Civil Liberties and Security in Cyberspace - Hoover Institution
Civil Liberties and Security in Cyberspace - Hoover Institution
Civil Liberties and Security in Cyberspace - Hoover Institution
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<strong>Hoover</strong> Press : Cyber DP5 HPCYBE0500 06-11-:1 11:53:04 rev1 page 184<br />
184 Ekater<strong>in</strong>a A. Drozdova<br />
by evaluat<strong>in</strong>g the specific measures or agreements proposed. But certa<strong>in</strong><br />
legal pr<strong>in</strong>ciples are broadly applicable, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g the right to privacy,<br />
the protections aga<strong>in</strong>st self-<strong>in</strong>crim<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>and</strong> unwarranted<br />
searches <strong>and</strong> seizures, <strong>and</strong> the right to due process of law. These civil<br />
liberties are supported <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational law <strong>and</strong> guaranteed <strong>in</strong> vary<strong>in</strong>g<br />
forms by the national laws <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>stitutions of many countries. An<br />
<strong>in</strong>ternational regime aga<strong>in</strong>st cyber crime <strong>and</strong> terrorism must operate<br />
with<strong>in</strong> the constra<strong>in</strong>ts of these pr<strong>in</strong>ciples, as def<strong>in</strong>ed by the legal frameworks<br />
of its States Parties.<br />
There is often a tension between protect<strong>in</strong>g civil liberties <strong>and</strong> enforc<strong>in</strong>g<br />
laws to ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> public safety <strong>and</strong> order. States resolve this<br />
tension differently. Agree<strong>in</strong>g upon a common global level of protection<br />
of citizens’ rights is problematic ow<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>in</strong>ternational variance <strong>in</strong><br />
normative st<strong>and</strong>ards, legal practices, <strong>and</strong> political objectives. An <strong>in</strong>ternational<br />
common denom<strong>in</strong>ator could reduce the level of protections<br />
currently afforded <strong>in</strong> some states to the level of authoritarian states.<br />
In the <strong>in</strong>terest of promot<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>ternational cooperation <strong>and</strong> a timely<br />
response to the grow<strong>in</strong>g threat of cyber attacks, seek<strong>in</strong>g measures other<br />
than agreement on a specific level of protection is more likely to succeed.<br />
However, the differences <strong>in</strong> domestic values <strong>and</strong> rules may allow<br />
misuse of systems set up for prevent<strong>in</strong>g, track<strong>in</strong>g, or punish<strong>in</strong>g cyber<br />
crime. The diversion of technologies for illegitimate purposes—such<br />
as unwarranted surveillance—is a real threat, especially <strong>in</strong> countries<br />
that give little weight to civil liberty pr<strong>in</strong>ciples constra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g such activities.<br />
Countries may be tempted to circumvent legal constra<strong>in</strong>ts,<br />
moreover, when faced with a national security threat. Systems set up<br />
for <strong>in</strong>ternational cooperation would also <strong>in</strong>troduce new cyber vulnerabilities,<br />
s<strong>in</strong>ce they may be “hacked” or “cracked” <strong>and</strong> misused by<br />
crim<strong>in</strong>als or unauthorized persons. States should address these dangers<br />
<strong>in</strong> the course of develop<strong>in</strong>g forms of <strong>in</strong>ternational cooperation that<br />
extend to shar<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>and</strong> coord<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g technology.<br />
This chapter considers the basic protective <strong>and</strong> reactive approaches<br />
to security <strong>in</strong> cyberspace <strong>in</strong> section 1 <strong>and</strong> the legal pr<strong>in</strong>ciples that apply