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TORA Improves on the partial link reversal method in [Gafni81] by detecting partitions and stopping nonproductive link reversals Paths may not be shortest The DAG provides many hosts the ability to send packets to a given destination Beneficial when many hosts want to communicate with a single destination 146
TORA Design Decision TORA performs link reversals as dictated by [Gafni81] However, when a link breaks, it looses its direction When a link is repaired, it may not be assigned a direction, unless some node has performed a route discovery after the link broke if no one wants to send packets to D anymore, eventually, the DAG for destination D may disappear TORA makes effort to maintain the DAG for D only if someone needs route to D Reactive behavior 147
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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: Routing, MA
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Introduction Unicast routing Mult
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Coverage Not intended to be exhaus
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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Formed by w
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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) Mob
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Many Applications Personal area ne
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Many Variations Traffic characteri
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Challenges Limited wireless transm
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Research on Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
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Assumption Unless stated otherwise
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Why is Routing in MANET different ?
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Proactive protocols Routing Protoco
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Overview of Unicast Routing Protoco
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A Flooding for Data Delivery B H S
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A Flooding for Data Delivery B H
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Flooding for Data Delivery: Advanta
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Flooding of Control Packets Many p
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A B Route Discovery in DSR H S E C
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Route Discovery in DSR Destination
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Route Reply in DSR Route Reply can
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A B Data Delivery in DSR H DATA [S,
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DSR Optimization: Route Caching Ea
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A B Use of Route Caching [S,E,F,J,D
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Use of Route Caching: Can Reduce Pr
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Route Caching: Beware! Stale cache
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Dynamic Source Routing: Disadvantag
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Flooding of Control Packets How to
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X = last known location of node D,
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LAR Only nodes within the request
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LAR Variations: Adaptive Request Zo
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Location-Aided Routing The basic p
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Detour Routing Using Location Infor
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Distance Routing Effect Algorithm f
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Relative Distance Micro-Discovery R
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Geographic Distance Routing (GEDIR)
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Grid Location Service (GLS) [Li00Mo
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Query Localization [Castaneda99Mobi
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G F E B A S C D Query Localization:
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Broadcast Storm Problem [Ni99Mobico
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Solutions for Broadcast Storm Prob
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Solutions for Broadcast Storms Dis
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Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Ro
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A B Route Requests in AODV H S E C
Page 95 and 96: A B Route Requests in AODV H S E C
Page 97 and 98: A Reverse Path Setup in AODV B H S
Page 99 and 100: A B Route Reply in AODV H S E C I G
Page 101 and 102: A Forward Path Setup in AODV B H S
Page 103 and 104: Timeouts A routing table entry mai
Page 105 and 106: Route Error When node X is unable
Page 107 and 108: Link Failure Detection Hello messa
Page 109 and 110: Why Sequence Numbers in AODV A B C
Page 111 and 112: Summary: AODV Routes need not be i
Page 113 and 114: Link Reversal Algorithm [Gafni81] A
Page 115 and 116: Link Reversal Algorithm A B F C E G
Page 121 and 122: Link Reversal Algorithm Attempts t
Page 123 and 124: Partial Reversal Method A B F C E G
Page 129 and 130: Link Reversal Methods: Advantages
Page 131 and 132: Link Reversal in a Partitioned Netw
Page 133 and 134: Full Reversal in a Partitioned Netw
Page 135 and 136: Full Reversal in a Partitioned Netw
Page 137 and 138: Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorith
Page 139 and 140: E D Partition Detection in TORA A N
Page 141 and 142: E D Partition Detection in TORA A N
Page 143 and 144: E D Partition Detection in TORA A F
Page 145: E D Partition Detection in TORA A F
Page 149 and 150: So far ... All nodes had identical
Page 151 and 152: Core-Extraction Distributed Ad Hoc
Page 153 and 154: Link State Propagation in CEDAR Th
Page 155 and 156: H G B CEDAR: Core Maintenance A C E
Page 157 and 158: H G B CEDAR Route Discovery A C E S
Page 159 and 160: Advantages CEDAR Route discovery/ma
Page 161 and 162: Proactive Protocols Most of the sc
Page 163 and 164: Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR)
Page 165 and 166: Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR)
Page 167 and 168: OLSR OLSR floods information throu
Page 169 and 170: Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vect
Page 171 and 172: Hybrid Protocols 171
Page 173 and 174: ZRP All nodes within hop distance
Page 175 and 176: B F ZRP: Example with Zone Radius =
Page 177 and 178: B F ZRP: Example with d = 2 A S C D
Page 179 and 180: LANMAR Routing to Nodes Within Scop
Page 181 and 182: LANMAR Routing to Nodes Outside Sco
Page 183 and 184: Geodesic Routing Without Anchors [B
Page 185 and 186: Routing Protocols discussed so far
Page 187 and 188: Other Routing Protocols Plenty of
Page 189 and 190: Power-Aware Routing [Singh98Mobicom
Page 191 and 192: Power-Aware Routing Possible modifi
Page 193 and 194: Associativity-Based Routing (ABR) [
Page 195 and 196: Preemptive Routing [Goff01MobiCom]
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Quality-of-Service Several proposa
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Multicasting in Mobile Ad Hoc Netwo
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Multicasting in MANET Need to take
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AODV Group Sequence Number In our
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Joining the Multicast Tree: AODV H
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Joining the Multicast Tree: AODV H
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Sending Data on the Multicast Tree
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Since J is not a leaf node, it must
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Leaving a Multicast Tree: AODV H C
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Handling a Link Failure: AODV Multi
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Merging Partitions: AODV If the ne
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Merging Partitions: AODV Assume th
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Q Merging Partitions: AODV B RREQ (
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Group Hello (update) Q Merging Part
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On-Demand Multicast Routing Protoco
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ODMRP No explicit join or leave pr
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Geocasting in Mobile Ad Hoc Network
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Geocasting [Navas97Mobicom] Navas
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Simple Flooding-Based Geocasting U
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Geocasting based on Location-Aided
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Geocast LAR If all routes between
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Anycasting with Modified TORA [Ko20
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DAG for Anycasting Since links bet
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Geocasting using Modified Anycastin
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Other Geocasting Schemes [Macwan01
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Some Related Work Content-based Mu
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Capacity of Fixed Ad Hoc Networks [
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Continues from last slide … Dela
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Measured Scaling Law [Gupta01] Mea
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Medium Access Control Protocols 263
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Hidden Terminal Problem Node B can
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Reliability Wireless links are pro
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IEEE 802.11 Wireless MAC Distribut
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Collision Avoidance With half-dupl
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B1 = 25 B2 = 20 cw = 31 DCF Example
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MAC Protocols: Issues Hidden Termi
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Binary Exponential Backoff in DCF
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IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordinatio
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Fairness Issue Assume that initial
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MACAW Solution for Fairness When a
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Distributed Fair Scheduling (DFS) [
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Impact of Collisions After collisi
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Distributed Fair Scheduling DFS us
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Fairness in Multi-Hop Networks Not
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Balanced MAC degree of node j p_ij
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Balanced MAC Results show that it
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Estimation-Based Fair MAC Fair sha
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Proportional Fair Contention Resolu
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Sender-Initiated Protocols The pro
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Using Receiver’s Help in a Sender
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Receiver-Based Adaptive Rate Contro
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Capacity and MAC Protocols The MAC
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Energy Conserving MAC Since many m
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A Power Aware Multi-Access Protocol
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PAMAS PAMAS uses a control channel
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Another Proposal in PAMAS To avoid
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UDP on Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 317
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UDP Performance Several relevant s
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UDP Performance Difficult to ident
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Overview of Transmission Control Pr
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Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
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Cumulative Acknowledgements A new
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Window Based Flow Control Sliding
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Window Based Flow Control Congesti
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How does TCP detect a packet loss?
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Retransmission Timeout (RTO) calcul
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Fast Retransmission Timeouts can t
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Congestion Avoidance and Control S
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Congestion Control On detecting a
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Congestion window (segments) 25 20
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ssthresh = Fast Recovery min(cwnd,
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Slow-start Congestion avoidance F
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Performance of TCP Several factors
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Random Errors May Cause Fast Retran
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Sometimes Congestion Response May b
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Burst Errors May Cause Timeouts If
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Impact of Transmission Errors TCP
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This Tutorial This tutorial consid
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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Mobility ca
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Impact of Multi-Hop Wireless Paths
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Ideal Throughput f(i) = fraction o
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Impact of Mobility 20 m/s 30 m/s Id
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Actual throughput But not always
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mobility causes link breakage, resu
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B C A Why Does Throughput Improve?
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Network feedback How to Improve Thr
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Actual throughput Performance Impro
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Issues Network Feedback Network kn
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To Cache or Not to Cache Average sp
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Issues To Cache or Not to Cache Ca
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TCP Performance Two factors result
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Issues RTO After Route Repair Same
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Impact of Acknowledgements TCP Ack
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Security Issues 395
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Security Issues in Mobile Ad Hoc Ne
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Resurrecting Duckling [Stajano99]
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Secure Routing Establishing a Cert
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Techniques for Intrusion-Resistant
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Intrusion Detection [Zhang00Mobicom
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Packet Purse Model [Byttayn00MobiHo
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Existing Implementations Several i
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CMU Implementation: Lessons Learned
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BBN Implementation [Ramanathan00Wcn
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Link layer Implementation Issues: W
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Implementation Issues: Address Assi
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Implementation Issues: Security Ho
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Implementation Issues Only some is
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Distributed Algorithms for Mobile A
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Distributed Algorithms There is al
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Related Standards Activities 427
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Internet Engineering Task Force (IE
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Bluetooth [Haartsen98,Bhagawat00Tut
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Bluetooth: Piconet A channel is ch
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Bluetooth: Scatternet Several pico
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Open Issues in Mobile Ad Hoc Networ
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Related Research Areas Algorithms
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Thank you !! For more information,
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