Tutorial This tutorial consid
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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Mobility ca
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Impact of Multi-Hop Wireless Paths
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Ideal Throughput f(i) = fraction o
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Impact of Mobility 20 m/s 30 m/s Id
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Actual throughput But not always
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mobility causes link breakage, resu
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B C A Why Does Throughput Improve?
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Network feedback How to Improve Thr
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Actual throughput Performance Impro
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Issues Network Feedback Network kn
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To Cache or Not to Cache Average sp
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Issues To Cache or Not to Cache Ca
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TCP Performance Two factors result
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Issues RTO After Route Repair Same
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Impact of Acknowledgements TCP Ack
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Security Issues 395
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Security Issues in Mobile Ad Hoc Ne
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Resurrecting Duckling [Stajano99]
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Secure Routing Establishing a Cert
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Techniques for Intrusion-Resistant
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Intrusion Detection [Zhang00Mobicom
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Packet Purse Model [Byttayn00MobiHo
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Existing Implementations Several i
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CMU Implementation: Lessons Learned
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BBN Implementation [Ramanathan00Wcn
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Link layer Implementation Issues: W
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Implementation Issues: Address Assi
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Implementation Issues: Security Ho
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Implementation Issues Only some is
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Distributed Algorithms for Mobile A
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Distributed Algorithms There is al
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Related Standards Activities 427
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Internet Engineering Task Force (IE
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Bluetooth [Haartsen98,Bhagawat00Tut
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Bluetooth: Piconet A channel is ch
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Bluetooth: Scatternet Several pico
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Open Issues in Mobile Ad Hoc Networ
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Related Research Areas Algorithms
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Thank you !! For more information,
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