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Asymmetric Responsibilities: Cluster-Based Schemes Some cluster-based schemes have also been proposed [Gerla95,Krishna97,Amis00] In some cluster-based schemes, a leader is elected for each cluster of node The leader often has some special responsibilities Different schemes may differ in how clusters are determined the way cluster head (leader) is chosen duties assigned to the cluster head 160
Proactive Protocols Most of the schemes discussed so far are reactive Proactive schemes based on distance-vector and link-state mechanisms have also been proposed 161
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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: Routing, MA
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Introduction Unicast routing Mult
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Coverage Not intended to be exhaus
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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Formed by w
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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) Mob
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Many Applications Personal area ne
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Many Variations Traffic characteri
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Challenges Limited wireless transm
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Research on Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
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Assumption Unless stated otherwise
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Why is Routing in MANET different ?
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Proactive protocols Routing Protoco
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Overview of Unicast Routing Protoco
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A Flooding for Data Delivery B H S
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A Flooding for Data Delivery B H
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Flooding for Data Delivery: Advanta
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Flooding of Control Packets Many p
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A B Route Discovery in DSR H S E C
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Route Discovery in DSR Destination
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Route Reply in DSR Route Reply can
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A B Data Delivery in DSR H DATA [S,
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DSR Optimization: Route Caching Ea
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A B Use of Route Caching [S,E,F,J,D
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Use of Route Caching: Can Reduce Pr
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Route Caching: Beware! Stale cache
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Dynamic Source Routing: Disadvantag
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Flooding of Control Packets How to
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X = last known location of node D,
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LAR Only nodes within the request
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LAR Variations: Adaptive Request Zo
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Location-Aided Routing The basic p
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Detour Routing Using Location Infor
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Distance Routing Effect Algorithm f
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Relative Distance Micro-Discovery R
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Geographic Distance Routing (GEDIR)
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Grid Location Service (GLS) [Li00Mo
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Query Localization [Castaneda99Mobi
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G F E B A S C D Query Localization:
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Broadcast Storm Problem [Ni99Mobico
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Solutions for Broadcast Storm Prob
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Solutions for Broadcast Storms Dis
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Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Ro
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A B Route Requests in AODV H S E C
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A B Route Requests in AODV H S E C
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A Reverse Path Setup in AODV B H S
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A B Route Reply in AODV H S E C I G
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A Forward Path Setup in AODV B H S
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Timeouts A routing table entry mai
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Route Error When node X is unable
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Link Failure Detection Hello messa
Page 109 and 110: Why Sequence Numbers in AODV A B C
Page 111 and 112: Summary: AODV Routes need not be i
Page 113 and 114: Link Reversal Algorithm [Gafni81] A
Page 115 and 116: Link Reversal Algorithm A B F C E G
Page 121 and 122: Link Reversal Algorithm Attempts t
Page 123 and 124: Partial Reversal Method A B F C E G
Page 129 and 130: Link Reversal Methods: Advantages
Page 131 and 132: Link Reversal in a Partitioned Netw
Page 133 and 134: Full Reversal in a Partitioned Netw
Page 135 and 136: Full Reversal in a Partitioned Netw
Page 137 and 138: Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorith
Page 139 and 140: E D Partition Detection in TORA A N
Page 141 and 142: E D Partition Detection in TORA A N
Page 143 and 144: E D Partition Detection in TORA A F
Page 145 and 146: E D Partition Detection in TORA A F
Page 147 and 148: TORA Design Decision TORA performs
Page 149 and 150: So far ... All nodes had identical
Page 151 and 152: Core-Extraction Distributed Ad Hoc
Page 153 and 154: Link State Propagation in CEDAR Th
Page 155 and 156: H G B CEDAR: Core Maintenance A C E
Page 157 and 158: H G B CEDAR Route Discovery A C E S
Page 159: Advantages CEDAR Route discovery/ma
Page 163 and 164: Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR)
Page 165 and 166: Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR)
Page 167 and 168: OLSR OLSR floods information throu
Page 169 and 170: Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vect
Page 171 and 172: Hybrid Protocols 171
Page 173 and 174: ZRP All nodes within hop distance
Page 175 and 176: B F ZRP: Example with Zone Radius =
Page 177 and 178: B F ZRP: Example with d = 2 A S C D
Page 179 and 180: LANMAR Routing to Nodes Within Scop
Page 181 and 182: LANMAR Routing to Nodes Outside Sco
Page 183 and 184: Geodesic Routing Without Anchors [B
Page 185 and 186: Routing Protocols discussed so far
Page 187 and 188: Other Routing Protocols Plenty of
Page 189 and 190: Power-Aware Routing [Singh98Mobicom
Page 191 and 192: Power-Aware Routing Possible modifi
Page 193 and 194: Associativity-Based Routing (ABR) [
Page 195 and 196: Preemptive Routing [Goff01MobiCom]
Page 197 and 198: Quality-of-Service Several proposa
Page 199 and 200: Multicasting in Mobile Ad Hoc Netwo
Page 201 and 202: Multicasting in MANET Need to take
Page 203 and 204: AODV Group Sequence Number In our
Page 205 and 206: Joining the Multicast Tree: AODV H
Page 207 and 208: Joining the Multicast Tree: AODV H
Page 209 and 210: Sending Data on the Multicast Tree
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Since J is not a leaf node, it must
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Leaving a Multicast Tree: AODV H C
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Handling a Link Failure: AODV Multi
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Merging Partitions: AODV If the ne
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Merging Partitions: AODV Assume th
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Q Merging Partitions: AODV B RREQ (
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Group Hello (update) Q Merging Part
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On-Demand Multicast Routing Protoco
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ODMRP No explicit join or leave pr
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Geocasting in Mobile Ad Hoc Network
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Geocasting [Navas97Mobicom] Navas
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Simple Flooding-Based Geocasting U
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Geocasting based on Location-Aided
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Geocast LAR If all routes between
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Anycasting with Modified TORA [Ko20
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DAG for Anycasting Since links bet
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Geocasting using Modified Anycastin
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Other Geocasting Schemes [Macwan01
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Some Related Work Content-based Mu
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Capacity of Fixed Ad Hoc Networks [
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Continues from last slide … Dela
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Measured Scaling Law [Gupta01] Mea
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Medium Access Control Protocols 263
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Hidden Terminal Problem Node B can
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Reliability Wireless links are pro
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IEEE 802.11 Wireless MAC Distribut
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Collision Avoidance With half-dupl
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B1 = 25 B2 = 20 cw = 31 DCF Example
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MAC Protocols: Issues Hidden Termi
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Binary Exponential Backoff in DCF
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IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordinatio
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Fairness Issue Assume that initial
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MACAW Solution for Fairness When a
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Distributed Fair Scheduling (DFS) [
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Impact of Collisions After collisi
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Distributed Fair Scheduling DFS us
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Fairness in Multi-Hop Networks Not
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Balanced MAC degree of node j p_ij
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Balanced MAC Results show that it
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Estimation-Based Fair MAC Fair sha
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Proportional Fair Contention Resolu
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Sender-Initiated Protocols The pro
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Using Receiver’s Help in a Sender
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Receiver-Based Adaptive Rate Contro
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Capacity and MAC Protocols The MAC
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Energy Conserving MAC Since many m
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A Power Aware Multi-Access Protocol
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PAMAS PAMAS uses a control channel
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Another Proposal in PAMAS To avoid
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UDP on Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 317
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UDP Performance Several relevant s
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UDP Performance Difficult to ident
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Overview of Transmission Control Pr
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Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
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Cumulative Acknowledgements A new
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Window Based Flow Control Sliding
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Window Based Flow Control Congesti
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How does TCP detect a packet loss?
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Retransmission Timeout (RTO) calcul
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Fast Retransmission Timeouts can t
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Congestion Avoidance and Control S
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Congestion Control On detecting a
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Congestion window (segments) 25 20
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ssthresh = Fast Recovery min(cwnd,
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Slow-start Congestion avoidance F
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Performance of TCP Several factors
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Random Errors May Cause Fast Retran
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Sometimes Congestion Response May b
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Burst Errors May Cause Timeouts If
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Impact of Transmission Errors TCP
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This Tutorial This tutorial consid
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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Mobility ca
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Impact of Multi-Hop Wireless Paths
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Ideal Throughput f(i) = fraction o
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Impact of Mobility 20 m/s 30 m/s Id
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Actual throughput But not always
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mobility causes link breakage, resu
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B C A Why Does Throughput Improve?
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Network feedback How to Improve Thr
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Actual throughput Performance Impro
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Issues Network Feedback Network kn
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To Cache or Not to Cache Average sp
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Issues To Cache or Not to Cache Ca
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TCP Performance Two factors result
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Issues RTO After Route Repair Same
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Impact of Acknowledgements TCP Ack
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Security Issues 395
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Security Issues in Mobile Ad Hoc Ne
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Resurrecting Duckling [Stajano99]
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Secure Routing Establishing a Cert
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Techniques for Intrusion-Resistant
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Intrusion Detection [Zhang00Mobicom
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Packet Purse Model [Byttayn00MobiHo
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Existing Implementations Several i
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CMU Implementation: Lessons Learned
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BBN Implementation [Ramanathan00Wcn
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Link layer Implementation Issues: W
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Implementation Issues: Address Assi
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Implementation Issues: Security Ho
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Implementation Issues Only some is
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Distributed Algorithms for Mobile A
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Distributed Algorithms There is al
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Related Standards Activities 427
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Internet Engineering Task Force (IE
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Bluetooth [Haartsen98,Bhagawat00Tut
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Bluetooth: Piconet A channel is ch
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Bluetooth: Scatternet Several pico
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Open Issues in Mobile Ad Hoc Networ
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Related Research Areas Algorithms
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Thank you !! For more information,
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