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Unicast Routing Protocols Many protocols have been proposed Some have been invented specifically for MANET Others are adapted from previously proposed protocols for wired networks No single protocol works well in all environments some attempts made to develop adaptive protocols 22
Proactive protocols Routing Protocols Determine routes independent of traffic pattern Traditional link-state and distance-vector routing protocols are proactive Reactive protocols Maintain routes only if needed Hybrid protocols 23
Page 1 and 2: Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: Routing, MA
Page 3 and 4: Introduction Unicast routing Mult
Page 5 and 6: Coverage Not intended to be exhaus
Page 7 and 8: Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Formed by w
Page 9 and 10: Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) Mob
Page 11 and 12: Many Applications Personal area ne
Page 13 and 14: Many Variations Traffic characteri
Page 15 and 16: Challenges Limited wireless transm
Page 17 and 18: Research on Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
Page 19 and 20: Assumption Unless stated otherwise
Page 21: Why is Routing in MANET different ?
Page 25 and 26: Overview of Unicast Routing Protoco
Page 27 and 28: A Flooding for Data Delivery B H S
Page 33 and 34: A Flooding for Data Delivery B H
Page 35 and 36: Flooding for Data Delivery: Advanta
Page 37 and 38: Flooding of Control Packets Many p
Page 39 and 40: A B Route Discovery in DSR H S E C
Page 45 and 46: Route Discovery in DSR Destination
Page 47 and 48: Route Reply in DSR Route Reply can
Page 49 and 50: A B Data Delivery in DSR H DATA [S,
Page 51 and 52: DSR Optimization: Route Caching Ea
Page 53 and 54: A B Use of Route Caching [S,E,F,J,D
Page 55 and 56: Use of Route Caching: Can Reduce Pr
Page 57 and 58: Route Caching: Beware! Stale cache
Page 59 and 60: Dynamic Source Routing: Disadvantag
Page 61 and 62: Flooding of Control Packets How to
Page 63 and 64: X = last known location of node D,
Page 65 and 66: LAR Only nodes within the request
Page 67 and 68: LAR Variations: Adaptive Request Zo
Page 69 and 70: Location-Aided Routing The basic p
Page 71 and 72: Detour Routing Using Location Infor
Page 73 and 74:
Distance Routing Effect Algorithm f
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Relative Distance Micro-Discovery R
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Geographic Distance Routing (GEDIR)
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Grid Location Service (GLS) [Li00Mo
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Query Localization [Castaneda99Mobi
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G F E B A S C D Query Localization:
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Broadcast Storm Problem [Ni99Mobico
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Solutions for Broadcast Storm Prob
Page 89 and 90:
Solutions for Broadcast Storms Dis
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Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Ro
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A B Route Requests in AODV H S E C
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A B Route Requests in AODV H S E C
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A Reverse Path Setup in AODV B H S
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A B Route Reply in AODV H S E C I G
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A Forward Path Setup in AODV B H S
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Timeouts A routing table entry mai
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Route Error When node X is unable
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Link Failure Detection Hello messa
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Why Sequence Numbers in AODV A B C
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Summary: AODV Routes need not be i
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Link Reversal Algorithm [Gafni81] A
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Link Reversal Algorithm A B F C E G
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Page 119 and 120:
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Link Reversal Algorithm Attempts t
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Partial Reversal Method A B F C E G
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Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Link Reversal Methods: Advantages
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Link Reversal in a Partitioned Netw
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Full Reversal in a Partitioned Netw
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Full Reversal in a Partitioned Netw
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Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorith
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E D Partition Detection in TORA A N
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E D Partition Detection in TORA A N
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E D Partition Detection in TORA A F
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E D Partition Detection in TORA A F
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TORA Design Decision TORA performs
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So far ... All nodes had identical
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Core-Extraction Distributed Ad Hoc
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Link State Propagation in CEDAR Th
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H G B CEDAR: Core Maintenance A C E
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H G B CEDAR Route Discovery A C E S
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Advantages CEDAR Route discovery/ma
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Proactive Protocols Most of the sc
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Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR)
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Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR)
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OLSR OLSR floods information throu
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Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vect
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Hybrid Protocols 171
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ZRP All nodes within hop distance
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B F ZRP: Example with Zone Radius =
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B F ZRP: Example with d = 2 A S C D
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LANMAR Routing to Nodes Within Scop
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LANMAR Routing to Nodes Outside Sco
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Geodesic Routing Without Anchors [B
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Routing Protocols discussed so far
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Other Routing Protocols Plenty of
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Power-Aware Routing [Singh98Mobicom
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Power-Aware Routing Possible modifi
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Associativity-Based Routing (ABR) [
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Preemptive Routing [Goff01MobiCom]
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Quality-of-Service Several proposa
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Multicasting in Mobile Ad Hoc Netwo
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Multicasting in MANET Need to take
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AODV Group Sequence Number In our
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Joining the Multicast Tree: AODV H
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Joining the Multicast Tree: AODV H
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Sending Data on the Multicast Tree
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Since J is not a leaf node, it must
Page 213 and 214:
Leaving a Multicast Tree: AODV H C
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Handling a Link Failure: AODV Multi
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Merging Partitions: AODV If the ne
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Merging Partitions: AODV Assume th
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Q Merging Partitions: AODV B RREQ (
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Group Hello (update) Q Merging Part
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On-Demand Multicast Routing Protoco
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ODMRP No explicit join or leave pr
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Geocasting in Mobile Ad Hoc Network
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Geocasting [Navas97Mobicom] Navas
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Simple Flooding-Based Geocasting U
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Geocasting based on Location-Aided
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Geocast LAR If all routes between
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Anycasting with Modified TORA [Ko20
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DAG for Anycasting Since links bet
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Geocasting using Modified Anycastin
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Other Geocasting Schemes [Macwan01
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Some Related Work Content-based Mu
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Capacity of Fixed Ad Hoc Networks [
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Continues from last slide … Dela
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Measured Scaling Law [Gupta01] Mea
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Medium Access Control Protocols 263
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Hidden Terminal Problem Node B can
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Reliability Wireless links are pro
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IEEE 802.11 Wireless MAC Distribut
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Collision Avoidance With half-dupl
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B1 = 25 B2 = 20 cw = 31 DCF Example
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MAC Protocols: Issues Hidden Termi
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Binary Exponential Backoff in DCF
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IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordinatio
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Fairness Issue Assume that initial
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MACAW Solution for Fairness When a
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Distributed Fair Scheduling (DFS) [
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Impact of Collisions After collisi
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Distributed Fair Scheduling DFS us
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Fairness in Multi-Hop Networks Not
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Balanced MAC degree of node j p_ij
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Balanced MAC Results show that it
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Estimation-Based Fair MAC Fair sha
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Proportional Fair Contention Resolu
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Sender-Initiated Protocols The pro
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Using Receiver’s Help in a Sender
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Receiver-Based Adaptive Rate Contro
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Capacity and MAC Protocols The MAC
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Energy Conserving MAC Since many m
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A Power Aware Multi-Access Protocol
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PAMAS PAMAS uses a control channel
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Another Proposal in PAMAS To avoid
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UDP on Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 317
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UDP Performance Several relevant s
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UDP Performance Difficult to ident
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Overview of Transmission Control Pr
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Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
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Cumulative Acknowledgements A new
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Window Based Flow Control Sliding
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Window Based Flow Control Congesti
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How does TCP detect a packet loss?
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Retransmission Timeout (RTO) calcul
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Fast Retransmission Timeouts can t
Page 339 and 340:
Congestion Avoidance and Control S
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Congestion Control On detecting a
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Congestion window (segments) 25 20
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ssthresh = Fast Recovery min(cwnd,
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Slow-start Congestion avoidance F
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Performance of TCP Several factors
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Random Errors May Cause Fast Retran
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Sometimes Congestion Response May b
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Burst Errors May Cause Timeouts If
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Impact of Transmission Errors TCP
Page 363 and 364:
This Tutorial This tutorial consid
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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Mobility ca
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Impact of Multi-Hop Wireless Paths
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Ideal Throughput f(i) = fraction o
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Impact of Mobility 20 m/s 30 m/s Id
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Actual throughput But not always
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mobility causes link breakage, resu
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B C A Why Does Throughput Improve?
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Network feedback How to Improve Thr
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Actual throughput Performance Impro
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Issues Network Feedback Network kn
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To Cache or Not to Cache Average sp
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Issues To Cache or Not to Cache Ca
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TCP Performance Two factors result
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Issues RTO After Route Repair Same
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Impact of Acknowledgements TCP Ack
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Security Issues 395
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Security Issues in Mobile Ad Hoc Ne
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Resurrecting Duckling [Stajano99]
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Secure Routing Establishing a Cert
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Techniques for Intrusion-Resistant
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Intrusion Detection [Zhang00Mobicom
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Packet Purse Model [Byttayn00MobiHo
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Existing Implementations Several i
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CMU Implementation: Lessons Learned
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BBN Implementation [Ramanathan00Wcn
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Link layer Implementation Issues: W
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Implementation Issues: Address Assi
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Implementation Issues: Security Ho
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Implementation Issues Only some is
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Distributed Algorithms for Mobile A
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Distributed Algorithms There is al
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Related Standards Activities 427
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Internet Engineering Task Force (IE
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Bluetooth [Haartsen98,Bhagawat00Tut
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Bluetooth: Piconet A channel is ch
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Bluetooth: Scatternet Several pico
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Open Issues in Mobile Ad Hoc Networ
Page 439 and 440:
Related Research Areas Algorithms
Page 441:
Thank you !! For more information,
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