This report is <strong>the</strong> result <strong>of</strong> a jo<strong>in</strong>t Ch<strong>in</strong>a-Australia maritime archaeological <strong>in</strong>vestigation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> shipwreck known as Bai Jiao 1, located adjacent to <strong>the</strong> village <strong>of</strong> D<strong>in</strong>ghai, Fujian Prov<strong>in</strong>ce, south east <strong>of</strong> Ch<strong>in</strong>a (Figure 1). The expedition, which took place between May and July 1995 expanded upon prelim<strong>in</strong>ary work conducted at <strong>the</strong> site <strong>in</strong> 1990. The follow<strong>in</strong>g document describes <strong>the</strong> 1995 excavation and gives an analysis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cultural material recovered. The report is organised <strong>in</strong>to three sections. The first section will provide a background <strong>of</strong> maritime history for south eastern Ch<strong>in</strong>a and <strong>the</strong> D<strong>in</strong>ghai area aga<strong>in</strong>st which <strong>the</strong> Song Dynasty shipwreck can be <strong>in</strong>terpreted. The current knowledge and scholarship about Ch<strong>in</strong>ese trade patterns (especially <strong>in</strong> ceramics) for <strong>the</strong> period and boat build<strong>in</strong>g techniques will also be briefly exam<strong>in</strong>ed. The second section <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> report is primarily concerned with <strong>the</strong> excavation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wreck site and <strong>the</strong> analysis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> artefact material (predom<strong>in</strong>antly ceramics) that has been exam<strong>in</strong>ed and recovered from it. Section 3 deals with <strong>the</strong> possible future work on <strong>the</strong> Bai Jiao 1 wreck site, and o<strong>the</strong>r avenues for <strong>in</strong>vestigation relevant to <strong>the</strong> study <strong>of</strong> maritime archaeology <strong>in</strong> Ch<strong>in</strong>a. Appendix 1 conta<strong>in</strong>s <strong>the</strong> excavation dive log. Appendix 2 conta<strong>in</strong>s <strong>the</strong> wood sample identification analysis. All <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al documentary material <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g dive record sheets and photographs reside with <strong>the</strong> National Museum <strong>of</strong> Ch<strong>in</strong>ese History, Beij<strong>in</strong>g. The artefacts recovered from <strong>the</strong> site are currently undergo<strong>in</strong>g conservation treatment at <strong>the</strong> Fujian Prov<strong>in</strong>cial Museum, Fuzhou. Unless o<strong>the</strong>rwise <strong>in</strong>dicated <strong>the</strong> artefact draw<strong>in</strong>gs were prepared by Zhou Rong Di <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Fuzhou City Museum, Ch<strong>in</strong>a and <strong>the</strong> photographs taken by Jon Carpenter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Western Australian <strong>Maritime</strong> Museum (WAMM). All site plans, tables and o<strong>the</strong>r figures are <strong>the</strong> product <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> author. The maps were drawn by Jeremy Green, and have been adapted from Clark, 1995. Jon Carpenter contributed <strong>the</strong> conservation assessment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wreck site. Ian Godfrey, curator <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Materials Conservation Department at WAMM provided <strong>the</strong> timber analysis conta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> Appendix 2. The report was designed and set by <strong>the</strong> author. Ch<strong>in</strong>ese dynastic chronology The ma<strong>in</strong> dynastic periods that are referred to <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> text are: Han 206 BC - 220 AD Tang 618–907 AD Five Dynasties and Ten K<strong>in</strong>gdoms 907–979 AD Five Dynasties 907–960 AD Song 960–1279 AD <strong>No</strong>r<strong>the</strong>rn Song 960–1127 AD Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Song 1127–1279 AD Yuan 1271–1368 AD M<strong>in</strong>g 1368–1644 AD Q<strong>in</strong>g 1644–1911 AD Ceramic types and glaze term<strong>in</strong>ology Ce l a d o n Glaze coloured green by <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>troduction <strong>of</strong> iron oxide, fired <strong>in</strong> a reduc<strong>in</strong>g atmosphere onto stoneware or porcela<strong>in</strong>. Term co<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> Europe (Guy, 1980: glossary). Gr e e n wa r e Broad generic term used to describe celadon (longquan and q<strong>in</strong>g chi). Technically def<strong>in</strong>ed as hav<strong>in</strong>g a high fired (m<strong>in</strong>imum 1200˚C) glaze which is felspathic and conta<strong>in</strong>s <strong>the</strong> elements <strong>of</strong> iron that cause <strong>the</strong> green colour <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> glaze. Tonality varies with <strong>the</strong> iron content and fir<strong>in</strong>g conditions. Po r C e l a i n (C i t z’u) High fired pottery, fired at a temperature between 1300– 1350˚C, composed ma<strong>in</strong>ly <strong>of</strong> kaol<strong>in</strong> (gaol<strong>in</strong>gtu) and petuntse (baidunzi). It is entirely vitrified, white, extremely hard, resonant when struck, and transparent when th<strong>in</strong>. Generally covered with felspathic glaze. St o n e wa r e Pottery fired at about 1200–1280˚C, at which temperature it melts, vitrifies and becomes impermeable. The body is heavy, solid, close gra<strong>in</strong>ed and not translucent. tu h a o z h a n ‘rabbit’s hair’, ‘hares fur’ or ‘hare’s hair’ glazed bowl Yi n G q i n G light green celadon glazed bowl Gl a z e S Bai chi white glaze Y<strong>in</strong>g Q<strong>in</strong>g chi misty blue glaze He You chi black glaze Q<strong>in</strong>g chi celadon glaze Jiang chi dark reddish brown glaze Cav e t to Curved <strong>in</strong>ner wall <strong>of</strong> a dish or bowl (Guy, 1980: glossary). re d u C t i o n fir<strong>in</strong>G With little oxygen enter<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> furnace, <strong>the</strong> combustion is smoky. The kiln fills with carbon monoxide, which turns to carbon dioxide by tak<strong>in</strong>g oxygen from <strong>the</strong> ferric oxide <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> clay. The iron oxide becomes ferrous oxide and colours <strong>the</strong> body gray. If <strong>the</strong> clay has no traces <strong>of</strong> iron oxide, it rema<strong>in</strong>s white whatever <strong>the</strong> type <strong>of</strong> fir<strong>in</strong>g (ibid.). 59
Figure 97. Ch<strong>in</strong>a and South-East Asia pr<strong>in</strong>cipal trade routes (from Guy, 1980:10). 60
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