No. 237 Maritime Archaeology in the People's Republic of China ...

each grid square. The grid frame was placed at sequential
intervals along the baselines.
The information from each grid square surveyed was
transcribed onto a series of underwater recording sheets prior
to the excavation of overburden material. This pre-disturbance
survey is shown in Figure 9. This initial survey plan shows the
reef along the northern perimeter of the site and the location
of the two major concretions. Underwater photographs were
also taken with a scale, covering as large an area as possible.
Given the limited visibility on the site it was not possible
to cover one square at a time and a photomosaic of the site
was impractical. When conditions permitted video was also
taken of all material before and during excavation. As is
often the case with video the visibility appears better than
that experienced by the diver.
Surface collection
After the initial survey plan was made on a grid by grid basis,
the artefacts were raised. The types and distribution of artefacts
raised from the surface are discussed below. Figure 10 shows
raising of surface collected artefacts from +2G6.
Excavation
After ascertaining the extent of the site, excavation was
undertaken in a grid by grid basis. Excavation was conducted
using a water dredge and hand fanning, and given the light
sediment overburden on the site this was easily accomplished.
In many places only hand fanning was needed to expose
the artefacts. The dredge was most useful in excavating
underneath the concretions. Thicker mud was encountered
several centimetres below the sand and sandwiched between
the bowls in situ.
All artefacts were recorded in situ before they were raised.
Video and underwater photography also recorded all features of
the site. The five grid squares excavated were 0G2, 0G6, +2G6,
+2G12 and +2G14. The site plan (Figure 11) of the excavated
material shows the two concretions and the concentrations of
bowls, the location of the major timber and other features of
the site. Figures 12 and 13 show artefacts in situ in +2G6. The
timber and two concretions were not removed from the site,
while ceramic and other loose material was excavated.
The timber had an iron nail through the upper side, and
there was a small concretion attached to the surface. The section
of timber located in 0G2 was 280 mm wide x 300 mm depth
and the length of exposed section was 1.4 metres. Figure 14
shows the location of the surface concretion on the exposed
surface of the timber. The timber appeared to lie under the
two concretions and extended from the grid T1 of the 1990
excavation. It was hoped that excavation in +2G4 would
uncover it again. Unfortunately this was not the case. A small
sample of the timber with the treenail was removed from the
site for analysis. Some bamboo rope was also recovered.
The loose rocks on the site are generally thought to be
from the reef although the more rounded rocks, as distinct
from the geometric oblong and square granite of the reef, may
be part of some ballast.
There were several types of material found on the wreck
site the most predominant of which was the black bowl. The
majority of those from the excavation were either caked in
Figure 109. Timber, concretion and celadon bowls in situ, Bai Jiao 1
wreck site, grid square OG2 (CHI/BJ1/39).
grey mud, or firmly wedged in sand. The bowls were often
found stacked, one bowl inside the next. These stacks had
fallen on the sides in a random fashion, perhaps as wreck
site formation processes began. Those that were buried were
relatively free of marine growth. Others that protruded from
the sea-bed or were part of concretions had some bivalve,
barnacle and sponge attached.
As the excavation neared completion the decision was
made not to remove any more of the artefacts (i.e. black bowls)
at the eastern end of the site, but to leave these in situ. The
limited facilities for adequate care and conservation of the
large number of ceramics uncovered during the excavation
were part of the reason for this decision. Also, the Chinese
maritime archaeological team intend to return to the site in
1966 and possibly raise the concretions. It may be appropriate
to remove the remaining bowls at this time.
The artefacts removed from the excavated grid squares are
more fully described below. While excavation was not carried
out in squares other than those shown in the excavation plan,
hand fanning in other areas suggested that they were in fact
6 m deep
9 m deep
0 m
14 m
Figure 110. Profiles of the BJ1 site along the longitudinal axis.
at -2Gx
at 0Gx
at +2Gx
at +4Gx
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