Mahratta Chamber of Commerce Industries & Agriculture Pune

Editorial
Welcome to this special Diwali issue of Sampada, which is our annual attempt to capture the spirit and
ambience of the festive season and its correlation to business and industry.
This year, the Hospitality and Tourism industry adorns the pages of our cover stories. Balan
Paravantavida of Pune Marriot, Gadi Hassin of Hyatt Regency Pune and Surinder Singh of Vivanta by Taj-
Blue Diamond, share their views on the best practices and new trends in the hotel business.
Alongside, Zelum Choubal of Kesari Tours and Hanneli Slabber of South African Tourism give us an
overview of the dramatically changing face of the tourism sector worldwide, with special reference to India
and South Africa. Travel bugs will also be delighted to read a rollicking travelogue about a road trip to
Ladakh and a feature on some novel holiday spots in Maharashtra.
As always, Dr. Raghunath Mashelkar and Dr. Deepak Shikarpur provide wonderful food for thought in
their respective articles on the game-changing idea of the MLM innovation paradigm and harnessing the
techno-saviness of the younger generation.
Anil Rajvanshi, Director of NARI, Phaltan brings us an interesting perspective on socio-biological
reasons for corruption. Trainer Dharmendra Rai introduces us to the immense potential of the concept of
Mind Maps in our business life and Prof. Sharayu Pandhare Bhakre of Modern College dwells on the need of
corporate support for entrepreneurship development in Pune after a visit to Cambridge's Centre for
Entrepreneurial Learning in the UK.
Dr. S.G. Bapat presents an embedded, travelling academician's view on the US economic crisis and Prof.
Chandrakant Patil of Padmabhushan Vasantraodada Patil College reminds us grimly about the importance
of India's food security requirements.
The issue also offers business readers information and opinion pieces on various subjects ranging from
D&O Liability Insurance, doing business with Canada, environmental NOCs, solar energy and even about
the bones in our body.
All this and much more in this issue! Sampada also takes this opportunity to wish readers a very HAPPY
DIWALI AND PROSPEROUS NEW YEAR!
Anant Sardeshmukh
Executive Director General & Editor, Sampada

Vol. 67th • Issue 7 • Oct. - Nov. 2011
Founder
Late A. R. Bhat
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Mahratta Chamber of Commerce,
Industries & Agriculture
Editor
Anant Sardeshmukh
Executive Editor
Salil Desai
Editorial Committee
Arun Kudale
Deepak Karandikar
Chandrashekhar Chitale
Dr. Sudhir Rashingkar
Govind Patwardhan
Production & Coordination
Pramod Potbhare
Page Layout
G'tech Computers
Cover Page Design
Vivek Sahasrabudhe
Printing
Modern Printing Press
Owner/Printer/Publisher
Anant Sardeshmukh
Executive Director General
Mahratta Chamber of Commerce,
Industries & Agriculture
Pune 411 002.
Tel. : 020-25709000
020-24440371
C o n t
India's Hospitality and Tourism Industry Comes of Age
13 Service with A Smile
Balan Paravantavida
16 Business with Pleasure
Gadi Hassin
19 New Age Hospitality
Surinder Singh
23 Interesting Trends of Inbound and Outbound
Tourism in India
Zelam Choubal
29 Adventure & Sustainability : The new trends in
tourism
Hanneli Slabber
32 An overview of Pune's role in India's Hospitality and
Tourism Sector
Sharmila Ranade
37 H$mí_ra - boh - bS>mI : EH$ doJim "H$ma'Zm_m
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89 Socio-biological basis of corruption -
Relevance to the corporate world
Anil K. Rajvanshi
45
89
37
75

Vol. 67th • Issue 7 • Oct. - Nov. 2011
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Mahratta Chamber of Commerce,
Industries & Agriculture
103
113
119
C o n t
103 Series on Innovative Thoughts (Part 4)
Inclusive Innovation : The Game Changer
Dr. Raghunath Mashelkar
110 Grit and Glory - An MSME Story
113 Canada Calling Corporate India
119 Unlocking Entrepreneurial Potential - A Corporate
Responsibility
Sharayu Pandhare Bhakre
123 Mind Maps for Business
Dharmendra Rai
127 H$m_o gmondm ! (Delegation)
H$dr : lr{Zdmg am`arH$a
131
Employee
triggers
Breach of
Authority
Prospectus
Shareholder
actions

e n t s
128 Expediting Environment NOCs for Construction
Projects
Suhas Mantri
131 Defending the Board with Directors and Officers
(D & O) Liability Insurance
Praveen Gupta
137 Bone of the Matter
Dr. Nitin Unkule
141 5 Eg² - EH$ {eñVH$bm
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129

SERVICE WITH A SMILE
Balan Paravantavida
India's Hospitality and Tourism Industry Comes of Age
B E S T P R A C T I C E S I N T H E commitment by using natural light for establishment but also ensures a clean
HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY cleaning guest rooms. and safe environment for its staff and
guests. All the gray water is treated and
C l i m a t e c h a n g e a n d t h e The benefits of adopting green reused through MBR (membrane
environment are key concerns facing practices stretch beyond environmental bioreactor) technology that removes
every establishment today. According to concerns. Another crucial measure bacteria. The treated sewage water is in
the World Travel and Tourism Council most hotels are adopting is with regard turn used for HVAC application.
(WTTC), buildings account for 30% of to energy efficiency through the
energy consumption and 20% of utilization of energy management Given the fact that most guests
carbon-dioxide emissions globally. It is systems, motion sensors for public today are environmentally conscious
thus imperative for hotels to take into areas, incorporation of LED lighting and hotels aim at acquiring reputable green
account these grave statistics not just in so on which significantly reduce the certification hotel programs such as
their day-to-day operations but right from hotel’s spend on energy. Similar LEED Building, Green Globe and Green
the conception stage of the hotel project. measures have also been taken by Eco-Rating. Under the aegis of such
many hospitality organizations towards programs, hotels have to comply with
Designing intelligent buildings is a recycling and reuse of waste water in an certain sustainability practices such as
key practice in hotels. At the Pune effort to economize on the water bills. the conservation of energy, use of
Marriot Hotel and Convention Centre, The overall impact on the bottom line of alternative sources of energy,
for instance, a considerable amount of the establishment is hence significant. employment of guest towel re-use
natural lighting is used especially in the programs, gray water recycling
lobby thereby cutting down the need for Waste management is another employment of non smoking policies
artificial lighting. The housekeeping critical initiative that not only reduces the and so on.
d e p a r t m e n t s h o w s a s i m i l a r environment footprint of the hotel
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13

14
NEW TRENDS IN THE HOSPITALITY Twitter to offer last minute deals and has themselves according to local
INDUSTRY introduced concierge from hotels around requirements besides offering large
the world on Foursquare, thereby banqueting space and extensive food
Andrew Freeman & Company, a allowing users to find local information and beverage options which would act
reputed hospitality consultancy has by visiting the profile of The Ritz-Carlton. as a great source of revenue. Keeping
studied the top trends in the hospitality This move allows users to access useful this trend in mind, Marriott International
industry for the year 2011. One of the information instantly regarding various has attempted to establish Pune as a
biggest trends of the year is the destinations and areas of interests. MICE destination through the Pune
continued commitment of the industry Marriott Hotel and Convention Centre
toward adopting green practices. Not A major trend with regard to food which has the largest room inventory
only are hotels making the design of their and beverage is an increasing popularity and banqueting space in the city.
building eco-friendly but are going a step of vegetarian food. Many chefs have Moreover, it offers eight food and
ahead to introduce ‘green meetings’ and started introducing vegetarian tasting beverage options which strongly appeal
‘green amenities’ in the guest rooms. menus in their restaurants as people to the tastes of not just international but
around the globe are cutting down on local guests as well.
Social media has also grown their meat intake. They not only offers a
beyond individual use to act as a platter of vegetarian delicacies but also H O W T O P R O V I D E G U E S T S
platform for promotion of different kinds serves wines that are organic. T H E P E R F E C T H O S P I TA L I T Y
of businesses. Hotels are now EXPERIENCE
increasing their visibility and With regard to trends in the Indian
accessibility through social media hospitality industry, the Hotel Valuation Creating a “Wow” factor for guests is
websites such as Facebook and Twitter Index 2011 by HVS points to a shift in what every hotel aims at and this
in order to personalize interactions. The focus to Tier II and Tier III cities. Hotels in process starts even before the guests
Ritz Carlton for instance often uses these cities would need to develop arrive at the hotel. With increasing
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dependence on technology, the hotel different departments of the hotel. customers through social media by
guests of today expect speed and a Every complaint made by guests offering great deals, taking feedback
sense of urgency in getting their should be taken seriously and it is the and disseminating information about
demands fulfilled. Since the first point responsibility of the concerned the product. Many hotels have also
of contact of the guests with the hotel employee to not only keep other gone a step ahead to offer mobile
is generally through reservations, the operational departments in the loop applications for smartphones
onus is on the latter to take down all but also regularly follow up with the enabling customers to not only view
their preferences which can be guest on the same. details about the product but also
adhered to at the times of their arrival. make room reservations.
A touch of personalization by
At the Pune Marriott Hotel and encouraging hotel employees to Finally, hospitality being an art
Convention Centre, for instance, a address guests by their names also can be executed by skilled and
welcome letter is sent to guests goes a long way in creating a trained employees. Any hotel that
seven days prior to their date of favourable impression. For instance, focuses only on making its guests
check-in so as to gather information if a guest complains about any happy would not survive very long
on their preferences which may problem in the room, the concerned unless it ensures a happy workforce
pertain to the kind of pillows they department after resolving the same, as well. It is hence important to go
would like in the room, the choice of places a “We Care” card in the room beyond the traditional HR practices
newspapers they would like to read with the name of the employee who and initiate training and development
and so on. Moreover, guest rooms a t t e n d e d t o t h e p r o b l e m . programs for the growth of
are inspected thoroughly by the P e r s o n a l i z a t i o n i n t o d a y ’ s employees and establish effective
housekeeping, engineering and technologically driven world is what employment engagement surveys.
systems department to ensure that gives a hotel a competitive
everything is in working order prior to advantage over others. -----------------------------------------------their
arrival. Balan Paravantavida is General
Personalization even through Manager of Pune Marriott Hotel and
At the time of arrival and during technology is a fast emerging trend. A Convention Centre. He has over 27
their stay, it is imperative to ensure popular practice that is being years experience in the hotel
seamless communication within the followed today is engaging industry.
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16
India's Hospitality and Tourism Industry Comes of Age
Business
with
Pleasure
Gadi Hassin
Perfect Hosts… has responded to this scenario with Bucking the conventionally stuffy
panache and creativity. and low-drone, business hotels today
In today’s fast-paced world it is all strive to offer an experience, which
about time-management and luxurious For the business traveller who despite the lack of time for the guest,
comfort simply termed as convenience. doesn’t mind juggling a laptop in one remains indelibly etched in his memory.
The ever-expanding global economy hand and a plate in the other, the The feeling of a ‘second home’
has made travel and hospitality one of restaurants today, serve a delicious resonates and the guest is immediately
the most valued industries, boasting a spread of cuisines, confectionaries and at ease despite a hectic schedule. At the
customer base that is wealthier and cocktails & beverages. end of the day, the guest wants to be
more technologically savvy than ever. able to relax in comfortable and
personable surroundings in the privacy
A premier business hotel is thus of his room, even if on a flying visit.
the perfect point of confluence for
businessmen and entrepreneurs alike. At Hyatt Regency Pune, it has
always been our endeavour to provide
… a second home. the guest with a memorable stay and
joyful experience.
With changing trends in the
hospitality industry, it has increasingly The culture of multi-cuisine
become a challenge to cater to restaurants has been with the hospitality
businessmen who don’t have the time industry for years now. Food and
for spending leisurely hours using what beverages are to a guest, a huge
a hotel offers. The hospitality industry deciding factor when it comes to
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choosing a hotel for the stay. Indians far To the business end… Going beyond…
and wide have always been enthused
when it comes to the food that is served Businessmen are unerringly Every business hotel today, offers
in a hotel and as such enjoy a wide particular of how their conferences / a singularly unique experience to their
v a r i e t y o f c r o s s - c o u n t r y a n d seminars should be conducted, right guests. Spas and therapy centres have
international cuisines. down to the kind of beverage served. been trending for quite a while now and
Business hotels today pride themselves are as popular with the businessman as
They love a business hotel that is on being able to pre-empt these minute with a leisurely traveller. The desire to
home to fine-dining and multi-specialty details and requirements; and are able relax and unwind after a long day is
restaurants that offer a delectable range to provide them as and when needed. something we all yearn for and express.
of Indian and international dining
options, including authentic Italian, Conference halls and seminar Special aroma therapies and
Asian, Indian specialties and a rooms are designed and planned other treatments offer several ways of
wonderful bevy of desserts as well as according to international business relaxation to the stressed businessman.
intimate bar settings. trends and requirements, thereby At Hyatt Regency Pune we have
providing an almost uniform (yet unique) recognized this need and offer a bevy of
A hallmark of our hotels is that experience to the quick-traveller. treatments and therapies for our guests.
they are located in central business Having specific packages designed for ---------------------------------------------------districts
or in the emerging hubs of all businessmen holding conferences and Gadi Hassin is General Manager of
cities, including the Hyatt Regency seminars, makes it easier for these Hyatt Regency Pune and has extensive
Pune, which offers great convenience to programs to be held glitch-free. international hotel experience spanning
travellers. two decades.
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17

New Age
Hospitality
Surinder Singh
India's Hospitality and Tourism Industry Comes of Age
“Humankind cannot bear very much delicious health food on the menu, short becomes increasingly competitive, a
th
reality” wrote acclaimed 20 century y e t e ff e c t i v e s p a t r e a t m e n t s , hotel needs to continually offer the best
poet T.S. Eliot. Perhaps this personalized yet discreet service, in contemporary amenities and
predicament is even pronounced in the unobtrusive security systems, a comforts to attract guests. Today’s
st
21 century where, despite cutting edge dedicated pet policy, a holistic fitness customers are best understood not
technology and smart gadgets, we are regime for long stay guests and special through the traditional model of socio-
constantly stretched to meet deadlines delights for kids are among the many economic classification, but rather
and targets leaving us striving to pack in experiences that make up the offering at through their psychographic and
as much as possible into our waking Vivanta by Taj hotels. emotional make up. For hotels, this
hours. This reality particularly applies to
involves providing experiential
business travellers, who are forever on Indians are travelling across the moments that touch the guest and this in
the move, shuttling between cities, globe and India is also witnessing a turn involves continual upgradation of
spending long hours in meetings, with huge influx of international brands existing facilities and introducing new
little time to take off for their own entering the market bringing with them features. And along with this is efficient
personal comfort and wellness. As the the vast experience from all over the personalized service, for if the facilities
boundaries between work and play world. So hotels are tuned into new are superlative but the service is not
overlap, there is now rarely an email- trends in hospitality and in offering then the guest is disappointed.
free holiday or hour for that matter! guests the finest in contemporary
amenities and services. New Age In this context the tag line for most
And this is where a thoughtful hospitality challenges the guests’ hotels is to contemporize spaces, décor
business hotel helps in efficiently taking expectations of a hotel, engaging, and services even while being inspired
care of small details leaving guests to energizing and relaxing them with their by local ethos, traditional hospitality and
focus on their work. A well-designed thoughtful gestures and surprises. its brand ethos. Focused on offering the
soothing room with all amenities at
best possible experience and service,
hand, WiFi facilities, efficient and quiet Continuous Reinvention hotels typically view the guest
work zones, banqueting facilities, As the hospitality landscape experience as commencing from the
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19

20
airport pick-up and ending with the It is imperative that hotels offer hotel’s food and beverage offering
airport drop, or from the time the guest comprehensive business, conferencing commences right at the lobby where
steps in to the hotel till the guest leaves. and banqueting facilities including a welcome drinks of fresh juices or
At Vivanta hotels, an airport pick up is in spacious and well-equipped banquet refreshing herb based beverages are
a luxury car with games, a massage hall; state-of-the-art board rooms served in the hot weather, while
seat and a direct connect phone, and equipped with video conferencing warming drinks like hot chocolate are
this is followed by a quick and efficient capabilities, an integrated audio system served in cold weather. Coffee
check-in with a quick scanning of bags and sound proofing; a choice of meeting connoisseurs can select their brew of
at the hotel, reaching the guest and spaces and an efficient business centre preference from a choice of freshly
bags to the room within minutes of to efficiently meet business needs of brewed coffees on a coffee trolley on
arrival. their guests. offer at the lobby or the all-day dining
restaurant.
Hotel rooms - are designed for a Memorable Dining Experiences
perfect amalgam of work and relaxation. Dining is no longer about eating, No longer predictable, restaurants
Keeping in mind the needs of the drinking and leaving. The design of and bars at hotels strive to offer
business travellers, the rooms have a bars, the all-day dining and speciality gourmands sensory experiences.
strong tech orientation like Internet restaurants ensures they are infused Hotels take conscious effort to craft a
Protocol (IP) telephones and a with sparkling freshness; even if they dining experience for the guest so that
multimedia panel for the guest to work or are Indian or speciality Indian they can look forward to an array of
play with top efficiency. Of course, high restaurants there is a contemporary cuisines and dining experiences with
bandwidth wireless internet and home- interpretation of tradition to offer a innovative touches.
theatre surround system are par with the smart, fresh space for diners to enjoy
best. Guests can enjoy a movie their meals. Wherever possible, While all-day dining restaurants
experience in the comfort of their rooms charming al-fresco spaces are designed present a multi-cuisine menu in its a la
with a good selection of DVDs along by the poolside, a green space or a carte menu and buffet meals, there is an
with popcorn and drinks! Typically rooftop to offer guests the calm of dining effort to include live counters so that
rooms are tastefully adorned with outdoors. diners can watch chefs in action.
artwork, often reflective of local culture Seating along the open kitchen makes
or by local artists. Often the guest experience with single diners feel at home as they can
Today’s customers are
best understood not
through the traditional
model of socio-economic
classification, but rather
through their
psychographic and
emotional make up. For
hotels, this involves
providing experiential
moments that touch the
guest and this in turn
involves continual
upgradation of existing
facilities and introducing
new features. And along
with this is efficient
personalized service, for if
the facilities are
superlative but the service
is not then the guest is
disappointed.
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While all-day dining
restaurants present a
multi-cuisine menu in its a
la carte menu and buffet
meals, there is an effort to
include live counters so
that diners can watch
chefs in action. Seating
along the open kitchen
makes single diners feel at
home as they can interact
with the chef. Chefs are
no longer confined to the
kitchen, but move around
the restaurant, interacting
with guests and asking
their preferences.
interact with the chef. Chefs are no from well-equipped gyms to work out to feedback from the guest post their stay
longer confined to the kitchen, but move spas with a choice of experiences, and a in the hotel. This is one of the best ways
around the restaurant, interacting with swimming pool. Outdoor recreational in which a hotel can know what are its
guests and asking their preferences. experiences include arrangements for strengths and weakness. Hotels
outdoor sports such as golf, analyze this feedback, and incorporate
There is also an emphasis on eating sightseeing, excursions to interesting changes wherever possible; if there is a
healthy, with the idea of offering places of local flavour such as specific preference of that guest that
delicious food that is healthy because of plantations or a winery, and shopping. may not apply to other guests, it is noted
quality ingredients, low use of oil or fats, and during the guest’s next stay at the
and healthy cooking techniques. This In a reflection of guest preferences, hotel he/she is given that particular
ethos extends to in-room mini bars, wellness goes beyond the gym with an service. It is these efforts that ensure
which feature a selection of health offering of yoga. So the guest will find a cordial guest relations and loyalty. Each
based drinks and snacks. With the yoga mat in the gym with a certified guest who stays at a hotel or even dines
growing wine culture, many restaurants instruction present to teach the finer at a hotel takes back experiences and
have a good selection of Indian and points of yoga asanas as well as plan memories. New Age hospitality is all
international wines, some of which are out the guest’s diet to maximize health about ensuring that guests leave the
also served by the glass. Many benefits. Hotels may also have a yoga hotel perceptibly happier than when
restaurants have wine cabinets that mat in the room with instructions on the they came in!
display wines at recommended right breathing technique and correct
temperatures; these make attractive way of doing yoga asanas. Apart from At Vivanta by Taj-Blue Diamond we
displays and invite guests to try out a indulgent experiences, the spa menu take pride in delighting our guests in
glass of wine with their meal. include short treatments such as a head pleasantly unexpected ways every time
and neck massage or a foot massage so they return to be inspired,
Beyond Business that leaves the guest completely relaxed reinvigorated and refreshed!
In the small pockets of spare time thus giving them maximum comfort in a
business travellers get, they look short period of time. ---------------------------------------------------forward
to unwinding and switching off Surinder Singh is General Manager at
from work and work pressures. For To offer guests personalized and Vivanta by Taj-Blue Diamond and is a
guests who prefer not to step out, hotels efficient service, all hotels have a veteran of the hotel industry
offer several indoor recreation options system wherein they collect the
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21

India's Hospitality and Tourism Industry Comes of Age
Interesting Trends Trends of Inbound and
Outbound Tourism in India
Zelam Choubal
ourism in India has flourished in Adventure holidays as well as jungle international tourists and they visit wildlife
recent years and is growing tourism is also gaining ground among sanctuaries in ever increasing numbers.
rapidly. People are becoming international tourists. People travel
aware of Hinduism, Indian treatments or extensively to the Himalayan foothills as Agro-tourism is another avenue
therapies as well as our country’s simple also to Simla, Manali, Kashmir as part of which is opening up for tourists who are
vegetarian and non-vegetarian culinary trekking expeditions and other curious about the cultural and
and dietary delights. Many tourists have adventure activities. Tigers and agricultural heritage of Indian villages
found themselves de-stressed and elephants are a big attraction to and don’t mind travelling to the interiors.
rejuvenated after the treatments and the Also many places which have been
popularity of such experiences is spread especially developed as eco-tourism
by word of mouth. enclaves are attracting foreign
travellers. There is no television or
Medical tourism is also on rise as electricity but tourists come here to stay
state-of-the-art, world class medical and explore nature, the jungle and
facilities are increasingly available and surroundings.
treatments in India cost much lower than
in the western world. People from the Tourists from all over the world are
Middle East, Europe and America come also travelling to India to seek more
to Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore or other knowledge about the Hindu religion.
major cities for dental, heart and other Rishikesh, Haridwar, Puri, Chardham
major surgeries or procedures. are some of the destinations people
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23

24
Globalization has been a
true boon to India, and
the open trade policies
which lead to a great
inflow of foreign
investments also resulted
in huge increase in
business travel. Thus the
demand for inbound
MICE (Meetings,
Incentives, Conferences
and Events or
Exhibitions) tourism has
grown exponentially.
travel to in huge numbers. In tourism has changed dramatically in the helped. Foreign Tourist more than
addition they also come to visit the last decade. The tourism industry has doubled to 4.97 million in 2007. Despite
ashrams of Indian spiritual leaders and grown phenomenally logging an the setback of the 2008 global
yoga gurus. average 13% growth every year since recession, the Indian economy
2001. The growth in foreign exchange recovered quickly which is reflected in
Globalization has been a true boon earnings is 24.6% in 2010 over 2009. the strong tourism growth in 2010.
to India, and the open trade policies This could well be due to the aggressive
which lead to a great inflow of foreign “Incredible India” promotion campaign The preference of these inbound
investments also resulted in huge by the Ministry of Tourism and tourists is for the Delhi-Agra-Jaipur
increase in business travel. Thus the programmes like ’Visit India’. These golden triangle which enables them to
demand for inbound MICE (Meetings, have been complemented by region and explore the capital city of India, see the
Incentives, Conferences and Events or state-wise promotions like ‘God’s Own Taj Mahal and visit the historic and
Exhibitions) tourism has grown Country’ by Kerala or “Paradise heritage splendour of Rajasthan.
exponentially. Unexplored”, by the north east region. Several tourists also come for
Campaigns like “Namaste India - safe adventure expeditions in the Himalayas
The nature and structure of Indian and honourable tourism” have also and travel through as backpackers. Goa
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is also one of the most coveted
destinations among international The nature and
tourists love.
Just as inbound tourism has
travelers for it’s beautiful beaches, spas structure of Indian changed in a big way, outbound tourism
and seafood specialties.
Many international tourists flock
tourism has changed
dramatically in the
too has changed, matured and
improved drastically. The whole world is
eyeing Indian travellers and developing
here by chartered flights in the months
of November – December every year.
International tourists also visit Kerala for
last decade. The
tourism industry has
their tourism packages to welcome
Indian tourists. Indians today are among
the top five spenders in Thailand,
spa and wellness tourism. Kerala state
has done an incredible job in promoting
itself as a wellness and spa destination
grown phenomenally
logging an average
Singapore and Europe. About 10-15
years ago Indian travellers used to take
one vacation a year for leisure trips.
all over the world. On an average, 13% growth every Today the same traveller takes 2-3 or
tourists spend 5 to 15 days for spa
treatments in Kerala, Coorg or
Himalayan Resorts.
year since 2001. The
growth in foreign
more breaks for holidaying.
Travelling for leisure has become a
T h e m o s t p o p u l a r M I C E
destinations are Goa, Bangalore,
exchange earnings
is 24.6% in 2010 over
necessity today. What has brought
about this change? The emerging
middle-class, rising purchasing power,
Hyderabad, Delhi, Pune, Mumbai,
Jaipur and Kerala where the
2009.
increased awareness, more financial
independence, increased stress, fast
infrastructure for such events is or vis-a-vis other South East Asian pace of lifestyle - whatever it may be -
developed through convention venues, countries. This may be due to the way we work and do business has
hotels with huge ballrooms or meeting infrastructure which still needs to be changed and has led to the rise of
rooms and the availability of all state-of- upgraded to international standards, outbound tourism. As the younger
the-art equipment needed for hosting political instability in some parts as well generation becomes financially
conventions or conferences. When as incidents of terrorism in the country. If independent early, senior citizens with
people travel for business they also tend w e j u s t c o n c e n t r a t e o n p u r e substantial savings, are the big travel
to spend time in cities for leisure and that international tourists there is a great footers today. With the dream of seeing
gives a boost to tourism. scope to improve.
the world they are travelling on an
average to 2-3 destinations a year,
Weddings of many NRIs are being The other big attraction for within India or abroad. Europe is at the
organized in the cities of Rajasthan, international tourists is the ‘Palace on top of their list, followed by South East
Delhi and Goa. People spend huge Wheels’ or ‘Deccan Odyssey’. Asia, America, Australia, New Zealand
amounts on weddings and shopping. Reservations on these trains are sold and China. They have more choices to
out almost months and years in travel than before, which has made
Foreign travellers’ arrivals in India advance. It is an altogether different them selective and has also enabled
are still less compared to world statistics cultural experience which foreign them to plan their holidays in advance.
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25

26
The younger generation is also
travelling a great deal - for business as The other big attraction
tours. Special shopping or wellness
packages are tailor-made only for
well as pleasure. They don’t take long
vacations but prefer short breaks to one for international tourists
women today which was never a
possibility in yester years.
destination at a time. Many of them have
already travelled the world (mostly
those from the IT industry), which helps
is the ‘Palace on Wheels’
or ‘Deccan Odyssey’.
Higher middle class and business
people go on vacations very often -
about 3-4 times a year and explore new
them decide about their family travel
plans. Kerala, Himachal, Goa, Reservations on these
opportunities. Europe, America,
Canada, Maldives, Australia, New
Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand,
Switzerland, London are their preferred trains are sold out
Zealand, Tahiti, Fiji, Greece, Turkey,
cruises all over the world - are among
destinations.
Many management, engineering,
almost months and years
in advance. It is an
the popular preferences. They spend a
lot on accommodation as well as on
shopping. Being high-spenders they are
tourism and architecture colleges now
include foreign study tours as part of the altogether different
welcomed everywhere. Middle class
travellers usually travel on leisure tours
curriculum and such student travel is
fast gaining popularity. Europe, Sri
cultural experience
with travel agents on pre-decided
budgets and conducted tours in Europe,
Lanka, Singapore, Dubai and Malaysia which foreign tourists America, Dubai, Mauritius, South East
are the destinations students usually
visit. School students used to travel to
love.
Asia, Australia, New Zealand.
domestic destinations earlier but this Outbound MICE is also growing by
decade has seen them travelling Women are more independent leaps and bounds. Today businesses
internationally to CERN, NASA or financially as well as emotionally. They are spreading the world over and many
amusement parks at locations like are also emerging as travellers in their MNCs in India have started incentivizing
Singapore and Malaysia. own right. This has led to ‘women only’ employees and dealers. The cost of
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011

As the younger generation becomes financially independent early, senior
citizens with substantial savings, are the big travel footers today. With the
dream of seeing the world they are travelling on an average to 2-3
destinations a year, within India or abroad. Europe is at the top of their list,
followed by South East Asia, America, Australia, New Zealand and China.
conducting conferences and holidaying modern and efficient agriculture. Many
in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Singapore, When it comes to farmers have used Israeli techniques in
Malaysia, Mauritius or Dubai is equal or
less than at Indian destinations and that inbound travel,
their farming after travelling to Israel.
has given a major boost to outbound
MICE. All these countries have excellent
MICE infrastructure, quality venues and
India’s contribution
is still very minimal
For any country, a higher number of
inbound tourists than outbound
travellers is the ideal situation. Tourism
friendly hospitality services, making
them most popular among tourists.
Europe, America, Canada, Australia,
compared to
resources available
in the world as a whole has increased
both in terms of the number of arrivals
and tourism earnings. The importance
New Zealand and China are emerging
MICE destinations. Events like product
launches, film events, weddings are
and the population
of the country.
of this industry is being recognized with
every passing day as it generates
employment at all levels. When it comes
also increasingly being conducted out of
India. Tourism boards and convention Whatever the
to inbound travel, India’s contribution is
still very minimal compared to resources
bureaus of different countries are reasons may be, available and the population of the
promoting their countries or cities in a
big way to attract MICE travellers. India’s potential has
country. Whatever the reasons may be,
India’s potential has yet to be fully
Outbound tourism for exhibitions all
over the world is also a significant trend.
Germany hosts the maximum trade
yet to be fully
harnessed when it
harnessed when it comes to tourism.
With newer, friendlier policies and by
c o n c e n t r a t i n g o n d e v e l o p i n g
fairs, followed by China and Europe.
With the help of the Agriculture
comes to tourism. infrastructure we can certainly hope to
take Indian tourism to greater heights.
Ministry outbound agro tourism has of modern agriculture. Israel, ---------------------------------------------------been
escalating in the last few years. Netherlands, China, Brazil, Australia, Zelam Choubal is the Director of Kesari
Government subsidies help farmers go New Zealand are the developed Tours and the Chairman of MCCIA’s
abroad to see and learn the techniques countries where one can experience Tourism Committee
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27

India's Hospitality and Tourism Industry Comes of Age
Adventure & Sustainability :
The new trends in tourism
Hanneli Slabber
The tourism industry has gone Sustainability is one such strong sustainable tourism. These guidelines
through some radical changes and emerging trend we’ve seen over the have now been incorporated by
over the past couple of years. past years. As the tourism industry governments and organizations all over
The global financial crisis affected all across the globe flourishes there is an the world to help steer their countries
destinations – long and short-haul, increasing amount of consciousness on and businesses in a ‘responsible’
budget and luxury and destinations had the positive impact the sector needs to direction.
to respond by marketing more have on its environment and people.
innovatively, whilst keeping a tight rein Governments, industry bodies and On the other hand, South Africa is
on costs and expenditure. It has been associations, businesses and travellers the only country to have implemented
critical for destinations to understand have made conscientious efforts in fair trade principles in the tourism sector.
their own industry and in turn the role it a d d r e s s i n g i s s u e s r e l a t e d t o Fair Trade in Tourism South Africa
plays across all segments of their sustainability. South Africa has been at (FTTSA) is a non-profit organization that
economy. Tourism makes a huge the forefront in addressing these issues p r o m o t e s s u s t a i n a b l e t o u r i s m
contribution to other economic sectors, and has led by example. In 2002, ‘The development. This is done by raising
but it is also an integral part of most Cape Town Conference’ that was awareness, undertaking research and
developing countries’ job creation organized by the Responsible Tourism advocacy, capacity building and by
strategy. The additional challenge was Partnership on the sidelines of the facilitating the world’s first tourism Fair
then to ensure growth in tourism World Summit on Sustainable Trade Certification Programme. The
arrivals, whilst protecting length of stay Development in Johannesburg, saw in guiding principles behind FTTSA are
and spend in the country, in order to attendance over 280 delegates from 20 quite simple: people, the community
ensure continuous job creation and the countries who discussed and drafted and the environment matters.
sustainability of the industry. guidelines for responsible and
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29

30
The encouraging aspect has been coastline along with breathtaking adventure activities –as diverse as the
that travellers share the same spirit on mountains has made the ‘Rainbow Tsitsikamma Treetop Canopy Tours to
responsible tourism as implementers of Nation’ the Adventure Activity Capital of the Soweto Bungee – has made
policies. No government initiative or Africa and the World. tremendous contributions to the local
framework can be successful if the economy and have played an important
people that it’s made for do not accept South Africa offers world-class role in how individuals and the
and practice it holistically. And besides adventure sporting facilities such as communities start reaping the benefits
businesses and industry operators, the climbing, surfing, diving, hiking, of tourism and reinvesting in themselves
demand creators too have shown keen horseback safaris, mountain biking, and their immediate community in order
interest in implementing these river rafting - and just about any other to offer a better and more fulfilling
guidelines. extreme activity you can name. The experience to the tourist.
Rainbow Nation also offers a platform to
The impact of sustainability has interact with the locals and get involved This trend encouraged the tourism
moved beyond eco-friendliness over the with their day to day lives. We’ve board to introduce new experiences like
decades. We’ve witnessed direct witnessed a huge rise in the adventure snorkeling, whale watching and shark
benefits of the fair trade practice to appetite of tourists and have strived cage diving to mention a few.
communities that cater to the tourism continuously in satiating it.
industry in South Africa. Besides job Conservation projects are not only
creation and conservation, community As a result many adventure guide designed to create employment for the
preservation and enrichment are some companies have come to prominence. locals but also to encourage South
of the most vital areas these initiatives These adventure guides lead travellers Africans to set up their own eco-tourism
have strengthened over the years. A to the vast variety of outdoor and indoor focused tours and experiences, from
strong, united and inclusively growing activities and adventure tours, in all the sustainable lodges to tour companies
social fabric is what sustainability has regions of South Africa. This in turn has offering visitors the opportunity to
created in South Africa. created employment opportunities for observe protected species - and to play
the local community, as most of the a concrete role in the protection and
Adventure Tourism is another form adventure guide companies employ continuous survival of such species.
of tourism that has grown exponentially people from within the community who
in the past couple of years and I see this understand the terrains well. Thus it has As per the latest reports of 2010,
trend growing consistently in the years helped in improving the living standards revenue generated by tourist arrivals
to come. Over 3000 kilometers of of the locals. Local ownership of stood at R13.4 billion, an increase of
On the other hand, South Africa
is the only country to have
implemented fair trade
principles in the tourism sector.
Fair Trade in Tourism South
Africa (FTTSA) is a non-profit
organization that promotes
sustainable tourism
development. This is done by
raising awareness, undertaking
research and advocacy,
capacity building and by
facilitating the world’s first
tourism Fair Trade Certification
Programme. The guiding
principles behind FTTSA are
quite simple: people, the
community and the
environment matters.
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We have received 43,979 Indian
tourists between Jan – June 2011 a
jump of close to 41.8% when
compared to the same period in the
previous year.
When it comes to selecting a
destination, it has been observed
that Indian travellers chose a varied
and diversified destination which
indicates the growing sense of
adventurism and discovery in them.
This changing trend is a clear
indication of a confident Indian
consumer reflecting their country’s
buoyancy and prominence.
22.6% over the previous year. Tourism Indian tourists are opting for jump of close to 41.8% when compared
is an important source of revenue for the adventure and wellness experiences in to the same period in the previous year.
South African economy and we addition to the world famous wildlife
definitely see these numbers increasing offerings. When it comes to selecting a
manifold. destination, it has been observed that
South African tourism has Indian travellers chose a varied and
Visiting South Africa has gained witnessed an exceptional increase in diversified destination which indicates
popularity compared to the rest of the Indian tourist arrivals to the country in the growing sense of adventurism and
markets due to its vibrancy and varied 2010 with a jump of close to 17.3%. The discovery in them. This changing trend
h o l i d a y e x p e r i e n c e o ff e r i n g s . rainbow nation has definitely become is a clear indication of a confident Indian
Interestingly, we are seeing a great deal one of the most frequently travelled to consumer reflecting their country’s
of interest from Indian tourists for destinations in 2010 and travel numbers buoyancy and prominence.
unconventional destinations and have risen from 55203 in 2009 to 71 ---------------------------------------------------experiences
in South Africa. 587. We have received 43,979 Indian Hanneli Slabber is the Country Head of
tourists between Jan – June 2011 a South African Tourism in India.
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31

32
India's Hospitality and Tourism Industry Comes of Age
The Indian Hospitality & Tourism
sector reflects the ancient Indian
belief “Atithi Devo Bhava”, with a
touch of warmth, a helping hand and a
welcoming visage!
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011
An Overview of
Pune’s Role in India’s
Sector
Sharmila Ranade
US$ 130 million to come up with 50 • The report forecasts that India will
hotels in India by 2012. get capital investment worth US$
94.5 billion in the travel and tourism
As for the Tourism, Travel & Tourism
Competitiveness Report 2009 released
sector in 2019.
by the World Economic Forum, India • India is projected to become the fifth
Hospitality is a 3.5 trillion dollar th
was ranked 11 in the Asia Pacific region fastest growing business travel
service sector within the global nd and 62 overall, moving up three places destination from 2010-2019 with an
economy. In India, hospitality and on the list of the world’s most attractive estimated real growth rate of 7.6
tourism are the third largest net earners th
destinations. It is ranked the 14 best per cent.
of foreign exchange and are expected to tourist destination for its natural
become number one shortly. The th
resources and 24 for its cultural Pune’s Wining and Dining Scenario
inbound traffic is shaping up well. resources. The Indian travel & tourism Pune which exemplifies an
According to World Travel & Tourism th
industry was ranked 5 in the long term indigenous Marathi culture and
Council (WTTC), the growth in the (10 year growth) and is expected to be philosophy has always marinated its
hospitality industry is pegged at 15% the second largest employer in the world ethos with modernization. It now
every year with 1,50,000 hotel rooms by 2019. embraces a mix of budget, mid-range
expected to be added over the next and quite a few top-end hotels. The
couple of years, two-thirds of which • The demand for travel and tourism range of small eateries to big budget
signify estimated capacity addition in in India is expected to grow by 8.2 hotels is astonishing.
budget hotels. Many big players have per cent between 2010 and 2019
plans to enter the Indian market. and will place India at the third Misals are Pune’s all time favourite,
position in the world. if one can stomach the spice in them.
The US based hotel major, Marriot There are small joints like Bedekar Misal
International, is lugging its budget brand • India’s travel and tourism sector is or Shree Uphar Gruha dishing out this
Fairfield Inn & Suites to India. It also expected to be the second largest stuff. From here if we move to mid-range
plans to manage 29 properties in India employer in the world, employing joints, there are a number of them with
by 2013. The Kolkata based ITC Group, 40,037,000 persons by 2019. different specialties ranging from
has also projected its plan to open 25 Rajasthani to Gujarathi cuisine. There is
new hotels under the Fortune brand. • Capital investment in India’s travel also an interesting geographical/cultural
and tourism sector is expected to divide. Areas such as Camp and
Accor Hospitality, the largest hotel grow at 8.8 per cent between 2010 Koregaon Park boast a different culture
chain in Europe, with 4,000 hotels in 90 and 2019. of eating with mostly Italian, French &
countries announced that it will invest Chinese cuisine. This is not limited to

only food though, since it is coupled with high disposable incomes. foreign exchange earners. There are
accompanied by good jazz or rap music The manufacturing and automobile n u m e r o u s t r a v e l a g e n c i e s
with live bands at places like ABC units in Pimpri-Chinchwad as well as mushrooming all over the city. Also there
Farms. There are also several pub joints Chakan and Ranjangaon industrial are special institutes providing training
with dance floors. areas contribute to an average of 55 per in travel & tourism, ticketing,
cent of the total room demand while the immigration and custom services along
On the other side of the river, there IT sector in the city contributes the lion’s with courses for translators and
are certain restaurants like Vaishali that share of the remaining 45 per cent. The interpreters etc.
hold lifelong associations for many airline transit crew generates around 2-
Puneites and the crowd keeps flocking 3 per cent of room nights annually in New Trends - Agri-tourism in Pune :
here to revive good old memories. The four-star hotels. Agri-tourism is a novel concept and
outskirts of Pune are also dotted with has been evolving as one of the fastest
numerous hotels on the surrounding Some of the new projects coming growing segments. Agri-tourism
hillside. With the growth of IT, BPO and up in the Pune hotel industry include the actually entails visiting a working farm
auto industries in Pune, the galloping Leela, Intercontinental, Starwood, for the purpose of enjoyment, education
development of this service industry Crowne Plaze and other international or active participation in agricultural or
was inevitable. To cater to the ever and national hotel chains. Leela Group horticultural activities. The Pune based
increasing foreign visitors and of Hotels is coming up with over 200 A g r i To u r i s m D e v e l o p m e n t
industrialists, many top-end star hotels rooms in the 5-star category at a Organization (ATDO) foresees
have also come up in Pune. business-cum-resort hotel near the involvement of the private sector,
Pune Golf Course. Taj is venturing into farmers or agri-tourism service
Pune’s Hospitality Footprint: Hinjewadi along with the Padma Vilas providers based on public-private
The Indian hotel industry, which is a Palace at Wanowrie with a 45-room partnership. Agri-tourism packages are
significant stakeholder in the tourism boutique hotel and Ginger has its laced with entertainment such as
sector, witnessed the effects of the budget hotel in the Chinchwad area with Marathi folk songs, dances, village fairs,
global slowdown. However, thanks to 101 rooms. According to a survey by art and craft. According to ATDO even if
Pune’s IT and Auto sectors, the hotel Federation of Hotel & Restaurant 10% of the 400 million domestic tourists
industry in town remained in good Association of India (FHRAI), 25-30 explore agri-tourism, it would translate
health. As per a Knight Frank report, hotels are expected to be launched in into a market size of Rs. 4000 crores.
Pune will see an addition of 4,500 to Pune in the next three years and these Malegaon, where the pilot project was
5,000 hotel rooms across categories by hotels will require 10,000 trained launched in 2005, catered to 13,200
the end of 2011. This boom in the professionals. This expansion of tourists in 2007. With this kind of growth,
hospitality segment in Pune is not hospitality sector is taking place on we can expect agri-tourism converging
sporadic or incidental, although the account of the massive growth that India with rural tourism, eco-tourism, health
hosting of the Commonwealth Youth is witnessing in the last few years. tourism, adventure tourism and culinary
Games in the city in 2008, speeded up tourism soon.
the growth of the hotel infrastructure in Travel from Pune ---------------------------------------------------certain
areas of the city. The The travel and tourism industry is Sharmila Ranade is Manager
development of the academic and important to the city of Pune as it is (Economics Dept.) at MCCIA.
IT/ITES sectors has certainly helped, regarded as one of the world’s largest
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011
33

India's Hospitality and Tourism Industry Comes of Age
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H$m` H$amdo H$m` H$ê$ Z`o, H$moR>o H$m` nmhmdo, B. gmo` H$ê$Z {Xbr. g§nyU© {Q´>n^a Amåhr nmhm`bm Jobmo. àM§S> JXu hmoVr. gamodamVrb
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011

amofUmB© Ho$bobo gwdU© _§Xra àojUr` hmoVo. VmgmV H$mny Ago dmQ>bo hmoVo na§Vw A§XmO 135 {H$._r bm§~ Am{U 35 {H$._r. éXrMo
{VénVr ~mbmOr qH$dm {eS>ubm Oer 12 gneob \$gbm. gai añVo g§nyZ b§~dVw©imH$ma nR>ma Amho.
_{hZo ^m{dH$m§Mr AbmoQ> JXu AgVo Ë`mMr {h_mb`mVrb KmQ>m§Mo, ZmJ_moS>r añVo gwê$ 5-5.30 Mo gw_mamg lrZJa_Ü`o àdoe
AmR>dU Pmbr. gH$mir {Xdgm COoS>r nwÝhm Pmbo hmoVo. CY_nya nmohmoMon`ªV amÌrMo 8- Ho$bm. bJoMM ~Xm_r ~mJ H±$Q>moÝ_|Q> bmJbo. `m
gwdU© _§{Xambm ^oQ> {Xbr. añË`mVM 8.30 dmObo. a{d {b_`|Zr Am_Mr amhÊ`mMr {R>H$mUrM AmV_Ü`o Am_Mr 4 {Xdg
Om{b`Zdmbm ~mJ hË`mH$m§S> ñ_maH$ hmoVo Vohr gmo` EAa \$mog© _og _Ü`o Ho$bobr hmoVr. amhÊ`mMr ì`dñWm hmoVr. A{Ve` H$So>H$moQ>
nm{hbo. OZ. S>m`aZo {ZanamY Am{U Aghmæ` dmVmdaUmV ~amM \$aH$ nS>bm hmoVm. ~§Xmo~ñV hmoVm. H$S>H$ gwajm à{H«$`oVyZ AmV
ñdmV§Í` g¡{ZH$m§Mr H$m|S>r H$ê$Z Jmoir~ma amOñWmZÀ`m aIaIrV Am{U n§Om~À`m àdoe {Xbm Jobm. ìhr. Am`. nr. JoñQ> hmD$g
Ho$bm hmoVm. niVm niVm {d{harV Ja_rVyZ EH$X_ W§S> dmVmdaUmV Ambmo hmoVmo. 1-1.5 {H$._r. AmV hmoVo.
nS>boë`m§Zmhr R>ma Ho$bo hmoVo. EAa \$mog© _og C§M Q>oH$S>rda hmoVr. dmVmdaU lrZJa hr A{Ve` JmS}>S> {gQ>r AgyZ
A_¥Vga-CY_nya-lrZJa
ñdÀN>, àgÝZ Am{U AmëhmXXm`H$ hmoVo. OdmZm§À`m Vmã`mV ho eha Amho. àË`oH$
OdiM npíM_obm dmKm gr_m hmoVr. Xwgè`m {Xder gH$mir nmD$g gwé Pmbm ì`Š Vr Am{U dmhZm§da bj Amho ho Ü`mZmV
{Xëbr-bmhmoa EZ.EM 4, J«±S> Q´>§H$ amoS>da hr hmoVm. 30 VmaIobm gm`§H$mir 6 n`ªV `oVo.
^maV-nmH$ gr_m Amho. bmhmoa VoWyZ 23 lrZJabm nmohmoMm`Mo hmoVo Ë`m_wio g. 10 bm lrZJa_Yrb n{hë`m {Xder 50
{H$._r.da Amho. gm`§H$mir `m {R>H$mUr XmoÝhr CY_nya gmoS>bo. XwnmaZ§Va 2.5 {H$._r. {H$._r.darb Jwb_J©bm Jobmo. VoWo n`©Q>ZmMo
g¡Ý`mMr naoS> hmoVo. Vr nmhVm `oUma ZìhVr bm§~rMm gdm©V bm§~ na§Vw EHo$ar ~moJXm, Odmha ñdê$n ~mOmar Pmbobo Amho. ~\$m©n`ªV
Varhr gr_on`ªV OmD$Z Ambmo Am{U VoWyZM Q>Zob nma Ho$bm. `mnwT>o H$mí_ra Imoè`mV àdoe nmohmoM{dÊ`mgmR>r KmoSo>dmë`m§H$Sy>Z _Z_mZr
Xw. 2 Mo gw_mamg Oå_y _mJ} CY_nyaH$So> hmoVmo. H$mí_raMo Imoao ho 5500 \y$Q> C§Mrdarb n¡go KoVbo OmVmV. Ë`mda H$moUmMohr {Z`§ÌU
{ZKmbmo. 250-275 {H$._r.Mo A§Va 4-5 Mmahr ~mOyZo ~\$m©ÀN>m{XV S>m|Jam§Zr doT>bobo Zmhr qH$dm H$moUVohr {Z`_ Ho$bobo ZmhrV.
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011
39

40
hm°Q>obdmë`m§Zr a°Ho$Q> Ho$bobo Amho. VoWo H$mpí_abm `mdo Ë`m§Zm H$mhrhr YmoH$m Zmhr Ago
{ZpíMVr ZgVo Ë`m_wio 2-3 {Xdg nwaob EdT>o
AÝZ-nmUr ~amo~a R>odUo JaOoMo AgVo. añVo
{Z_©Zwî`, _¡bmoZ _¡b dñVr, Jmdo , hm°Q>ob-
Ym~o, noQ´>mob n§n, _mo~mB©b Q>m°da ZmhrV. Aé§X,
ZmJ_moS>r, YmoH$mXm`H$, MT>CVmamMo añVo.
AmoT>o, ~\©$,nmUr, {MIb, IS²>So> `mVyZ
_mJ©H«$_U. Vmer 20-25 _¡bmMm X_dUyH$
H$aUmam àdmg. {Xdg^amV W§S>r, D$Z, dmam,
dmXi,nmD$g {h_ Am{U ~\©$ `m§À`mer
gm_Zm. EH$m ~mOybm Imob Xar, Xwgè`m
~mOybm C§M H$So>. _mbdmhÿ Am{U g¡Ý`mÀ`m
agXrÀ`m Q´>Š gÀ`m Vmâ`m§Mr AdOS>
dmhVyH$. Ë`mVyZ hmoUmao AnKmV, dmhVwH$sMm
Imoi§~m, hm gd© àH$ma Zd»`m n`©Q>H$mbm
^oXadyZ Q>mH$Umam hmoVm. Am_Mr _hmamîQ´>
E_.EM. a{OñQ>«oeZMr EH$M JmS>r hmoVr. BVa
gd© JmS²>`m Oå_y-H$mpí_a, n§Om~, h[a`mZm,
{h_mMb àXoe, {Xëbr `oWrb hmoË`m. Ë`mhr
~hwVoH$ Q>°Š grO. Ë`mMo H$mhr MmbH$ ~mhoaMr
amhUmè`m§À`m JmS²>`m WoQ> amondon`ªV OmD$ åhUy bmJbo AmhoV. ImgJr JmS>r nmhÿZ {d{MÌ, Km~adÊ`mMr
eH$VmV. BVam§Zm nmobrg Am{U KmoSo>dmbo lrZJaÀ`m {Vgè`m Am{U eodQ>À`m dmJUyH$ XoV.
OmD$ XoV ZmhrV. hm gd© àH$ma nmhÿZ Amåhr {Xder ~Xm_r ~mJÀ`m _mJo Am{U Xmb boH$À`m gmoZ_J© gmoS>bo. ~mbVmb Ambo.
nwT>o Om`Mo Q>mibo. Caboë`m {XdgmV {ZemV eoOmarM Agboë`m AmÚ e§H$amMm`mªÀ`m nmo{bgm§Zr gd© JmS²>`m añË`mÀ`m H$So>bm
Am{U embr_ma `m XmoZ gwà{gÜX _wKb _§{Xambm ^oQ> {Xbr. nd©VrÀ`m {VnQ>rEdT²>`m Agboë`m EH$m Q´>H$ `mS©>_Ü`o Wm§~{dë`m
JmS©>ÝgZm ^oQ>r {Xë`m. åh¡gya `oWrb d¥§XmdZ Q>oH$S>rda ho _§{Xa AgyZ ~aoMgo A§Va H$maZo da hmoË`m. nwT>o EHo$ar _mJm©Mr Omo{Pbm qIS> hmoVr.
JmS©>ZÀ`m `m N>moQ²>`m à{VH¥${V dmQ>ë`m. OmVm `oVo. Ë`mZ§Va 245 nm`è`m MTy>Z hm _mJ© Joë`m 2 {Xdgm§nmgyZ aS>V IS>V gwé
lrZJa_Yrb Xwgam {Xdg Xmb _§{Xamn`ªV Omdo bmJVo. dê$Z g§nyU© lrZJa hmoVm. eoH$S>mo Q´>Š gMr dmhVyH$ `m _mJm©da
gamodamVrb {eH$mam amBS>, H$mpí_ar eha, ZmJ_moS>r Pob_ ZXr, Xmb boH$ B.Mo hmoVr. añVo ^`mZH$ hmoVo. OJmVrb gdm©V
nohamdmVrb \$moQ>mo goeZ,âbmoQ>tJ {dh§J_ Ñí` {XgVo na§Vw gwajoÀ`m H$maUmñVd dmB©Q> Am{U YmoH$mXm`H$ añË`m§_Ü`o `mMr
_mH}$Q>_Yrb IaoXr, gamodamVrb Zohê$ \$moQ>mo H$mT>Ê`mg gŠ V _ZmB© Amho. JUZm H$aVm `oB©b. `m {R>H$mUr Xw. 4 n`ªV 6
nmH©$bm ^oQ> B. _Ü`o ngma Pmbm. Joë`m H$mhr lrZJa-gmoZ_J©-~mbVmb-Omo{Pbm Vmg Wm§~mdo bmJbo. gm`§H$min`ªV
dfm©nmgyZM H$mpí_a_Yrb n`©Q>Zmg MmbZm qIS>-Ðmg-H$ma{Jb-boh.
H$ma{Jbbm nmohmoMVm `oUo eŠ ` ZìhVo. VoWrb
{_imbr AgyZ Ë`m AJmoXaMr {H$_mZ 15- 3 OyZ 11, {Q´>nMm 10dm {Xdg. gH$mir Am_u _og_Ü`o amhÊ`mMr gmo` Ho$bobr hmoVr.
20 df} Var A{VaoH$s H$madm`m§_wio n`©Q>H$m§Mm lrZJa gmoS>bo. 475 {H$._r.Mm 2 {Xdgm§Mm Ðmg nmohmoMon`ªVM A§Yma Pmbm. amÌrMo 8
AmoK H$_r Pmbm hmoVm. n`©Q>Z hm VoWrb à_wI àdmg H$ê$Z bohbm nmohmoMm`Mo hmoVo. dmObo. H$ma{Jb AOyZ 50-60 {H$._r. nwT>o
ì`dgm` Agë`m_wio gm_mÝ` OZVobmM Pi lrZJan`ªVMm àdmg hr ghb hmoVr. nwT>Mm hmoVo. Ðmgbm _wpîH$brZo EH$m hm°Q>ob_Ü`o EH$
gmogmdr bmJVo hr JmoîQ> Ü`mZmV Amë`m_wio àdmg hr narjm hmoVr. A°S>ìh|Ma hmoVo. ê$_ {_imbr. ^anya W§S>r hmoVr. eyÝ` A§e g|.,
^maV {damoYmV Agbobo ZoVo XoIrb Amåhr {h_mb`mV H$moUmnwT>o H$m` dmTy>Z R>odbobo Amho Ðmg ho _mZdr dñVr Agbobo 12000
n`©Q>H$m§Mo ñdmJV H$aVmo, n`©Q>H$m§Zr {H$dm nwT>o H$m` hmoUma Amho `mMr H$mhrM \w$Q>mdarb OJmVrb Xwgè`m H«$_m§H$mMo {R>H$mU
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011

Amho. amÌ VoWo H$mTy>Z gH$mir bohH$So> {ZKmbmo.
Omo{PbmnmgyZ nwT>o bS>mI àm§V gwê$
hmoVmo. H$mpí_a_Yrb {hadmB© nwT>o bwßV hmoVo.
bS>mI hm àm§V {V~oQ>er gmYå`© Agbobm
Am{U {V~oQ>-MrZbm OmoS>bobm Amho. H$aSo>,
{dQ>H$ar, H$mhr {R>H$mUr H$minQ>,
{Zio,Om§^io S>m|Ja. g§nyU©nUo ewîH$ na§Vw Varhr
{ZgJ© gm¢X`mZo ZQ>bobm Agm hm àXoe Amho.
aIaIrV na§Vw ~\$m©ÀN>m{XV àXoe
Agë`m_wio `mbm H$moëS> So>PQ>© {H$dm erV
dmid§Q> åhUVmV.
270 {H$._r. nma H$ê$Z gm`§H$mir
bohbm nmohmoMbmo. _w»` 2-3 añVoM _moR>o
AmhoV. Cn añVo-Jëë`m AJXr Aé§X AmhoV.
Am_uÀ`m A{YH$mè`m§Zr ~wH$ Ho$bobo hm°Q>ob
~amM à`ËZ H$ê$Zhr gmnS>bo Zmhr. eodQ>r qIS>rVyZ Omdo bmJbo AgVo. bm§~hr nS>bo {Xdg dmMbm.
A§Yma nSy> bmJbm, àdmgmMmhr erU Ambm AgVo Am{U H§$Q>mimhr Ambm AgVm. Ago R>aë`mà_mUo a{ddmar boh ñWb Xe©Z
hmoVm. \$moQ>© amoS>da AZoH$ hm°Q>oëg, bm°Oog, H$ibo hmoVo H$s 3-4 {Xdgm§nmgyZ boh- Ho$bo. S>moaOoMm ^mD$ bmoQ>g dmQ>mS²>`m ~amo~a
JoñQ> hmD$g, [agm°Q>©g AmhoV VoWrb EH$m _Zmbr añË`mda bhmZ JmS²>`m§Mr VwaiH$ hmoVmM. boh bS>mI _Ü`o JmS>rMo Or.nr.Eg.
AO§Vm JoñQ> hmD$g_Ü`o nm{hOo Ver Am{U dmhVyH$ gwê$ Pmbr Amho. amoOMr 3-4 MmbV Zmhr. VoWrb _°qnJ Pmbobo Zmhr
ñdñVmV OmJm {_imbr. _mbH$ hmoVm EH$ Q>°Š grOMr `o Om hmoV Amho. hr _m{hVr S>moaOoZo Ë`m_wio añVo gm§JÊ`mgmR>r JmB©S> Amdí`H$
bS>mIr. Zmd ½`mb S>moaOo. `mZo boh_Yrb Q>°Š gr ñQ>±S>da OmD$Z H$Ý\$_© Ho$br Ë`m_wio hmoVm. lrZJa_Ü`o Or.nr.Eg. CËV_ MmbV
_wŠ H$m_ gwIX, KaÀ`mgmaIm Ho$bm. ^anya WmoSo> YmS>g H$ê$Z Amåhr _Zmbr_mJ}M hmoVo Ë`m_wio 4 {XdgmV H$moUmbmhr nËVm
_XV Am{U _mJ©Xe©Z Ho$bo. 3 {Xdg Ë`mMm OmÊ`mMo {ZpíMV Ho$bo. {dMmamdm bmJbm Zmhr. bohÀ`m X{jUoH$S>rb
^mD$ bmoQ>gbm Am_À`mgmo~V dmQ>mS²>`m- e{Zdmar amÌr Amåhr bohbm nmohmoMbmo eo, {R>H$go _m°ZoñQ´>r, qgYw ZXr Xe©Z,
JmB©S> åhUyZ {Xbm. H$ma gpìh©g B©. gmR>rhr hmoVmo. a{ddmar boh bmoH$b gmBQ> {gB§J, Am_raImZZo eyQ> Ho$bobr S®>H$ nX²_m
ñdV: gmo~V Ambm. Am_Mm naVrMm àdmg gmo_dmar OJmVë`m gdm©V C§M 18380 BpÝñQ>Q²>`yQ> emim, 9 _Obr boh n°bog Am{U
boh-_Zmbr _mJ} R>a{dbm hmoVm na§Vw \w$Q>m§darb _moQ>ao~b añË`mda Om`Mo hmoVo. ~mOma {\$ê$Z Pmbm. ~mOmamV gd© H$mhr _hmJ
Am¡nMm[aH$ [aË`m Vmo gwê$ Ho$bobm ZìhVm. 1/3 ^maVmV Am{U 2/3 MrZ_Ü`o Amho. boh_Ü`o naXoer àdmgr OmñV `oVmV
Am_uZo Ë`m añË`mdê$Z OmD$ Z`o Agm gëbm Agboë`m, W«r B©S>r`Q> \o$_ n|Jm±J boH$bm Ë`m_wio {H$_Vr OmñV Agmì`mV. gm`§H$mir
{Xbm hmoVm H$maU Xadfuà_mUo IMbbo, Om`Mm Am_Mm {dMma ZìhVm, H$maU Vo 145 na{_Q> hmVmV nS>br.
dmhÿZ Jobobo añVo ~Z{dÊ`mMo, XwawñVrMo H$m_ {H$._r. da hmoVo. EH$m {XdgmV hmoB©b Ago ImaXw§Jbm nmg-n|Jm±J boH$
Mmby hmoVo. 15-20 \y$Q> gmR>bobm ~\©$ hQ>dyZ dmQ>V ZìhVo na§Vw S>moaOoZo AmJ«h Ho$bm EH$m gmo_dmar ImaXw§Jë`mbm {ZKmbmo. C§Mr
añVo _moH$io Am{U é§X H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ gwê$ JmS>rMr gmo~V {Xbr Am{U _§Jidmar VoWohr 18380 \y$Q>. bohnmgyZ 36 {H$._r. A§Va
hmoVo. Amåhmbmhr Ambmo Ë`mM åhUOo Omo{Pbm Om`Mo R>abo. hr XmoÝhr {R>H$mUo MrZ gr_obJV nU 7000 \y$Q> AmUIr C§Mrda Om`Mo hmoVo.
qIS>-lrZJa _mJm©Zo naV OmÊ`mMm gëbm Agë`m_wio VoWo Om`bm bohÀ`m S>r.gr.Mo OmVm§Zm WmoSo> {h_ nS>bo. JmS>rV 22 {S>J«r Va
{_imbm hmoVm na§Vw Am_Mr Ver BÀN>m ZìhVr. na{_Q> ¿`mdo bmJVo. a{ddmar Amåhmbm Vo ~mhoa 0 {S>J«r Vn_mZ hmoVo. nmohmoMm`bm XrS>
EH$Va boh-_Zmbr hm 6 qIS>tMm àXoe {_iUo eŠ ` ZìhVo. S>moaOoZo S>r.gr.À`m Kar Vmg bmJbm. hdoV àmUdm`w 50 %. OJmVbm
nmhVm Ambm ZgVm. nwÝhm Omo{Pbm `m AdKS> OmD$Z na{_Q>da gô`m AmUë`m Ë`m_wio EH$ gdm©V C§M añVm åhUyZ n`©Q>H$m§Mr JXu hmoVr.
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011
41

42
100 JmS²>`m Agmì`mV. da EH$ N>moQ>oImZr amohVm§J Anojonojm ~amM AdKS> {ZKmbm.
hm°Q>ob Amho VoWo ^anya W§S>rV Ja_mJa_ _°Jr 100 {H$._r KmQ>. ~mOybm 10-10 \y$Q>
Imëbr, EZOu Ambr. AmOy~mOybm ^anya ~\©$ ~\$m©VyZ Aé§X dmQ>. añVo IMbobo. ~\©$
hmoVm. n`©Q>H$ _Om bwQ>V hmoVo. ImaXw§JbmÀ`m {dViyZ IimiVo AmoT>o V`ma Pmbobo. {MIb,
~moS©>Imbr EH$m _mJmo_mJ EH$ \$moQ>mo goeZ Mmby XJS>JmoQ²>`mVyZ dmQ>. _ZmbrÀ`m A{bH$So> 50
hmoVo. `m dmVmdaUmVAÜ`m© nmD$U Vmgmnojm {H$._r.da amohVm§JMo Qy>[añQ> ñnm°Q> bmJbo.
OmñV Wm§~Uo `mo½` ZìhVo. Xwnman`ªV bohbm _Zmbr, amohVm§J n[agamV Xoe^amVyZ
naVbmo. OodUmZ§Va gdmªgmR>r Amam_ hmoVm. 1000-1200 JmS²>`m, {H$_mZ 10-12
_r Am{U S>moaOo _mê$Vr gpìh©g ñQ>oeZbm JmS>r hOma n`©Q>H$ ~\$m©Mo {d{dY Ioi, n°am
KoD$Z Jobmo. ½bm`qS>J, ñH$m` S>m`pìh§J, KmoSo> gdmar,
_§Jidmar nhmQ>o 5bmM n|Jm±J boH$gmR>r ampâQ>§J, hm°Q>oqbJ B. _Ü`o _½Z hmoVo. hZr_yZ
{ZKmbmo. OmD$Z `oD$Z 300 {H$._r. A§Va H$nëg OmñV hmoVr. amohVm§J Am{U _Zmbr hm
hmoVo. CY_nya nmgyZ {h_mb`rZ KmQ>m§Mo boh - Ho$bm±J - amohVm§J nmg - _Zmbr - Am_À`mgmR>r AZm`go nXamV nS>bobm ~moZg
YmoH$mXm`H$ añVo gwê$ Pmbo Vo WoQ> n§Om~ {~bmgnya - O`nya - Ah_Xm~mX - nwUo. hmoVm. gm`§H$mi n`ªV {~bmgnyabm nmohmoMbmo.
`oBn`ªV. Agm EHy$U àdmg 2200 {H$._r. boh-_Zmbr añVm-475 {H$._r. ewH«$dma, 10 OyZbm gH$mir {~bmgnya
Pmbm. {Xdgm gw_mao 250 {H$._r. àdmg eŠ ` 12000 Vo 17500 \y$Q> C§MrÀ`m 6 qIS>r. gmoS>bo. 2-3 VmgmV {h_mMb gr_m nma
hmoV Ago. n|Jm±J boH$bm nmohmoMm`bm 4 Vmg, EH$M noQ´>mob n§n. {Z_©Zwî` añVm. boh-nm§J- H$ê$Z n§Om~_Ü`o àdoe Ho$bm. gai añVo gwê$
naVrbm 4 Vmg Am{U VoWo 2 Vmg Agm {heo~ gaMy-Ho$bm±J 340 {H$._r. _mo~mBb Q>m°da Pmbo. hm`go dmQ>bo VodT²>`mV n§Om~ nmo{bgm§Zr
hmoVm. Ë`mà_mUo gd© H$mhr gwairV Pmbo. `m Zmhr. Ho$bm±JÀ`m A{bH$So> amhÊ`mMr gmo` JmS>rÀ`m H$mù`m H$mMm§dê$Z Ìmg {Xbm. 500
{R>H$mUrhr n`©Q>H$m§Mr ^anya JXu hmoVr. Amho qH$dm Zmhr ho {ZpíMV Zmhr. {Xdg^amV é. XoD$Z gwQ>H$m H$ê$Z KoVbr. amÌrn`ªV
naXoemVrb n`©Q>Z ñWim§Mr ñdÀN>Vo~m~V gaMyn`ªV nmohmoMy Agm gd©gmYmaU A§XmO O`nya Ambo. JoñQ> hmD$g {_ion`ªV ~aoM
AmnU H$m¡VwH$ H$aVmo {VVHo$M gw§Xa, hmoVm. amhÊ`mMr gmo` Zgë`mg JmS>rVM amÌ {\$amdo bmJbo. AJmoXaM àdmgmZo gJio X_bo
{ZgJ©gm¡X`© Agbobo ho {R>H$mU Amho. Á`m§Zm H$mT>Ê`mMr _mZ{gH$ V`mar Ho$br. nhmQ>o 5 hmoVo. e{Zdmar gm`§H$mir Ah_Xm~mXÀ`m Kar
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g_OVrc. _mH$S>o {XgVrc, njr {XgVrc, YZJa ^oQ>oc. YZJa åhUOo YZmMo
India's Hospitality and Tourism Industry Comes of Age
H$mhr ZmdrÝ`nyU© n`©Q>ZñWio
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- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011
47

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H$moH$UÀ`m H$ëMa Am§JUZo naXoer n`©Q>H$m§Zm C^r ahm`Mr Agoc Va Ë`mMo Am{W©H$ J{UVhr Á`m§Mm \$m_© hmD$gog AmhoV.
Am_§ÌU XoD$Z ^maVr` J«m_OrdZmMm AZw^d n¸o$ Agmdo. n`©Q>ZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Am{W©H$ -----------------------
"pìhcoO ñQ>o' À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Úm`cm gwédmV {dH$mg gmYVm `oVmo. Agm Am_Mm {dœ mg nÙmH$a Xoenm§S>o
Ho$cr. OJmVë`m n`©Q>ZmV Oo Oo H$mhr Amho Vo Amho. EdT>oM Zìho Va g_J« {dH$mg gmYVm 26 ~, ñdßZZJar, 20, H$d} amoS>,
S>m|Ja, Ë`m ZÚm, Vo Y~Y~o, àmMrZ _§Xrao `oB©c Agm Am_Mm {dœ mg Amho. H$maU nwUo 411004.
H$moH$UmV AmhoVM. _J n`©Q>H$ H$emgmR>r `oWo n`©Q>Zm_wio AÞà{H$`m d OmoS>Y§Úm§Zm MmcZm _mo. 9325006291
`oVmV? Vo `oVmV ^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrMr AmoiI XoVm `oB©c. Zm{eH$_Ü`o qXS>moarOdi
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011 49

^maVmVrb AÝZgwajoMo n[aÑî` : AÝZgwa{jVVm EH$ AmìhmZ
àm. M§ÐH$m§V ^ynmb nmQ>rb
àmñVm{dH$ :
`mdéZ eoVrjoÌmMo _hËd Va bjmV `oVoM A§er H$_r Pmbr.
XoemVrb ZmJ[aH$m§Zm nwaoeo AÝZYmÝ` {edm` OJmÀ`m VwbZoV \$Š V 3% dmQ>çmbm AmYw{ZH$ ñnY}À`m `wJmV ^maV EH$
CnbãY H$éZ XoUo ho OJmVrb ~hþVoH$ gd©M Amboë`m O{_Zrda OJmVrb 17% Am{W©H$ _hmgËVm hmoÊ`mÀ`m {XeooZo JéS>Pon
{dH$gZerb Xoem§Mo Am{W©H$ {Z`moOZmMo bmoH$g§»`obm AÝZYmÝ`mMm nwadR>m H$aÊ`mMr KoV AgVmZm XoemV AÝZgwajoMm _wb^yV
C{Ôï> Amho Am{U Ë`mn¡H$s ^maV EH$ amï´> O~m~Xmar ^maV nobV Agë`mMo {XgVo Amho. àíZ EH$ qMVZr` ~m~ R>abr AgyZ Vr AmOMr
AgyZ, AmO 121 H$moQ>rhÿZ A{YH$ ^maVmZo ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va h[aVH«$m§Vr _moR>r emoH$m§{VH$mM Amho. Am{U ho gmoS>{dUo
bmoH$g§»`m AgUmè`m ^maV XoemV 70% `eñdr H$éZ AÝZYmÝ` CËnmXZmV gÜ`mMo _wb^yV AmìhmZ Amho. ñdV§Ì ^maVmMo
^maVr`m§Mo amoOJma d CnOrdrHo$Mo gmYZ eoVr ñd`§nyU©Vm àmßV Ho$br d AÝZYmÝ` CËnmXZ n{hbo n§VàYmZ n§S>rV Zohé åhUmbo hmoVo H$s,
hoM Amho d AÝZYmÝ`mMo CËnmXZ H$aUmam gZ 1950 À`m VwbZoV gmSo>Mma nQ>rZo dmT>bo - ^maVmZo AÝZYmÝ`mÀ`m ~m~VrV BVa
^maV hm EH$ _moR>m Xoe AgyZ Jhÿ, Vm§Xyi, \$io Va Xwgè`m ~mOybm bmoH$g§»`m dmT>rda Xoemda Adb§~yZ amhUo hr ~m~ bmOradmUr
Am{U ^mOrnmbm CËnmXZm_Ü`o ^maVmMm {Z`§ÌU ~gdyZ Vr VrZ nQ>rZo dmT>br. Ë`m_wio Va AmhoM {edm` hr YmoH$mXm`H$ Amho.
OJmV Xwgam H«$_m§H$ bmJVmo. XoemÀ`m EHy$U XoemV gmVË`mZo H$mhr AÝZgmR>m H$aUo eŠ ` H$maU AmnU BVa H$moUË`mhr Jmoï>rgmR>r
{Z`m©Vrn¡H$s H¥$fr joÌmMm dmQ>m gw_mao 18%, Pmbo. n[aUm_r XoemVrb bmoH$m§Mr à{Vjm H$é eH$Vmoo, _mÌ H¥$fr joÌmgmR>r
Va GDP _Yrb {hñgm 17.8% Amho. AÝZYmÝ`mMr ^yH$ nyU© H$éZ J[a~r ~è`mM Zmhr. `mMr XIb KoD$Z ^maVmZo
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011
51

52
ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va gdmªgmR>r AÝZYmÝ` AÝZ-H¥$fr g§KQ>Zm (1983) :- A. àW_ AdñWm :
gwajm {_idU§ ho Amnbo amï´>r` C{Ôï> R>adbo. ""AÝZgwajm åhUOo gdmªZm, gd©H$mi AÝZ _mZdmbm OJÊ`mgmR>r n`m©ßV
na§Vy, AmO ghm XeH$m§Z§Vahr XoemV {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r ^m¡{VH$ d Am{W©H$ j_VoMr AÝZYmÝ`mMr CnbãYVm AgÊ`mÀ`m
AÝZgwajoMm Ádb§V: _wb^yV àíZ CX²^dVmo {Z{_©Vr hmo`.''
Ñï>rZo `m AdñWoV à_wI AÝZYmÝ`o d
Amho. Am{U Ë`mMm ómoV Am{W©H$ Amho hoo Food and Agriculture Organization ^aS>YmÝ`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
{Z{d©dmX! (1983) :
"Ensuring that all people at all times
have both physical and economic
access to basic food they need."
~. {ÛVr` AdñWm :
EH§$XarV ^maVmVrb AÝZgwajoMo
g§Vw{bV AmhmamÀ`m Ñï>rZo àmoQ>rZ`wŠ V
KQ>H$ AgUmè`m S>mitMm d AÝZn[aÑî`
nm{hë`mg AmO XoemV AÝZgwajoMm
àíZ gmoS>{dUo ho Amnë`m Xoemg_moarb EH$
_wb^yV AmìhmZ Amho. Am{U `m àñVwV
Aä`mgmMr C{ÔîQ>ço nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.
OmJ{VH$ {dH$mg Ahdmb (W.D.R.) – 1986
""g{H«$` d ñdmñÏ`dY©H$ Am`wî`mgmR>r
gdmªZm nwaoeo AÝZYmÝ` CnbãY H$éZ XoUo
åhUOo AÝZgwajm hmo`.''
YmÝ`mMm g_mdoe `m AdñWoV hmoVmo.
H$. V¥Vr` AdñWm :
`m AdñWoV AÝZYmÝ`, S>mir~amo~aM
XwY d Xw½YOÝ` nXmWmªMm g_mdoe Ho$bm
Amho.
C{ÔîQ>ço :-
World Development Report – 1986
"Access by all People at all times to S>. MVwW© AdñWm :
1) AÝZgwajm g§H$ënZm g_OmdyZ KoUo.
enough food for an active healthy life.
`m AdñWoV S>mir, XwY d Xw½YOÝ`
2) AÝZgwajoMo JwUmË_H$, n[aUm_mË_H$, EH§$XarV AÝZgwajm åhUOo gdmªZm gd© nXmWmª~amo~a \$io, ^mÁ`m, A§S>r, _m§g
{dVaUmË_H$ Am{U Am{W©H$ ñdénmdéZ
AÝZgwajoÀ`m n[aÑî`mMm AmT>mdm KoUo.
doi nmofU`wŠ V AÝZmMr CnbãYVm hmoUo hmo`. B. nm¡ï>rH$ AmhmamMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
3) AÝZgwajm g_ñ`m§Mm/ H$maUm§Mm emoY à^mdr AÝZgwajogmR>r Xoem_Ü`o nwaoem `mdéZ AÝZgwajoMo _wV© Ago ì`mnH$ ñdén
KoUo. à_mUmV AÝZYmÝ`mMo CËnmXZ AgUo ñnï> hmoVo. `mMr ^maVmVrb AÝZgwajoer
4) g_J« XoenmVirda AÝZgwajm gmÜ` Amdí`H$ Amho. {edm` Ë`m AÝZYmÝ`mMo VwbZm H$aVm ^maVmVrb AÝZgwajoÀ`m
H$aÊ`mgmR>r YmoaUmË_H$ g_Ýd` dmOdr qH$_VrZo bmoH$m§_Ü`o g_Ý`m`r dmQ>n ì`mnH$ g§H$ënZobm Ago _wV© én AÚmnhr
gwMZm§Mr A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo. H$éZ Ë`m§Mr nmofUr` JaO nyU© hmoUo A{^àoV àmßV Pmbobo Zmhr Ago åhUmdo bmJob. Vo
AgVo. åhUyZ A{bH$S>rb H$mimV ^maVmVrb AÝZgwajoÀ`m dmñVdmVrb
AÝZgwajm g§H$ënZm : AÝZgwajoMo ì`mnH$ _hËd bjmV KoD$Z Ñî`mdéZ AÝZgwajoMr XoemV AmO hr
AÝZgwajm hr ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmMr g§H$ënZm Ë`m_Ü`o BVa H$mhr KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe H$éZ JaO/Amdí`H$Vm Agë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo.
AgwZ {d{dY g§KQ>Zm§Zr AÝZgwajoMm AW© AÝZgwajoMo Mma AdñWm§_Ü`o dJuH$aU Ho$bo
ñnï> H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. Amho.
^maVmZo AÝZYmÝ`mÀ`m
~m~VrV BVa Xoemda
Adb§~yZ amhUo hr ~m~
bmOradmUr Va AmhoM
{edm` hr YmoH$mXm`H$ Amho.
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011

VŠ Vm H«$. - 1
^maVmVrb AÝZYmÝ` CËnmXZdmT> d bmoH$g§»`m dmT>
gZ AÝZYmÝ` CËnmXZ bmoH$g§»`m
1949-50 51 Xebj Q>Z 40 H$moQ>r
1970-71 110 Xebj Q>Z 70 H$moQ>r
1985-86 145 Xebj Q>Z 100 H$moQ>r
2010-11 240 Xebj Q>Z 121 H$moQ>r
o
^maVmVrb AÝZgwajoMo n[aÑî` : AÝZgwajoMo n[aUm_mË_H$ ñdén : eoVrMo KQ>bobo joÌ ì`mnmar {nH$mÀ`m
XoemVrb AÝZgwajoMm dmñVdmVrb AmT>mdm n[aUm_mË_H$ ÑîQ>çm XoemVrb EHy$U bmJdS>rImbr d Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUmgmR>r Am{U
KoÊ`mgmR>r AÝZgwajoMo JwUmË_H$, AÝZYmÝ` CËnmXZmV hmoUmar dmT> hr dmT>Ë`m bmoH$g§»`oÀ`m {Zdmè`mgmR>r dmnabr
n[aUm_mË_H$, {dVaUmË_H$ Am{U Am{W©H$ bmoH$g§»`oV hmoUmè`m dmT>rnojm H$_r Amho. ho OmV Amho. ho VŠ Vm H«$. 2 _Ü`o ^maVmVrb
ñdê$n ñnï> H$aUo H«$_àmßV R>aob. 1949-50 V 2010-11 `m H$mbIS§ >mVrb Foodgrains & Non Foodgrains Mo joÌ
AÝZYmÝ` CËnmXZ dmT> d bmoH$g§»`m dmT> Am{U CËnmXZ `m§Mm CGR à_mU Ûmam {XgyZ
AÝZgwajoMo JwUmË_H$ ñdén :
VŠ Vm H«$. 1 _Ü`o Xe©{dbr Amho. Ë`m `oVo.
^maVmVrb AÝZgwajoMm JwUmË_H$ Ñï>rZo AmH$So>dmardéZ hr V\$mdV ñnï> hmoVo. darb AmH$So>dmarZwgma H¥$fr bmJdS>rImbrb
AmT>mdm KoVë`mg ^maVm_Ü`o nm¡ï>rH$ 1949-50 Vo 2010-2011 `m joÌmV KQ> Pmbobr {XgyZ `oVo. AmO Ë`mMm
AÝZYmÝ`mÀ`m ~m~VrV H$_VaVm Agë`mMo H$mbI§S>mV Q>o~b H«$. 1 _Ü`o Xe©{dboë`m n[aUm_ H¥$fr CËnmXZ à_mUm§À`m KQ>rda
OmUdVo. nmofU {deofmkmZwgma-g§VwbrV AÝZYmÝ` CËnmXZ d bmoH$g§»`m dmT> `m§Mr OmUdV Amho. d _mJUr nwadÊ`mV Ag_Vmob
AmhmamV 3000 H°$barO Agbr nm{hOoV. VwbZm Ho$ë`mg AÝZYmÝ` CËnmXZmVrb dmT> {Z_m©U hmoD$Z AmO _hmJmB©gma»`m
na§Vw, ^maVr` AmhmamV Ho$di 2000 hr bmoH$g§»`oV hmoUmè`m dmT>rnojm H$_r Amho. g_ñ`obm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJV Amho.
H°$barO AmT>iyZ `oVmV. S>m°. gwImË_o `m§À`m VgoM ^maVr` [aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m [anmoQ>©Zwgma n[aUm_mË_H$ÑîQ>çm bmoH$g§»`oV hmoUmè`m
_Vo ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$m§Zm àmoQ>rZ 85%, bmoh ^maVmV AÝZYmÝ` CËnmXZmMm d¥ÜXrXa dmT>rnojm AÝZYmÝ`mV hmoUmar dmT> H$_r Amho.
70%, pñZ½Ym§e 30%, {dQ>°{_Z A 15%, _mJrb VrZ XeH$mV 1.6% hmoVm. Va
{dQ>°{_Z B&C AË`§V Aën à_mUmV bmoH$g§»`m dmT>rMm Xa 1.9% hmoVm. `m AÝZgwajoMo {dVaUmË_H$ ñdê$n :-
AmT>iVmV. EH§$XarV ~hþVm§e bmoH$m§Mm Amhma {ZîH$fm©Zwgma hr V\$mdV bjmV KoVm Ë`mV AÝZgwajoÀ`m {dVaUmË_H$ ñdê$nm_Ü`o
hm Ádmar, ~mOar, _H$m B. H$_r nm¡ï>rH$ dmT> hmoÊ`mMr eŠ `Vm Amho H$maU AmO CnbãY AÝZYmÝ` `mo½` qH$_VrV d doioda
AmhmamdéZ Adb§~yZ Agë`mMo {XgVo, Va ½bmo~b dm°{_ªJ Mm n[aUm_hr eoVr {dVaU hmoUo JaOoMo AgVo. ho ^maVmÀ`m
OmñV nm¡ï>rH$ nXmW©, A§S>r, _m§g, \$io, Jhþw, CËnmXH$Voda hmoD$ bmJbobm Amho. Ë`m_wio g§X^m©V nm{hë`mg ^maVmMr {dVaUì`dñWm
Vm§Xwi `m§Mr IaoXr H$aÊ`mgmR>r CËnÝZnmVir AmO eoVr CËnmXH$VoVrb KQ> hr ~m~ OmñVM nm{hOo {VVH$s à^mdr Zmhr. AÝZYmÝ`mMr
H$_r Agë`mZo H$aVm `oV Zm§hr. `mdéZM qMVZr` R>abr Amho. Va Xwgè`m ~mOybm eoVr H$_VaVm ZgwZhr gaH$maÀ`m AXwaXeunUm d
JwUmË_H$ ÑîQ>çm AÝZgwajoMo ñdén bmJdS>rImbrb joÌ Oo Foodgrains & Non àemgZmVrb AHw$eb ì`dñWo_wio bmoH$m§Zm
g_mYmZH$maH$ Zgë`mMo n[aÑî` {XgVo. Foodgrains À`m à_mUmV KQ> hmoD$Z eoVr nwaonwa d ì`dñWrV AÝZYmÝ`mMo {dVaU hmoV
CËnmXZ KQ>rV A{YH$ ^a nS>V Amho. d Vo Zmhr. JmoXm_mV bmImo Q>Z YmÝ` gmR>m nSy>Z
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53

Table No. 2
Compound Growth Rates of Area Production (As % per annum with Base T.E. 1981-82 = 100)
Sr. No. Growth rate 1949-50 to 1964-65 1967-68 to 2008-09
1. Rice
Area 1.21 0.50
Production 3.50 2.46
2. Wheat
Area 2.69 1.20
Production 3.98 3.69
3. Wheat
Area 0.90 -1.41
Production 2.25 0.67
4. Wheat
Area 1.72 0.01
Production 2.25 0.67
5. Wheat
Area 2.53 1.44
Production 3.12 3.16
Source: Depertment of Agriculure and Co-operation.
amhVmo. `mg§X^m©V gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mZo H|$Ð Cn^moŠ Ë`m§Mo CËnÝZ H$_r Agë`mZo Vo ho hmoVo. na§Vw, ^maVmZo ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va
gaH$maÀ`m {dVaUì`dñWodaVr Vmeoao AmoT>bo Cn^moJmnmgyZ d§{MV amhVmV. d Hw$nmofUmMo h[aVH«$m§Vr H$éZ AÝZYmÝ`mÀ`m ~m~VrV
hmoVo. gÜ`m ^maVmH$So> XoemVrb Agboë`m à_mU dmT>Vo. åhUOoM Amnë`m XoemVrb ñdm`VËVm àmßV Ho$br. AmO {dXoemda
gd© bmoH$g§»`obm 13 _{hZo nwaob BVH$m gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaUàUmbr H$moR>oVar H$_r nS>Vo Adb§~wZ ahmdo bmJV Zgbo Var gÜ`mÀ`m
YmÝ`gmR>m gaH$mar JmoXm_mV nSy>Z Amho. H$mhr Amho. Ago åhUmdo bmJob. H$mimV AÝZg_ñ`oMo à_wI H$maU AÝZYmÝ`
doim `mo½` gmR>dUr A^mdr d `mo½` {Z`moOZm CËnmXZmVrb KQ> ho Amho.
A^mdr ~mX XoIrb Pmbm. ho Ho$di EH§$XarV, ^maVmVrb AÝZgwajoMo ho AÝZgwajoMr Xwgar ~mOy åhUOo bmoH$m§Mr
gaH$maÀ`m Xwb©jm_wio XoemV H$amoS>mo, JmoaJar~ n[aÑî` nm{hë`mg OmJ{VH$ ñnY}À`m `wJmV n`m©ßV H«$`eŠ Vr hr Amho. na§Vy, `m~m~V
ì`Š Vr Hw$nmofUmZo ì`mHy$i hmoV AmhoV. ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoMm d¥ÜXrXa gmVË`mZo AmnUmg AOyZhr `e gmÜ` Pmbo Zmhr.
dmT>V AgVmZm Xwgè`m ~mOybm XoemVrb XoemV ì`mnmar/Xbmb d _moR>o eoVH$ar
Am{W©H$ ñdê$n :-
33% ~mbHo$ Hw$nmo{fV, 42% bmoH$ Jar~, d AÝZYmÝ`mMm H¥${Ì_ VwQ>dS>m {Z_m©U H$éZ
^maVmV AÝZYmÝ`mMo Am{W©H$ ñdê$n 30% bmoH$ Xm[aÐ`aofoImbr AmhoV. åhUOoM qH$_VdmT> H$aVmV. åhUyZ ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va
nm{hë`mg `oWrb bmoH$m§H$So> H$_r H«$`eŠ Vr XoemV Or àJVr Pmbr {VMr \$io daÀ`m AÝZYmÝ`mÀ`m ~m~VrV ñd`§nyU©Vm àmßV
Agë`mZo Vo nmofH$ AÝZYmÝ` Va gmoS>mM, WamVë`m 15% Vo 25% bmoH$g§»`obm H$éZhr Amnë`m XoemV AÝZgwajoMm àíZ
Ë`m§Zm XmoZdoiÀ`m AÝZmMm Cn^moJ KoUo {_imbr Am{U Caboë`m 75% Vo 85% gmoS>dVm Ambobm Zmhr. ho AZoH$ VÁk ì`pŠ V
H$R>rU ~Zbo Amho. Am{U Ë`mVM AmO bmoH$m§n`ªV nmohMbr ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio Am{W©H$ d g§ñWm§Zr Ho$boë`m VÏ` {díbofUmVyZ hr
Zm°ZñQ>m°n EŠ gàogZo dmT>Umar _hmJmB©Zo hr
g_ñ`m A{YH$ {~H$Q> hmoD$ bmJbr Amho.
{df_Vm _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT>ë`mMo {XgVo. A{YH$M g{dñVa ñnï> hmoVo.
VgoM XoemV H¥$fr CËnmXZmbm àË`j ~hþVm§e bmoH$m§Mo CËnÝZ Aën AgwZ VÏ` :-
{_iUmè`m qH$_Vrnojm {H$VrVar OmñV qH$_V XoemMo XaS>moB© CËnÝZ hr H$_r Amho. Ë`m_wio v World Food Programme Zwgma
( Odinmg 50% OmñV) {H$aH$moi ~mOmamV XoemVrb ~hþVm§e OZVm {H$_mZ OrdZmdí`H$ OJmVrb 50% Cnmer bmoH$ ^maVmV
àË`j J«mhH$m§Zm (Cn^moŠ Ë`m§Zm) Vo IaoXr JaOm nyU© H$aÊ`mnmgyZ d§{MV amhVo. nwduÀ`m AmhoV.
H$aÊ`mgmR>r Úmdr bmJVo. Ë`m_wio ~hþVm§e H$mir AÝZg_ñ`oMo à_wI H$maU AÝZQ>§MmB©
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011 55

v
^maVmV 35% bmoH$g§»`m AÝZgwa{jV
Amho.
v 5 dfm©nojm H$_r d`mMr 50% _wbo
Aënnmo{fV AmhoV.
v ^maVmV 15 Vo 49 df© d`moJQ>mVrb 10
J^©dVr {ó`m§V 9 {ó`m Hw$nmo{fV qH$dm
aŠ VmënVm Agboë`m AgVmV.
v {dœ ^yH$~ir {ZX}em§H$ 2006 Zwgma
EHy$U 119 Xoem§À`m Aä`mgmV
^maVmMm 93 dm H«$_m§H$ bmJVmo. X{jU
Am{e`mV ^maVmÀ`m Imbr \$Š V
~m§JbmXoe Amho.
v National Family Health Survey - III
Zwgma 2005-2006 `m H$mbI§S>mV
Aënnmo{fV _wbm§Mr g§»`m 42.4%
aŠ VjrUVoZo à^m{dV _wbo 77% AmhoV.
`mMmM AW© ^maVmV 4 _wbm§V 3 _wbo ho
aŠ VjrUVoMo {eH$ma AmhoV Va 3 n¡H$s 1
_wbmMm {dH$mg Iw§Q>bobm Amho.
v OmJ{VH$ ^yH$ {ZX}em§H$mZwgma (Globle
Hunger Index 2008) OJmVrb 88
Xoem_Ü`o ^maV 66 ì`m H«$_m§H$mda Amho
AÝZgwajogmR>r hr pñWVr {ZpíMVM gd©
ñVam§VyZ Jm§{^`m©Zo {dMma H$amd`mg bmdUmar
Amho. ho VÏ` d dmñVdmVrb AÝZgwajoÀ`m
n[aÑî`mdéZ bjmV `oVo. åhUyZ
ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va h[aVH«$m§Vr `eñdr H$éZ
AÝZYmÝ`mÀ`m ~m~VrV ñd`§nyU©Vm àmßV
Ho$br Varhr ^maVmVrb AÝZgwajoMr pñWVr
g_mYmZH$maH$ Zmhr Ago AmnUmg _mÝ`
H$amdo bmJob. na§Vw `m An`emMr Zo_H$s
H$maUo H$moUVr AmhoV Vo emoYUo Amdí`H$
R>aob.
o o
AÝZgwajm An`emMr H$maUo :-
ì`Š Vrbm _hÎdmMr AgVo {VVH$sM VéU d
1. AÝZYmÝ`mÀ`m CËnmXZm_Ü`o KQ> d¥ÜXm§Zm XoIrb _hËdmMr AgVo. AÝZ hr
2. dmT>Vr bmoH$g§»`m
_Zwî`mMr gdm©V _hËdmMr JaO Agë`mZo
3. n`m©daUmMr hmZr/èhmg
CnbãY Am{W©H$ gmYZg§nËVrVrb n{hbm
4. AÝZYmÝ`mÀ`m qH$_VrV hmoUmar dmT> dmQ>m AÝZgwajrVVobm {_imbm nm{hOo.
5. gXmof gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaUàUmbr
6. `moOZm§_Yrb àM§S> ^«ï>mMma g_mamon :
eodQ>r {ZoîH$fmªVr Ago åhUVm `oB©b H$s,
A e r g d ©g m Y m a U n U H $ m a U h[aVH«$m§Vr_wio Xoe AÝZYmÝ`mÀ`m
AÝZgwajoMm àíZ {~H$Q> hmoÊ`mg H$maUr^yV CËnmXZm_Ü`o ñdmdb§~r Pmbm Agbm, Var
R>aV AmhoV. åhUyZ AmO 21 ì`m eVH$mV Jar~ dJmªZm AÝZYmÝ`mMo {dVaU d nmofH$
^maVmV AÝZgwa{jVo~m~V AÝZYmÝ` AmhmamÀ`m Ñï>rZo AÝZgwajm AÚm{n
CËnmXZmVrb ApñWaVm, A{V[aŠ V Amdí`H$ {VVH$s gmÜ` Pmbobr {XgV Zmhr.
AÝZgmR>m, Cnmg_ma, Xm[aÐ`, Hw$nmofU, O|ìhm ^maVmVrb gd©gmYmaU ì`Š Vrbm
~oH$mar, H«$`eŠ VrMm A^md, {H$_mZ {_iUmè`m CËnÝZmÀ`m _mZmZo `mo½` qH$_Vrbm
Cî_m§H$mMr H$_VaVm, emgZmMo eoVr Ë`mÀ`m gwIr OrdZmg Amdí`H$ VodT>o
AZwXmZmMo A`mo½` YmoaU, ^«ï>mMma, _hmJmB©, AÝZYmÝ` XoemVrb AÝZYmÝ`mÀ`m
B. AZoH$ AmìhmZo AmhoV. Ë`mVrbM CËnmXZmnmgyZ {dZmgm`mg Á`mdoir {_iy
AÝZgwa{jVVm EH$ Ádb§V Am{U _wb^yV eHo$b Ë`mMdoir ^maV AÝZYmÝ`mÀ`m
AmìhmZ Amho. CËnmXZmV ñd`§nyU© Pmbm Ago åhUUo `mo½`
R>aob. ho gmÜ` H$aÊ`mMo AmnUmg_moarb EH$
EH§$XarVM A{Ve` J{V_mZ Agboë`m _wb^yV AmìhmZ Amho. `mgmR>r g_J«
AmOÀ`m OrdZmV gH$g, {Z^©i Am{U nwaoeo XoenmVirda AÝZgwajm gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r
AÝZ àË`oH$ ì`Š Vrg {_iUo AË`§V _hÎdmMo H$mhr YmoaUmË_H$ g_Ýd` gwMZm§Mr
Amho. Ogo hr ~m~ C_bË`m d`mV Agboë`m A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011 57

YmoaUmË_H$ g_Ýd` gwMZm:-
1. eoVr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>rgmR>r Xwgar
h[aVH«$m§Vr `eñdr H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo
{Z`moOZ H$éZ H¥$fr joÌmg `moOZo_Ü`o
àmYmÝ` {Xbo nm{hOo.
2. XoemVrb AÝZYmÝ` CËnmXZmÀ`m
à_mUmV dgwbr H$éZ Ë`mMo `mo½`[aË`m
5. ^«ï>mMma amoIÊ`mgmR>r `moOZoV Cross
Check H$aÊ`mMr ì`dñWm Agbr
nm{hOo.
4) Report of Department of
Agriculture and Co-operation.
5) Vyas V, Food Security in dnd 2005
Academic Foundation, New Delhi.
6. eoVr CËnmXZmbm àË`j {_iUmar qH$_V 6) Indian Economy : Agrawal.
d J«mhH$m§Zm {H$aH$moi ~mOmanoR>oV IaoXr
H$aÊ`mgmR>r Úmdr bmJUmar qH$_V
`mVrb A§Va (gÜ`m Odinmg 50%
Amho.) Vo H$_rV-H$_r Agmdo. `mgmR>r
g m d ©O { Z H $ { d V a U à U m b r M o
à^mdr[aË`m ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo.
7) Yojana Oct. 2010.
8) Sampada Feb. 2009, June 2011.
{dVaU H$aUo Ë`m Ñï>rZo AÝZ 9) Dainik Sakal Agro-one Thursday
11/08/2011.
_hm_§S>imZo AÝZYmÝ`mMo à^mdr[aË`m
ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo. 10) indiabudget.nic.in dt. – 19/09/2011
g§X^©J«§W :-
11) fci.nic.in/procurement_foodgrins
3. g§Vw{bV AmhmamgmR>r ^aS> YmÝ`, date – 19/09/2011
1) Datta-Sundaram, Indian Economy,
S>mir, d BVa nm¡ï>rH$ nXmWmªÀ`m 2008, S.Chand Publication, New
----------------------------------------------------
Delhi.
Cn^moJm_Ü`o dmT> H$aUo OoUo H$éZ
àm. lr. M§ÐH$m§V ^ynmb nmQ>rb
bmoH$m§À`m nmofUj_Vo_Ü`o dmT> hmoB©b. 2) Datta-Sundaram, Indian Economy, A{g. àmo\o$ga - BH$m°Zm°{_Š g {S>nmQ>©_|Q>,
2009, S.Chand Publication, New
Delhi.
nX²_^yfU dg§VamdXmXm nmQ>rb
4. gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU àUmbr Ho$di Jar~
`moOZm§_Yrb àM§S> ^«ï>mMma AÝZYmÝ`mVrb ^ogi
dmT>Vr bmoH$g§»`m AÝZYmÝ`mÀ`m qH$_VrV hmoUmar dmT>
gXmof gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaUàUmbr
_hm{dÚmb`, H$dR>o_hm§H$mi,
dJm©nwaVrM _`m©{XV R>odÊ`mgmR>r {dVaU 3) Ruddor Datta & KPM Sudaram gm§Jbr- 416405
(2006), S. Chand & Company Ltd.,
àUmbrbm A{YH$ à^mdr[aË`m
Ram Nagar, New Delhi.
_mo~mB©b : 9404287395
ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo. chandrakant.patil08@rediffmail.com
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011 59

H$Om©À`m {di»`mVyZ ~mhoa nS>Ê`mMr YS>nS>
A_o{aH$Z AW©ì`dñWm … EH$ X¥{îQ>jon S>m°°. lr. J. ~mnQ>
_mÝ`V… _r {dlm§VrgmR>r `m àíZm§Zm dogÊm KmbÊ`mg H$go Anwao nS>V A_o[aH$m EH$X_ H$Om©À`m {di»`mV
A_o[aH$oV Ambmo H$r, A_o[aH$Z Amho, `mMrM MMm© gÜ`m Amho. AS>H$br H$m§? `m àíZmMo ñdén Var H$m`
AW©ì`dñWonwT>o H$mhrVa JhZ Amho? OJmVrb BVa Xoem§Mr n[a[ñWVr H$m`
g_ñ`m Cä`m AgVmV d Ë`m g_OyZ KoD$Z `oWo Amë`mda "{~[PZog drH$', Amho? ho àíZ gwQ>Ê`mMr H$mhr {MÝho AmhoV
^maVr` bKw CÚmoOH$m§Zm g_OyZ XoÊ`mMr "`w.Eg².E. Q>wS>o', "dm°b ñQ´>rQ>', "hmd©S©> H$m§? S>m°. nm°b H«$wJ_Z gma»`m à[gÜX
Z¡[VH$ O~m~Xmar _mÂ`mda `oD$Z nS>Vo ! `m {~[PZog arìøy' `m§À`m dmMZmVyZ d "_rQ> X AW©VÁkmMo _V H$m` Amho? hm \w$Jm \w$Q>yZ
nydr©À`m _mÂ`m A_o[aH$oVrb dmñVì`mV EÝam°Z àog' gma»`m H$m`©H«$_m§_YyZ Iyn {ímH$m`bm J§^ra n[a[ñWVr {Z_m©Êm hmoUma Amho H$m§?
à{UV AZWm©Mr MMm© hmoVr d ì`mdgm[`H$ {_iVo. Ë`m_wio ho g§X^© S>moù`mnwT>o R>odyZ àíZ A_o[aH$oVrb gd©gm_mÝ` ZmJ{aH$m§Mo H$m` _V
ZrVr_wë`m§darb MMo©bm CYmÊm Ambo hmoVo. g_OyZ KoÊ`mMm _mPm à`ËZ AgVmo. Amho? Aer àíZ_m{bH$m _mÂ`m S>moù`mnwT>o
gaH$maÀ`m {Z`§ÌUj_Voda Vo§ìhmhr H$moaSo> "g§nXm'Mm {M{H$ËgH$ dmMH$ dJ© hm boI C^r Amho d _bm ImÌr Amho H$r, dmMH$m§À`mhr
AmoT>bo OmV hmoVo d AmOhr AW©ì`dñWm dmMUma Amho, `mMohr ^mZ R>odmdo bmJVo hr àíZ{MÝho S>moù`mnwT>o AmhoVM. Jw§Vm BVH$m
H$Om©À`m {di»`mVyZ _mJ© H$mT>Ê`mÀ`m Ë`m_wio _mPr O~m~Xmar A{YH$ dmT>Vo. _mPm _moR>m Amho H$r, gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r H$wR>yZ gwê$dmV
à`ËZmV AgVmZmhr gÜ`mMo Amo~m_m gaH$ma àm_m{UH$ à`ËZ Vw_À`mnwT>o _m§S>V Amho. H$amdr, hohr R>adUo H$R>rÊm Amho. Varhr
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011
61

62
­
àmÜ`mnH$r` ~mi~moYnÊmo g_ñ`m§Mm doY àíZmMo Jm§^r`© g_OyZ KoD$`m
`m. (g§Xäm© … `yEgE Q>wSo> 2 Am°JñQ> /ñd¡a
KoUma Amho. gÜ`m A_o[aH$Z gaH$mada {H$Vr AZwdmX) Q>r nmQ>r© _wìh_o§Q> Amo~m_m Á`m _wÚmbm
H$Om©Mr O~m~Xmar Amho? gwê$dmV H$am`Mr nm[R>§~m XoB©b Ë`mbm {damoY H$aÊ`mMo V§Ì
H$moUmbm {H$Vrhr amJ `oUma Agob Va Var EH$ AmH$S>m gmVË`mZo nwT>o `oVmo Vmo åhUOo dmnê$Z ~amH$ Amo~m_m `m§Zr 4 {Q´>br`Z S>m°ba
EH$ JmoîQ> àW_M g_OyZ KoD$ `m H$r, ào{gS>|Q> Xhm {Q´>br`Z S>m°bg©. {_br`Z åhUOo 1 da H$O© H$nmVrMr _mJUr H$oë`mda {damoYH$m§Zr
~amH$ Amoooo~m_m hm O{Q>b àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r {H$Vr ewÝ`o d {~[b`Z åhUOo 1 da {H$Vr ewÝ`o \$Š V 2 {Q´>br`Z S>m°ba H$O© H$nmVrbm
gdmªZm AmdmhZ H$arV Agbo Var [an{ãbH$Z `m H$moS>çmVyZ _r ZwH$VmM ~mhoa nS>bmo Amho _mÝ`Vm {Xbr d YZmT>ç ì`º$s¨H$S>yZ
njmMm BamXm {ZamimM {XgVmo Amho. gm§àVMo Vwåhr nÊm nS>m nÊm AmnÊm AmVm Xhm {Q´>br`Z H$moUË`mhr ZdrZ àmßVrMr Anojm Z H$aVm
gaH$ma hm àíZ H$gm gmoS>dy `m? ~OoQ> S>m°bg© {df`r ~mobV AmhmoV. _mÌ "{\$ñH$b H$m_ H$aÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>Uo `mV gdmªMmM VmoQ>m
S>o{\$[gQ> H$go H$_r H$aVm `oB©b `mda bj J°n' {H$Vr Amho, ho g_OÊ`mgmR>r EH$ Amho. XoímmÀ`m Zmdbm¡[H$H$mbm `m_wio ~mYm
H$o§{ÐV H$arV Agbo Var ~amH$ Amo~m_m§Mm dOm~mH$r H$aVm `oUo Amdí`H$ Amho.1) {Z_m©Êm hmoVo `mMo [an{ãbH$Z njmZo ^mZ R>odbo
nam^d H$aÊ`mgmR>r `m àíZmMo hË`ma H$go A_o[aH$Z gaH$maMr g§ämmì` àmßVr Zmhr. "W°§Š g Q>r nmQ>r© W±Š g [an{ãbH$Z \$m°a
dmnaVm `oB©b `mda [an{ãbH$Z nj bj (àmoOoŠ Q>oS> aoìhoÝ`y) dOm 2) ì`mOm S>wB§J dZ _moa S>°_oO Qy> A_o[aH$m (dmMH$m§Mm
H$o§{ÐV H$arV Amho. Ago åhUVmV Zm, H$r, ì`[V[aŠ V IM© `mdê$Z g_ñ`oMo Iao ñdê$n nÌì`dhma … nÌboIH$ S>o{Zg brM) Ë`mM
KQ>ñ\$moQ> {_Q>[dÊ`mÀ`m à[H«$`oV ghO COoS>mV `oB©b. hr V\$mdV nwT>rb Xhm dfm©V {Xder à[gÜX Pmbobo AmUIr EH$ nÌhr
_m§S>bobo àñVmd H$YrM `eñdr hmoV ZgVmV! 211 {Q´>br`Z S>m°bg© BVH$r Amho! ~mobH$o Amho. erf©H$ Amho "~moW gmB©S>g h°d
_J S>o_moH«$°{Q>H$ d [an{ãbH$Z `m§À`m g§Kfm©V ê$_ Qw> {Jìh'. Xoem§Mo H«$o[S>Q> ao{Q>§J Imbr Jobo
`m _§S>itZm _w»` àíZ gmoS>dm`Mm Amho H$r gm_mÝ` A_o[aH$Z ZmJ[aH$mMo _V H$m`? Amho hr dñVw[ñWVr bjmV KoD$Z d AZoH$
Zmhr ? Agm {dMma gm_mÝ` A_o[aH$Z J§^ra {df` H$mhr jÊm ~mOybm R>oD$Z H$moQ>çYrím \$magm Zdm amoOJma {Z_m©Êm Z
_mUgmbm J«mgV Amho d Vo ñdmämm[dH$M Amho. gm_mÝ` A_o[aH$Z H$m` à[V{H«$`m XoVmo Vo nmhy H$aVm àM§S> _mo~Xbm {_idVmV d Aem
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011
H$R>rÊm àg§Jr gwÜXm WmoS>m A{YH$ H$a XoÊ`mMr
V`mar XmIdV ZmhrV `mbm H$m` åhUmdo?
(nÌ boIH$ … {S>H$ _o`g©) Joë`m AmR> - Xhm
{XdgmV VÁkm§ZrM Zìho Va gm_mÝ`
ZmJ[aH$m§Zrhr doimodoir Ago _V ì`Š V H$obo
Amho … "We need Congress to work
together to fix the debt".
WmooooS>m B{Vhmg
ämmaVmV n§Mdm[f©H$ `moOZm§À`m
_mÜ`_mVyZ {dH$mgmbm JVr XoÊ`mMo à`ËZ
gwê$ Pmbo Voìhm A§XmOnÌH$r` MMm© gwê$ Pmbr
Am{U AmnÊm EH$ Zdo V§Ì {eH$bmo … "Deficit
Financing" Vo AmnÊm _mÝ` H$obo d hiyhiy hr
H$ënZm nMZr nSy> bmJbr Am{U _§S>ir, gÜ`m
ho OJ^a Mmby Amho.
A_o[aH$Z AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m g§X^m©V Iao
Va, 1990 nmgyZ H$O© _`m©Xm (Debt
Ceiling) `mo½` _`m©XoV hmoVr d Ë`mMo gdmªZmM

H$m¡VwH$ hmoVo. hiy hiy amîQ´>r` H$O© H$_r hmoV
Mmbbo hmoVo (H$mhr AW©VÁk _mÌ ho ~ao Zìho!
Ago {dMma _m§S>V AgV) gaH$mar IM© H$_r
hmoUo hm YmoaUmË_H$ {ZU©` Mm§Jbm Zmhr H$maÊm
Ë`m_wio AZoH$ Zdo CÚmoJ C^o amhÊ`mg Iri
~gy eH$Vo Agmhr {dMmaàdmh OmoaXmanÊmo
_m§S>bm Jobm. A_o[aH$obm AZoH$ AS>MUr_YyZ
Omdo bmJbo XmoZ _moR>r `wÕo, 2001 d 2003
_Ü`o H$a H$_r H$amdo bmJUo, JhmÊm Kam§Mm
àíZ {dH$monmbm OmUo d _§XrÀ`m bmQ>obm Vmo§S>
Úmdo bmJUo ho AS>Wio ZgVo Va 2010 -11
_Ü`o gwÕm {dÎmr` n{a[ñWVr g_mYmZH$maH$
{Xgbr AgVr. amOH$r` BÀN>m eº$sMm
A^md, S>o_moH«$°{Q>H$ d [an{ãbH$Z ho XmoZ nj
gm§_Oñ` {Z_m©Êm H$ê$ Z eH$Uo ho IynM _moR>o
AS>Wio hmoV. gaH$mar IM© d H$a `m XmoZ
_wÚm§da Omon`ªV gm_Oñ` {Z_m©Êm hmoD$ eH$V
Zmhr Vmon`ªV n[a[ñWVr AdKS> Amho.
g_mOmVrb {Za[Zamù`m WamVyZ hr _Vo gVV
ì`º$ hmoV AmhoV.
n[a[ñWVr Ia§M J§^ra Amhoooo H$m§?
`oWo AmUIr EH$m {dMma àdmhmMm nam_f© boIH$ AmhoV. MmUmj dmMH$m§À`m bjmV "`wamo' à_mÊmoM Ë`m Ë`m XoemVrb ~m°§S> _mH$o©Q>hr
KoVbm nm[hOo. Xoemda H$Om©Mm {H$Vr _moR>m Agob H$r, Am{e`mB© {dÎmr` g§H$mQ>mÀ`m doir AmH$ma KoD$ bmJbo Amho. OmJ[VH$ AW©
S>mo§Ja Amho? `mdê$Z XoemÀ`m gm§n{ÎmH$ Ë`m§Mo {dMma nWXe©H$ R>abo hmoVo. Ë`m§Mo ñnîQ> ì`dñWoÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo hr _moR>rM _XV Amho. H$mhr
n[a[ñWVrda ämmî` H$aUo MwH$rMo Amho. _V Ë`m§Zr nadm "_rQ> X àog' _Ü`o ì`Š V H$obo ím§H$m AmhoV na§Vy Ë`m§Mo {ZagZ H$aUo eŠ `
XoemÀ`m EH$yÊm ~moOmMm {dMma H$obm Va 2 "Economy needs more stimulus in the Amho.) _mÌ AmO \$ma J§ämra àíZ ZmhrV.
{H$§dm 4 {Q´>br`Z S>m°bg© ho AmH$So> AJXrM
{H$aH$moi AmhoV. Amho VrM n[a[ñWVr O¡go Wo
short run – not less. The logic : Getting
the Economy back to full speed would
increase the tax revenue and shrink the
fiscal gap more effectively than
draconian cuts."
MrZ - ämmaV `m AW©ì`dñWm§Mm _mJmodm
am{hbr Ago J¥{hV Yabo Va 2085 n`ªV hm gw_mao n§Yam - drg dfm©nydr© A_o[aH$m d
AmH$S>m 15 {Q´>{b`Z S>m°bg© n`ªV nmohmoMVmo. a{e`m `m XmoZ _hmgÎmm _mZë`m OmV hmoË`m.
`mMmM AW© AmH$memVbo Vmao _moOUo AmVm ~§X OJmV BVaÌ H$m` Mmby Amho? AmO "A_o[aH$m' d "MrZ' `m _hmgÎmm AmhoV.
H$ê$ `m åhUOoM, n[a[ñWVr J§^ra Amho nÊm H$mi ~XbVmo Amho. `wamo{n`Z ZoV¥ËdmZo MrZ hm OJmVrb _moR>m gmdH$mahr Amho. na§Vw
\$ma J§^ra Zmhr. 11ì`m S>oQ> H«$m`[gg g[_Q> Z§Va Joë`m 17 dñVw[ñWVr Aer Amho H$r, VoWohr 23% KQ>
_{hÝ`mV gw_mao 109 {~br`Z `wamoOMo H$O© Pmbr Amho. AYwZ _YyZ EH$ _wÔm da S>moH$mdVmo
AW©VÁk nm°b H«w$J_Z H$m` åhÊmVmV? J«rg Am`bªS> d nmoVw©Jmb `m§Zm CnbãY H$ê$Z H$r, MrZZo A_o[aH$Z ~m°§S>g KoÊ`mMo H$_r H$obo
nm°b H«$wJ_Z ho {àÝñQ>Z {dÚmnrR>mVrb {Xbo. Am[W©H$ CÝZVrH$So> dmQ>Mmb Mmby ahmdr Va? A_o[aH$Z AW©ì`dñWm H$mogiob H$m§?
EH$ {dMmad§V AW©VÁk AmhoV. Vo Zmo~ob hmM à_wI CÔoím hmo` (ñnoZ d BQ>mbr_Yrb hm {dMma A{Ve`moº$r nyÊm© Amho. MrZ_Yrb
àmB©O {dOoVo AmhoV. Ý`y`m°H$© Q>mB©ågMo ñV§^ _mH$o©Q> H$mogiy Z`o, hmhr EH$ {dMma Amho.) AW©ì`dñWm AmÎmm Oo d¡^d Cn^moJVo Amho
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011
63

o
Ë`mMo à_wI H$maÊm åhUOo àM§S> {Z`m©Vj_Vm
Agbobo {MZr {damQ> àH$ën. hr ^a^amQ>
{Q>H$dyZ R>odm`Mr Agob, `§ÌímmioVrb MmH$o
gVV doJmZo {\$aV ahm`bm hdr AgVrb,
H$m_Jmam§À`m d A{YH$mè`m§À`m doVZmV
^aKmog dmT> ìhm`bm hdr Agob, Va MrZZo
A_o{aH$Z Q´>oPar ~m°§S>g²_Ü`o Jw§VdUyH$ H$aV
amhUoM {hVmdh Amho. gVV OmVm OmVm
^maVr` AW©ì`dñWo[df`r WmoS>ogo … 2009
nmgyZ _§X JVrZo hmoÊmmè`m àJVr_wio d 11
doim ì`mO XamV dmT> H$amdr bmJë`m_wio
ZŠ H$r H$m` Pmbo? Am`².gr. Am`².gr.Am`². Mo
H$O© {dVaÊm 19 Owb¡ AIoa Joë`m AZoH$
gm_mÝ` A_o[aH$Z à{V{H«$`m
`w. Eg². E. Q>wSo> Mo g§nmXH$r` (16
Am°JñQ>) hr àm[V{Z{YH$ à{V{H«$`m _mZÊ`mg
haH$V Zmhr. AÜ`j ~amH$ Amo~m_m gÜ`m
~gZo àdmg H$ê$Z gm_mÝ`m§n`©§V
nmohmoMÊ`mMm (d OmVm OmVm nwT>rb
{ZdS>UwH$rMr _mohr_!) à`ËZ H$arV AmhoV d
Ë`m§Mm H$m`©H«$_hr à[gÜX Pmbm Amho.
g§nmXH$r`mMo erf©H$ Amho … {_ñQ>a ào[gSo>§Q>,
{hAa BO ìhm°Q> ZoeZ ZrS²g `w Qw> go ~rOê$n
gmam§ím XoV Amho.
Amo~m_m§Zr 4 {Q´>{b`_ S>m°bg© n`ªV
\$aH$ Amho. godH$m§À`m doVZmda AË`ën
IM© H$obm OmVmo. Om°Z H$oZoS>tÀ`m
H$mimnojm AmO H$_r ì`º$r gaH$mar
godoV AmhoV. hr bjUr` ~m~ Amho.
AWm©V² godH$ doVZ IMm©V ~MV
H$aÊ`mMm àíZM {Z_m©Êm hmoV Zmhr.
2. Amamo½` d godm {Zd¥Îmr `moOZm§darb IM©
hr XrK©H$mbrZ VaVyX ghO dmT>dmdr
bmJV Amho. `m H$m`©H«$_m§Zm
Entitlements Ago åhUVmV. AmO hm
IM© EH$yÊm gaH$mar IMm©À`m 55% Amho
d Vmo dmT>VM Amho. `mda {Z`§ÌÊm R>odUo
AdKS> Amho nÊm AeŠ ` Zmhr. ào[gSo>§Q>
~we `m§Zr 2005 _Ü`o Á`mMm CëboI
H$obm hmoVm, Ë`mbm `mo½` ê$n XoÊ`mMr doi
Ambr Amho. CÀMdJr©` godm[Zd¥Îm hmoVmV
Ë ` m §Z m e n t i t l e m e n t X V m Z m
AW©ì`dñWoMr àJVr bjmV KoD$Z XoUo
eŠ ` Amho Aer `moOZm _mÝ` H$oë`mg
{deof ~MV hmoD$ eH$ob.
3. Om°Z _oH$oZ `m§Zr Á`m `moOZoMm nwañH$ma
H$obm hmoVm, Vr `moOZm {dMma
H$aÊ`mgmaIr Amho. Am`w{d©å`mÀ`m
_moR>çm aH$_m§Mm nyU© hßVm H$a_wº$
R>odÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Zmhr. `m_wio H$mhr
à_mUmV {Z`§ÌÊm R>odVm `oB©b. gm_mÝ`
A§XmOmZwgma Odi Odi 3.5 {Q´>{b`b
S>m°bg©Mr ~MV nwT>rb Xhm dfm©V hmoD$
eH$ob.
dfmªnojm Iyn OmñV Amho. ñQ>oQ> ~°§H$oMo AÜ`j H$O©_`m©Xm H$_r H$aÊ`mMr nadmZJr g§gXoH$So> g[_Vr H$m` H$aVo `mH$So> gdmªMoM bj Amho.
àVrn Mm¡Yar åhUVmV. ‘Bad Loans are _m[JVbr hmoVr na§Vy \$Š V 2 {Q´>{b`_ S>m°bg©
(hmo`, _mPohr ~marH$ bj AmhoM.)
going to rise because, we will have to H$O© H$nmVrbm _mÝ`Vm {Xbr Jobr. nwT>rb Xhm ----------------------pass
on the rate increase.’ [aPìh© ~°§H$
dfm©V H$moUË`m _wÚm§da H$nmV H$amd`mMr d
ì`mOmMo Xa H$m dmT>dVo, ho gykm§Zm A{YH$ S>m°. lr. J. ~mnQ>,
gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUmd`mÀ`m ho
gm§JÊ`mMr JaO Zmhr. ^maVmVhr gm_mÝ`
à{ejÊm d ì`dñWmnZ gëbmJma,
R>a[dÊ`mgmR>r g§gXoZo g[_Vr Zo_br Amho.
_mUgmMo AgoM _V Amho H$r, _wÐ{ñ\$Vrda
"g§nXm' Mo {Z`[_V boIH$, gÜ`m H$mhr {Xdg
ào{gSo>§Q> Amo~m_m§Zr `m g[_Vrbm nwT>rb à_mUo
(åhUOo inflation da) {Z`§ÌÊm R>odÊ`mgmR>r
A_o{aH$ooV.
_mJ©Xím©Z H$amdo (Ago Aä`mgnyU© _V
ì`mOXa dmT>VmV d Ë`m_wio _Ü`_ dJr©`m§Mm
17, àímm§V ZJa, Zdr nooR>, nwÊmoooo 411030
_m§S>Ê`mV Ambo.)
H$Um _moS>Vmo!
g§nH©$ : shrikrishn.bapat@gmail.com
1. BVa Xoem§_Yrb gaH$mar IM© d
g§Ho$VñWi … www.sgbapat.com
A_o[aH$Z "gaH$ma' Mm IM© `mV Iyn
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011 65

gy`©XodmMr H¥$nm -
gm¡aCOm©
- S>m°. gwYra amqeJH$a
O}Mm EH$ à^mdr d ghO CncãY Pmco. drO, I{ZO Voc, H$moigm dJ¡ao nU {VÀ`m Z¡g{J©H$ ÑîQ>çm dmnamV `oUmè`m
hmoUmam ómoV åhUOo "gm¡aCOm©' Ë`mnydu hOmamo df} OZVoZo gm¡aCO}MmM ^anya ^mJmMm {dMma gmoS>cm Va EdT>r Vr gmR>dUo d
åhUVm `oB©c. OJmVrc ~hþg§»` OZVm dmna Ho$cocm {XgVmo Am{U AmOhr BVŠ `m {VMm nwZdm©na H$aUo ho I{M©H$ d AdKS> H$m_
àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ AJXr `m AmYw{ZH$ gwYmaUm§Z§Vahr OJmVrc ~hÿg§»` OZVm AgVo. `m CO}Mm nwZ©dmna ì`dhmamV H$aUmar
V§ÌkmZmÀ`m `wJmVhr gm¡aCO}Mm ^anya dmna gm¡aCO}MmM dmna H$aVo Ago {XgVo. nU Ë`mMo Zdr g§ñH¥$Vr Oa {Z_m©U Pmcr Va Vr nydunojm
H$aVo. H$nS>o dmidUo ho Ë`mMo gd©Ì {XgUmao _moR>çm à_mUmda Am¡Úmo{JH$aU Pmcoco Zmhr ho {Zamir Agoc. (Ogo I{ZO VocmMm emoY d
ñdê$n Agoc Var YmÝ` dmidUo, YmÝ` ñnï> Amho. dmna Mmcy Pmë`mda Joë`m H$mhr eVH$mV
{nH$dUo dJ¡ao {d{dY H$m_o gy`© àH$memV OJ^a CÚmoJ, dmhVwH$ d X¡Z§{XZ dmnamVrc
`m gm¡aCO}Mm ì`mn Ho$dT>m Amho.
åhUOoM n`m©`mZo gm¡aCO}da hmoV AgVmV. `§ÌUm `m§À`mV àM§S> ~Xc Pmcm d OJmMo
n¥ÏdrÀ`m ~mø AmdaUmda `oUmar gm¡aCOm©
gy`m©À`m `m CO}Mm nwZ©dmna H$aÊ`mMo à`ËZhr gm§ñH¥${VH$ {Z`_ ~XcyZ Joco) _mÌ OgOgo
OJ^a dmnaë`m OmUmè`m AÝ` gd©
nydm©nma MmcV Amco AmhoV. ""M§ÐmMo _hÎd H$m H$moigm, I{ZO Voc `m§Mo gmR>o AmO Zm CÚm
COm©ómoVm§À`m 28,000 nQ> Amho. Ë`mn¡H$s
Va Vmo A§YmamV àH$me XoVmo, gy`© H$m` g§nVrc Voìhm `m gm¡aCO}Mm dmnaM _mZdr
35 Q>¸o$ hr dmVmdaUmVyZ A§VamimV
{XdgmMm àH$me XoVmo'' gma»`m {dZmoXmV Var g§ñH¥$Vrcm Vmaoc. OmJm d nmUr
namdVuV hmoV AgVo. 18 Q>¸o$ dmVmdaUmV
ghO {_iVmo åhUyZ qH$_V amhV Zmhr. Aer VmndÊ`m~m~V AmOhr OJmVrc gdm©V gmonm
emofyZ KoVcr OmVo. Va 47 Q>¸o$ n¥ÏdrÀ`m
gy`© àH$memMr Moï>m hmoV AgVo, Var ì`dhmamV _mJ© hm gm¡aCO}À`m dmnamMmM AgVmo. ^mdr
n¥ð>>^mJmn`ªV nmoMVo. `m gdm©Mr EH$ÌrV
gy`©àH$me d VX²énmZo `oUmar gm¡aCOm© ZgVr H$mimV {dÚwV CËnmXZmV àM{cV nÕVrnojm
~oarO Ho$cr Va ""1.5 ¹$mS>´r{c`a _oJ°d°Q>
Va H$m` Pmco AgVo. hm {dMma AñdñW H$ê$Z Vmo A{YH$ ñdñV _mJ© hmoD$ eH$Vmo. _mÌ
Adg©'' EdT>r COm© hmoVo. OJmVrc H$moUVmhr
gmoS>Vmo. Am§YmarH$ H«$m§Vr Pmë`mda Joë`m OgOgo Zdo emoY cmJVrc VgVgo
CO}Mm ómoV Zmhr Vmo \w$H$Q>mV EdT>r COm© nwady
H$mhr eVH$mV CO}Mo AZoH$ n`m©` CncãY gm¡aCO}À`m dmnam_wio I{ZO Voco d H|${Ð`
eHo$c. _mÌ Vr gd© Xya ngacocr AgVo d
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011 69

70
{dÚwV CËnmXZ `m§darc namdc§{~Ëd H$_r hmoV `m§Mo CËnmXZ `mgmR>r Zì`m àH$maMo CÚmoJ, {H$Zmè`mda MH$MH$sV nm°cre Ho$coco YmVyMo
OmB©c. AmO drO `oUma H$m? Amcr Va {H$Vr ì`dgm` Mmcy hmoVrc. H$Xm{MV _J CÚmoJY§Xo nÌo gy`©{H$aUmÀ`m àH$memMo n[adV©Z hmoD$Z
doi Agoc? Ë`mMo {~c {H$Vr `oB©c? nmD$g {OWo dfm©Mm A{YH$ H$mi gm¡aCOm© CncãY Vmo ~mOwÀ`m ~moQ>rda nS>Vrc d Ë`m Vrd«
nS>cm Zmhr Va YaUo ^aUma ZmhrV d O{ZÌo Amho Aem ^mJmV hcdco OmVrc. Aem àH$memZo Ë`mdaMo g¡{ZH$ Am§Yio hmoVrc
MmcUma ZmhrV, drO Q>§MmB© hmoB©c, _mJUr ^mJm§Mr Var ^a^amQ> hmoB©c. Ogo `mgmR>r cmdÊ`mg gm§{JVco hmoVo. ì`dhmamV
dmT>cr d CËnmXZ dmT>co Zmhr Va H$go hmoVo {dfwdd¥Îmm§nmgyZ H$H©$ d _H$a d¥Îmm§n`ªVMm Vo {H$VnV `eñdr Pmco Vo H$ico Zmhr.
`mMm AZw^d AmnU nXmonXr KoVmo. _J n¥ÏdrMm g_wÐgnmQ>r dm Ë`mnojm WmoS>m A{YH$ Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV gm¡aCO}Mm Cn`moJ
ZmoH$aemhrda Adc§~yZ ahmdo cmJVo. I{ZO C§Mmda Agcocm ^mJ _mÌ gÜ`m dM©ñd B§{OZ MmcdÊ`mH$aVm, nmÊ`mMo n§n
Vocm§~m~V Va Vo Voc CËnmXZ H$aUmè`m Agcocm `wamon, A_o[aH$m, H°$ZS>m, a{e`m `m MmcdÊ`mH$aVm, Kao C~Xma R>odÊ`mgmR>r,
_moOŠ `m Xoem§À`m chatda VocmMo ^md R>aVmV ^mJm§H$S>o _J cmoH$m§Mm \$magm AmoT>m amhUma A§Vami `mZmV {d{dY CnH$aUo H$m`m©pÝdV
d ZmJ[aH$m§Mo IMm©Mo A§XmOnÌH$ H$moc_S>Vo. Zmhr. H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$ë`mMr CXmhaUo AmhoV.
CÚm gm¡aCO}Mm dmna KamV {Xdo gy`©{H$aUm§Mm Cn`moJ {^§JmÛmao Ë`mÀ`m Vrd«
Aem øm gm¡aCO}Mo _hÎd \$ma àmMrZ
cmdÊ`mgmR>r, dmhZo MmcdÊ`mgmR>r d AÝ` àH$memZo {dñVd noQ>dÊ`mgmR>r Ho$cm OmV
H$mimnmgyZ _mZdmcm _m{hV Amho Ago {XgVo.
AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m Cn`moJmgmR>r Pmcm Va `m Ago.
J«rH$ V§Ìk gm°H«o${Q>gZo {¼ñVnydu 5 ì`m
gdmªda _mV H$aUo eŠ ` hmoB©c. eVH$mV {chrco hmoVo, H$s Kao ~m§YVmZm 1861 _Ü`o \«|$M àmÜ`mnH$ Am°JñQ>mZ
AWm©V hr gm¡aCOm© \w$H$Q> ZgUma. Vr X{jUoH$S>Mr ~mOy C§M R>odmdr H$maU Ë`m_wio nmD$Mo `mZo EH$ gmoca B§{OZ V`ma Ho$co. Ë`mV
~§{XñV H$éZ {VMm nwZ©dmna H$aÊ`mgmR>r Zdr {hdmù`mV gy`©CO}Mm Cn`moJ hmoD$ eHo$c gy`©àH$me AmaemÀ`m ghmæ`mZo EH$m N>moQ>çm
CnH$aUo, `§Ìo cmJVrc nU ""EH$doi Vmo IM© VgoM CÎma ~mOy CVaVr R>odmdr åhUOo ~m°`cada H|${ÐV Ho$cm Om`Mm d Ë`mda dm\o$Mo
nadS>cm'' Ago åhUVm `oB©c. `m_wio CÎmaoH$S>Mo {hdmir dmao ghOJË`m OmVrc. ho B§{OZ Mmcdco Om`Mo. 1869 Ë`mZo
Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§ñH¥$Vr ~XcyZ OmB©c. gm¡aCO}Mm V§Ì Z§Vahr AZoH$ dmñVwemóm§Zr A§_cmV gm¡aCO}da EH$ nwñVH$hr à{gÕ Ho$co d
dmna H$aVm `oÊ`mgmaIr CnH$aUo, `§Ìo, `m§Mo AmUco. Ago åhUVmV H$s {¼ñVnyd© 214 _Yo gm¡aCO}da MmcUmam ao{\«$OaoQ>a n°[agÀ`m
CËnmXZ, XoI^mc `mda MmcUmar CnH$aUo Am{H©{_{S>OZo amo_Z g¡Ý`mcm g_wÐÀ`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ àXe©ZmV R>odcm.
gm¡aCO}Mm dmnaM
_mZdr g§ñH¥$Vrcm Vmaoc.
AÞ {eO{dUo d nmUr VmndÊ`m~m~V
AmOhr OJmVrc gdm©V
gmonm _mJ© hm gm¡aCO}À`m
dmnamMmM AgVmo.
^mdr H$mimV {dÚwV
CËnmXZmV àM{cV nÕVrnojm
Vmo A{YH$ ñdñV _mJ© hmoD$ eH$Vmo.
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011

1872 _Ü`o {Mcr_Ü`o gm¡aCO}Mm gm¡aCO}Mm nmUr VmndÊ`mgmR>r dm Ka Cn`moJ A{YH$m{YH$ H$éZ KoÊ`mgmR>r d
Cn`moJ H$éZ nmÊ`mMr dm\$ H$éZ naV Ë`m C~Xma R>odÊ`mgmR>r Cn`moJ ìhmdm `mmR>r Ë`mÛmao drOoMm dmna H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r
dm\o$Mo ewÕ nmUr H$aÊ`mMo `§Ì {dH${gV H$mMoÀ`m gnmQ> n¥ð>^mJmMm Cn`moJ Ho$cm dmñVwemók H$mMoÀ`m {IS>Š `m, nyU© q^Vr d
H$aÊ`mV Amco. {~«{Q>e B§{OZrAa Mmëg© OmVmo. Ë`mMoImcr Agcoë`m Zù`m§VyZ EH$m N>ßna dmnaÊ`mgmR>r Img à`ËZ H$aVmV.
{dëgZ Ë`m_mJMm g§emoYH$ hmoVm. `mMm ~mOyZo Jma nmUr AmV `oVo d Xwgè`m ~mOyZo Ja_ Aem aMZocm nm[aVmo{fHo$ {Xcr OmVmV.
Cn`moJ Mm§Jcm Pmcm H$maU ñWm{ZH$ Z¡g{J©H$ nmUr ~mhoa nS>Vo. ho Z§Va gmR>dco OmVo. `mÛmao {H$Ë`oH$ {R>H$mUr cmoH$g_yh EImÚm B_maVrV
nmUr ~aoM ImaQ> d Ë`m_wio {nÊ`mg A`mo½` nmUr 40 Vo 50 go. n`ªV VmndVm `oVo. `m AgVrc Va Ë`m§À`m earamVyZ hmoUmar
hmoVo. `mV H$mMoÀ`m 64 _moR>çm Mm¡H$Q>rÛmam V§ÌmMm OZH$ åhUyZ hmoaog ~o_o{S>Š g `m CîUVm, {d{dY CnH$aUm§À`m ñd`§nmH$mÀ`m
gy`©àH$me nmÊ`mda H|${ÐV Ho$cm Om`Mm g§emoYH$mMo Zmd KoVco OmVo. `mV àXyfU gmYZm§À`m dmnamVyZ hmoUmar CîUVm [hMm
Ë`m_wio {XdgmH$mR>r 19000 {cQ>a ewÕ ZgVo. Vo g§`§Ì KamÀ`m N>namda dm gnmQ> nwZdm©na H$aVm `oB©c ho nm{hco OmVo.
nmUr ~ZdVm `m`Mo. H$moiemda nmUr VmndyZ OmJoV Hw$R>ohr ~gdVm `oVo. `mMo ì`dpñWV gm¡aCO}nmgyZ drO{Z{_©Vr H$er H$aVm
ewÕ H$aÊ`mgmR>r `oUmè`m IMm©À`m 1/4 gmR>dU Ho$co Va 24 Vmg nwaoc EdT>o Ja_ `oB©b `m {df`r AZoH$ àH$mao d AZoH$ Xoem§V
IMm©V ho eŠ ` Pmco. nmUr {_iy eH$Vo. ^maVr` emgZmcm `mMo g§emoYZ Mmcy Amho. `m~m~V XmoZ àH$ma
{dgmì`m eVH$mV I{ZO VocmMm dmna Cn`moJ nQ>co d OZVoZo Ë`mMm dmna H$amdm CncãY hmoD$ eH$VmV.
dmT>ë`mZo gm¡aCO}Mm dmna H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ _mJo
nS>co. ZmJ[aH$m§Zmhr Ë`mMr JaO dmQ>oZmer
Pmcr. nU 1973 À`m n{hë`m VocQ>§MmB©
Z§Va gd©OU nwZ: OmJo Pmco. I{ZOVocmMm
gmR>m \$maH$mi {Q>H$Uma Zmhr ho ^m{H$V
`mgmR>r AZoH$ gdcVrÀ`m `moOZm am~dë`m
OmV AmhoV. ho V§ÌkmZ A{YH$m{YH$ H$m`©j_,
H$_r I{M©H$ d gm¡aCO}Mm OmñVrV OmñV
dmna H$éZ KoÊ`mgmR>r H$go H$amV `oB©c `mda
g§emoYZ Mmcy Amho. gm¡aCO}Mm Cn`moJ
1. EH$m àH$mamV gm¡aCO}Mm Cn`moJEImXm
ÐdnXmW© Ja_ H$éZ {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m
dm`yVyZ Q>~m©BÝg(O{ZÌ) MmcdUo d Ë`m
Ûmam drO{Z{_©Vr H$aUo.
2. gm¡aCO}Mm dmna H$éZ Wao gocÛmam
dV©dco OmD$ cmJco d _J nwZ: EH$Xm ñd`§nmH$ {eOdÊ`mgmR>r Img Hw$H$a drO{Z{_©Vr H$aUo.
gm¡aCO}H$S>o gdmªMo cj Joco. gm¡aCO}Mm {dH${gV Pmco AmhoV. {OWo dfm©Mm ~hÿVoH$ n{hë`m àH$mamV EImÚm C§M _Zmoè`mda
CîUVm åhUyZ dmna H$aUo, {VMo {dÚwV e{º$V H$mi gy`©àH$me Amho Aem {R>H$mUr Aem gm¡aCOm© Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r gmoca n°Zëg
énm§Va H$aUo, Vr e{º$ gmR>dyZ R>odyZ ~°Q>ar dm
VËg_ _mJm©V Z§Va {VMm Cn`moJ H$aUo `mda
g§emoYZ Mmcy Pmco.
CnH$aUm§Mm Cn`moJ A{YH$ hmoD$ eH$Vmo.
AmVm {H$Ë`oH$ _moR>çm B_maVrda nmUr Ja_
H$aÊ`mgmR>r gm¡aCOm© O_dUmao H$coŠ Q>g©
{XgVmV. B_maVr_Ü`ohr gy`©àH$memMm
~gdÊ`mV `oVmV. gy`© OgOgm nyd}H$Sy>Z
n{ü_oH$S>o gaH$V OmB©c VgVgo n°Zoëghr Ë`m
{XeoZo diV OmVmV d Ë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`mda
gVV nwaogm gy`©àH$me nSy> eH$Vmo. gy`©{H$aU
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011 71

72
gm¡aCO}Mm CîUVm åhUyZ
dmna H$aUo, {VMo {dÚwV e{º$V
énm§Va H$aUo,
Vr e{º$ gmR>dyZ R>odyZ
~°Q>ar dm VËg_ _mJm©V
Z§Va {VMm Cn`moJ H$aUo
`mda g§emoYZ Mmcy Pmco.
_Zmoè`mÀ`m daÀ`m Q>moH$mcm ~gdcoë`m dmnacr OmVo d Ë`mÛmao hr COm© dmnamV Ë`m dm`yda _J Q>~m©BZZo dmcdyZ drO{Z{_©Vr
_Ü`dVu H|$ÐmV nadVuV Ho$cr OmVmV d AmUcr OmVo. g_wX«mVco daMo dm ImcMo nmUr H$aVm `oVo. dm`yMo nwZ: X«d ñdénmV énm§Va
Ë`mda nmUr VmndyZ dm\$ Ho$cr OmVo. Aem `mV gw_mao 20 go. Mm \$aH$ AgVmo. Ë`mMm H$éZ Vmo naV dmnacm OmVmo. BómBc_Ü`ohr
_Zmoè`mV 3 \w$Q> ì`mgmMo 279 Amago Cn`moJ hm àH$ma dmnaÊ`mgmR>r Ho$cm OmVmo. N>moQ>çm Vù`m§_YyZ Aem àH$mao drO{Z{_©Vr
_Zmoè`mda ~gdco hmoVo.d Ë`mVyZ 500 g|. 1881 _Ü`o \«|$M emók Oo. S>r. Amgm}Zdmcm H$aVm `oB©c dm `m {df`r à`moJ Mmcy AmhoV.
EdT>o Vmn_mZ JmR>Vm Amco. Zo .....`mgmR>rMo g§`§Ì ~gdÊ`mMm CÚwº$ Ho$co. Xwgam àH$ma åhUOo gocMm Cn`moJ H$éZ
A_o[aHo$V `mgmR>r gm¡aCO}Mr ""eoVrM'' nwT>o Om°O}g Š cmD$S>o `mZ nm{hc§ 22 gm¡aCO}Mo WoQ> drOo_Ü`o énm§Va H$aUo.
{dH${gV H$aÊ`mV Amcr. `mV n°am~mocmÀ`m {H$.J«°.COm© {Z_m©U H$aUmao Ago g§`§Ì 1920 1954 _Ü`o A_o[aHo$V ~oc Q>o{c\$moZ
AmYmamÀ`m gmoca n°Zc_Ü`o gm¡aCOm© _Ü`o \«|$M gaH$maÀ`m ghmæ`mZo ~gdco. c°~moaoQ>arZo `m ~m~mVMo à`moJ àW_ Ho$co.
gmR>dcr OmVo. Jmoim Ho$cocr COm© EH$m Xwgè`m _hm`wÕmZ§Va \«$mÝg_Ü`o Aer AZoH$ Ë`m§Zr Ago nm{hco H$s {g{cH$m°ZÀ`m nmVi
ZirVyZ dmhUmè`m {dVicoco _rR> d Ja_ g§`§Ì ~g{dÊ`mV Amcr. Ë`mVco gdm©V _moR>o MH$Vrcm hmoUmar Oa Ë`mhÿZ nmVi Aí`m
dm`y§da H|${ÐV H$éZ Vo Ja_ Ho$co OmVmV d 7.5 _o d°. Mo hmoVo. nU IMm©Mm {dMma H$aVm ~moamoZMm Wa {Xcocr nmVi {g{cH$m°Z MH$Vr
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dmnaco OmVmV. `m àH$mamgmR>r ~ma_mhr A_o[aHo$V `m à`moJmda nwÝhm cj eH$Vo. ~mhoaÀ`m Wamda nS>Umam
^anya gy`©àH$memMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. d Vmo H|${ÐVH$aÊ`mV Amco Amho. `m àH$mamV Á`mMm gy`©àH$mem_wio BcoŠ Q>´moZ V`ma hmoVmV d Vmo
\$º$ {Xdgm dmnaVm `oVmo. `mnojm nwT>Mm àH$ma ""~m°BqcJ nm°B§Q>'' H$_r AgVmo Aem àm°noZ dm ImcÀ`m ñVamda OmVmZm {dÚwVXm~ V`ma
åhUOo g_wÐmV {Xdgm gmR>dcocm gm¡aCO}Mm A_mo{Z`m dm`yÀ`m ÐdmMm Cn`moJ `m hmoVmo. `mgmR>r Ago AZoH$ ñVa aMmdo cmJVmV.
Cn`moJ amÌr H$aUo. `mgmR>r ""AmoeZ W_©c g_wÐmÀ`m Ja_ nmÊ`mda dm`w_Ü`o énm§Va `m nÕVrMm \$m`Xm åhUOo `mV H$moUVmhr
BcopŠ Q>´H$ H$Ýìh©OZ'' (AmoQ>rBgr) nÕV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cn`moJ Ho$cm OmVmo. V`ma gd© hmcVm dm {\$aVm ^mJ ZgVmo Ë`m_wio Ë`mMo
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011

gm¡aCOm© hr ghO d XrK©H$mi
\w$H$Q>mV CncãY Agcocr
e{º$ Amho. {VMm Cn`moJ H$_r
IMm©V d XrK© joÌmV
H$gm H$éZ KoVm `oB©c
ho nhmUo hoM
_moR>o AmìhmZ Amho.
Am`wî` A{YH$ AgVo. XoI^mcrMm IM© Mmcco AmhoV Vo `eñdr Pmco Va ~mam_{hZo AgyZ Ë`mÛmao n`m©`r drO CËnmXZ hmoD$
ZgVmo d AÝ` B§YZhr cmJV Zmhr. _mÌ Ë`mMr {dZmI§S> gm¡aCOm© n¥Ïdrda Cn`moJmV AmUVm KmVco Amho, nU gm¡aCOm© hr ghO d
H$m`©j_Vm 16 Vo 25 Q>¸o$ `odT>rM AgVo. `oB©c. XrK©H$mi CncãY AgUmar \w$H$Q>mV CncãY
{g{cH$m°Z ñdñV Agco Var Ë`mMo gmoca gm¡aCO}Mm Cn`moJ Á`m dZñnVtMm Cn`moJ Agcocr e{º$ Amho. {VMm Cn`moJ H$_r IMm©V
goc_Ü`o Ago énm§Va H$aUo _hmJ nS>Vo. B§YZ åhUyZ H$aVm `oB©c `mgmR>r dmnaUo hmhr d XrK© joÌmV H$gm H$éZ KoVm `oB©c ho nhmUo
A§Vami `mZmV gm¡aCO}Mm Cn`mooJ à`omJ Mmcy Amho. Aem dZñnVr gm¡aCO}V hoM _moR>o AmìhmZ Amho. OJ^a g§emoYZ Mmcy
H$aÊ`mgmR>r `m V§ÌmMm Cn`moJ Ho$cm OmVmo. namdV©Z g|{Ð` agm`Z H$am`Mo d Ë`mVyZ Amho d `oË`m 5 Vo 10 dfm©V `m~m~VMo AZoH$
1968_Ü`o A_o[aH$Z B§OrZr`a nrQ>a ½coga B§YZ {Z_m©U H$am`Mo Agm hm à`ËZ Amho. n`m©` do ñdñV _mJ© gmnS>Vrc Ago dmQ>Vo.
Zo EH$ ZdrZ H$ënZm _m§S>cr.{dfwdd¥ÎmmÀ`m da H$maU Ho$di cmH$S>mMm B§YZ åhUyZ Cn`moJ Vgo Pmco Va EH${dgmdo eVH$ ho gm¡aCOm©
AdH$m`mV 23000 {H$._r. C§Mrda Ago \$ma H$mi H$aVm `oUma Zmhr. `mgmR>r CgmMm eVH$ hmoB©c d nwZ: EH$Xm Ë`mVrc emoYm§_wio
gmoca goëg ~gdm`Mo d {Z_m©U hmoUmar COm© Cn`moJ OmñVr hmoD$ eH$Vmo. Ë`mVwZ _mZdr OrdZ_mZmV ^anya \$aH$ nS>oc Ago
_J n¥Ïdrda ømM àH$mao ~gdcoë`m gmoca AëH$mohmoc H$aVm `oVo. Vo noQ>´moc_Ü`o 15 Q>¸o$ {MÌ {XgV Amho. {edm` _w»` åhUOo `mVyZ
goëg _Ü`o namdVuV H$am`Mr H$maU {_gico Var gÜ`mÀ`m B§{OZ aMZoV ~Xc Z AZoH$ ZdZdo CÚmoJ ì`dgm` CX`mg `oVrc
AdH$memV gm¡aCOm© n¥Ïdrnojm 15 nQ> A{YH$ H$aVm JmS>r ì`dpñWV MmcVo. ~«m{PcÜ`o `mMo d Ë`m{Z{_ÎmmZo amoOJmamÀ`m Zì`m g§Yr hr. ho
{_iy eH$Vo. {VWo V`ma Pmcocr drO `eñdr à`moJ PmcoV, Va BVaÌ A{YH$ Á`m_wio hmoUma Ë`m ""gy`©Xodmcm'' åhUyZM
n¥Ïdrdarc H|$ÐmH$So nmR>dm`Mr d {VWyZ Vr g§emoYZ Mmcy Amho. `m_Ü`o D$g CËnmXZmV 1 eVe: àUm_.
{dVarV H$am`Mr Aer hr H$ënZm hmoVr. H°$car IM© Pmcm Va B§YZmV 2 â`Ec
AÚmn Ë`mV ì`dhm[aH$ `e d IMm©Mm {dMma
H$aVm Amcocm Zmhr.
AmVm ZwH$Ë`mM Amcoë`m ~mV_rdéZ
M§Ðmda gm¡a n°Zoëg ~gdyZ M«§ÐmMm Zoh_r
gy`©àH$memV AgUmam ^mJ n¥Ïdrdarc Vr
H°$carO naVmdm {_iy eHo$c.
darc {ddoMZmV Vm§{ÌH$ ~m~rV \$ma
Imocda Z OmVm \$º$ H$moUH$moUË`m àH$mao
gm¡aCO}Mm Cn`moJ hmoD$ eHo$c d n`m©`r
B§YZmMo n`m©` gmnS>Vrc `m~m~VMo
S>m°. gwYra amqeJH$a
AZoH$ gm_m{OH$, ì`mdgm{`H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$
g§ñWm - g§KQ>Zm§er g§~§Y,
amoQ>ar B§Q>aZ°eZbMo _mOr {S>ñQ´>Š Q> JìhZ©a,
ì`dgm` ì`dñWmnZ {df`mV nr.EM.S>r.,
gm¡aCOm© gwú_charÛmam H$er namdVuV {dMmaàdmh XmIdÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho. {d{dY {df`m§da {dnwb boIZ, g§nXmMo
H$aVm `oB©c `m~m~V OnmZr emókm§Mo à`moJ dmè`mÀ`m VmH$Xrdahr AgoM à`moJ Mmcy {Z`{_V boIH$
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011 73

àUmbr
`emMr
O`àH$me ^mbM§Ð P|S>o
nU `eñdr ìhmdo Ago H$moUmbm Ooìhm àM§S> X_N>mH$ hmoVo Voìhm earamZo Am{U H$aÊ`mMr {Xem H$er Agmdr ho 'C{MV' hm
dmQ>V Zmhr? Amnë`mVrb àË`oH$ _ZmZo {Zame hmoD$Z Vo `mo½` à`ËZ gmoSy>Z eãX XmIdVmo. AmnU Adb§~bobo _mJ© `mo½`
_mUgmbm `eñdr ìhmdoM Ago XoVmV. `e àmárÀ`m `m à`ËZmV XmoZ JmoîQ>r H$s A`mo½` ho `m eãXmdê$Z R>aV AgVo.
dmQ>V AgVo. _J Vmo aoëdo ßb°Q>\$m_©daMm _hÎdmÀ`m dmQ>VmV. n{hbr JmoîQ> `e åhUOo 'C{MV' øm Ü`o`m_wioM Am`wî`mbm AW© `oVmo.
{^H$mar Agmo, g§JUH$ àUmbr CÚmoOH$ {~b Zo_Ho$ H$m` ho g_OmdyZ KoUo Am{U Xygar H¥$VH¥$Ë`Vm Am{U gmW©H$VoMr ^mdZm `ooVo. ho
JoQ> Agmo dm ~wÜXËdmOdi nmohMUmam _hmZ `emMr àUmbr R>adyZ àm_m{UH$nUo Vr Zgob Va `e \ mob R>aVo. g_mOÐmoh H$ê$Z
gmYH$ Agmo. C{ÔîQ> H$mhr H$m Ago Zm `e AmMaUmV AmUUo. àW_ `e åhUOo H$m` àM§S> g§nÎmr {_idUmè`m _mUgm§Mr AdñWm
åhUOo `moJm`moJ qH$dm AZnojrV KQ>Zm Zìho, `mMr ì`m»`m nmhw Am{U _J `mo½` Aem AmnU ~KVmoM Amho. EH$ CXmhaU åhUyZ
Va Amnë`m ÑîQ>rH$moZm§Mm Am{U `emgmR>r àUmbrH$S>o diy`mV. KoD$, {daßnZ, XmD$X B~«mhr_, Amogm_m ~rZ
KoVboë`m `mo½` à`ËZmMm n[anmH$ AgVmo. bmXoZ Aer {H$Vr Va _mUgm§Mr Zmdo KoVm
{H$VrVar doim AmnU nmhVmo H$mhr _mUgo `emMr ì`m»`m
`oB©b. Am`wî`^a g_mOmnmgyZ Vm|S>
EH$m_mJyZ EH$ AS>Wio nma H$ê$Z `e åhUOo ''C{MV Ü`o`mÀ`m {XeoZo bndm`Mr _a_aM eodQ>r Ë`m§À`m dmQ>çmbm
Am`wî`mVrb Amnbo Ü`o` JmR>VmV. ~mH$sMo C{ÔîQ> àmárgmR>r H$amd`mMm gVVÀ`m Ambr Zm? H$m` Cn`moJ Aem g§nÎmrMm? Voìhm
_mÌ n{hë`mM AS>Wi`mer W~Hy$Z nS>VmV àdmgmMr AZw^yVr.'' hr gd©gmYmaU ì`m»`m `e ho Amnb§ Am{U Amnë`m g_mOmMhr ^b§
Ago H$m? V`ma Pmbr. `m ì`m»`oVrb à_wI g§H$ënZm
g_OmdyZ KoUo _hÎdmMo Amho.
H$aUma Agm`bm hd§.
~è`mM doim Ago {XgVo H$s `e åhUOo C{ÔîQ>o … Am`wî`mV Ü`o` ZgU§ åhUOo
H$m` ho Ë`m§Zm H$iboboM ZgVo. Hw$R>ë`mVar 'C{MV Ü`oo`' … hm eãX Amnë`m _wë` 'AW©ewÝ`' Am`wî` hmo`. Ë`m_wio Am`wî`
AñnîQ> JmoîQ>r_mJo Vo ZwgVo YmdV AgVmV. àUmbrer g§~§YrV Amho. Amnbr _wë`o, {dMma gwH$mUy ZgUmè`m hmoS>rgmaI§ hmoV§.
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011
75

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CVaVmV nU VoWo JmobM Zgë`mg gm_Ý`mMo AmhoV. A„ mCÔrZÀ`m {Xì`mVrb H$aob. BVŠ `m àM§S> eº rMm g§JUH$
H$m` hmoB©b? C{ÔîQ>m_wio Amnë`m à`ËZmV amjgmgmaIm g§JUH$ _mUgmnyT>o hmV OmoSy>Z g¥îQ>rH$Ë`m©Zo Amnë`m àË`oH$mbm ghO
gmVË` `oVo Am{U CËgmh dmT>Vmo. Amnë`m Amkm§Mr dmQ> nhmVmo Amho. Ë`mbm CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbm Amho. AmOÀ`m
Amnbg§ H$ê$Z `mo½` nÜXVrZo dmnab§ Va g§JUH$mÀ`m ^mfoV CÎm_ 'hmS>©doAa' ^m¡{VH$
gVVMm àdmg :
`emMr AZoH$ XmbZo Vmo Amnë`mgmR>r Iybr gmYZ Amnë`mbm AJXr ghO CnbãY Amho.
`emÀ`m àdmgmV H$moUVohr ñWmZH$ H$ê$Z XoB©b. _mUyg g§JUH$mbm _mUgmÀ`m Voìhm `e {_idÊ`mgmR>r AmVm \$Š V JaO
ZgVo. hm àdmg H$moR>ohr Z g§nUmam, Z _|Xynojmhr VmH$XdmZ ~Z{dÊ`mMr ñnßZo nhmV Amho Vr 'gm°âQ>doAaMr' g§JUH$s` àUmbrMr.
Wm§~Umam AgVo. EH$ `e g§nmXZ Ho$bo H$s Agbm Var AmO OJmVbm gJi`mV ~bdmZ AY} A{YH$ H$m_ Va Amnë`m {nË`mZoM
Xygao nwT>o R>odbo OmVo.
Am{U {dñ_`H$maH$ g§JUH$ åhUOo _mUgmMm Ho$boboM Amho. AmVm AmnU øm g§JUH$mMm
_|XyM Amho. _mUgmMm _|Xy àË`oH$ goH§$Xmbm nwaonwa Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amnbr ñdV…Mr
AZw^wVr … `e hr EH$ AZw^yVr Amho. 800 hÿZ A{YH$ JmoîQ>tMr Zm|X KoD$ eH$Vmo g§JUH$s` àUmbr V`ma H$am`bm hdr. ho H$m_
Ë`m_wioM hr AZw^yVr _mUgmJUrH$ doJdoJir Am{U ho, Vmo gVV gw_mao 70 Vo 75 df} Z {OVHo$ CËH¥$îR> hmoB©b {VVHo$ CËH$¥îR> `e
AgUma Amho. Hw$Umbm gd©g§J n[aË`mJ H$ê$Z WH$Vm H$aVmo. _mUgmMm _|Xy åhUOo gw_mao 10 Amnë`mbm g§nmXZ H$aVm `oB©b. AmVm AmnU
{h_mb`mV OmUo `e dmQ>ob Va Hw$Umbm Vo 100 _hmnÙ (Billons) Zm|Xr H$ê$ eH$Umao {dMma H$aUma AmhmoV Vmo åhUOo CÎm_mVrb
{h_mb`m EdT>r g§nÎmr {Z_m©U H$ê$Z g_mOmV _hmZ ^m§S>ma Amho (Store house) _bm CÎm_ g§JUH$s` àUmbr H$er H$aVm `oB©b
ahm`bm AmdS>ob. Ë`m_wio `e ho joÌ Amnë`m _m{hV Agbobm OJmVrb gdm}Îm_ g§JUH$ `mMm. øm àUmbrVrb {eS>rdaÀ`m H$mhr
doJdoJù`m H$m_mV g_mZ AZw^yVr XoUmao Amho.
`emMr àUmbr
g§JUH$s` `wwwJ …
AmnU gÜ`m g§JUH$r` `wJm§V ahmVmo
AmhmoV. øm `wJmV g§JUH$mZo _mUgmÀ`m
Am`wî`mbm IynM JVr AmUbr Amho. nydu
gm_mÝ` _mUgmÀ`mÑpîQ>Zo AJXr AeŠ `
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011
OmñVrV OmñV H$mhr Xebj Zm|Xr H$ê$ _hÎdmÀ`m nm`è`m§Mm {dMma Amnë`mbm
eH$Vmo. (AWm©V ô`mV jUmjUmbm gwYmaUm H$am`Mm Amho. g§JUH$s` àUmbr åhUOo
hmoVo Amho, Var _mZd {Z{_©V g§JUH$mbm _|Xyer 'Amnë`mbm hì`m AgUmè`m JmoîQ>r {_idyZ
ñnYm© H$am`bm AOyZ ~amM H$mi bmJUma
Amho! AmO _mZdmÀ`m e{º$Mm g§JUH$
XoÊ`mgmR>r g§JUH$mg {Xbobo AmkmnÌ'
H$amd`mMm Agob Va A_oarHo$Vrb EHo$ 1) Ádb§V BÀN>m … `emÀ`m {eS>rdaMr n{hbr
H$miÀ`m gdm©V _moR>çm B_maVr BVH$s nm`ar Amho Ádb§V BÀN>m. Oo `e Amnë`mbm
(Empire state building) OmJm bmJob Am[U {_idm`Mo Amho Ë`m~Ôb Amnbo gd©ñd
'C{MV Ü`oo`' hm eãX
_wë` àUmbrer g§~§YrV Amho.
Amnbr _wë`o, {dMma
H$aÊ`mMr {Xem H$er Agmdr
ho 'C{MV' hm eãX XmIdVmo.
AmnU Adb§~bobo _mJ© `mo½`
H$s A`mo½` ho `m eãXmdê$Z
R>aV AgVo. 'C{MV' øm
Ü`o`m_wioM Am`wî`mbm AW©
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gmW©H$VoMr ^mdZm `ooVo. ho
Zgob Va `e \$mob R>aVo.

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amjgmgmaIm g§JUH$
_mUgmnwT>o hmV OmoSy>Z Amnë`m
Amkm§Mr dmQ> nhmVmo Amho.
Ë`mbm Amnbg§ H$ê$Z `mo½`
nÜXVrZo dmnab Va `emMr
AZoH$ XmbZo Vmo Amnë`mgmR>r
Iwbr H$ê$Z XoB©b.
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n`m©` Zmhr. Amnbo B©pßgV gmÜ` H$aÊ`mMr d`ñH$a _mUgmbm {dMmabo, 'hm añVm H$moR>o EH$ CXmhaU nhm. ñdÀN> gw`©àH$me nS>bm
Vi_i hrM Amnë`mbm `emH$S>o ZoUmar à~i OmVmo?' Ë`mda Ë`m d`ñH$a _mUgmZo à{Vàý Amho. Vw_À`m Odi EH$ e[º embr q^J Amho.
àoaUm AgVo. '_mUgmÀ`m _Zm_Ü`o Oo ê$OV§ Ho$bm. ''Vwåhmbm H$moR>o Om`Mo Amho ?'' Vo Oa AmnU gVV ZwgVo _mJo nwT>o H$arV
Am{U _mUyg gVV Oo _ZmV AmUVmo Am{U àdmemMo CÎma ''_bm _m{hV Zmhr'' `mda amhrbmV Va H$m` gmÜ` hmoUma? Ë`m nojm
Ë`mda {dœ mg R>odVmo Vr JmoîQ> _mUyg h_Img d¥ÜXmMo CÎma '' _J H$moUË`mhr añË`mZo Om. q^JmMm àH$me EH$m q~Xwda KoD$Z Ë`m Imbr
gmÜ` H$ê$ eH$Vmo. AË`§{VH$ Vi_i hrM Ë`mZo H$m` \$aH$ nS>Vmo? '' Amnë`mbm Oa H$mJX R>odbm Va Vmo H$mJX noQ> KoB©b. {h VmH$X
H$m`©{gpÜXMr gwadmV AgVo. Ádb§V, à~i {d{eîR> {R>H$mUrM Om`Mo Agob Va Ë`m Ü`o` AgUo Am{U Ë`mgmR>r Zo_Ho$ à`ËZ H$aUo
BÀN>m Zgob Va _mUgmbm ^ì`{Xì` Ag§ {R>H$mUmH$S>o OmUmam Zo_H$m añVmM Yamdm `m§Mr Amho.
H$mhrM gmÜ` H$aVm `oV Zmhr. bmJob. B©pßgV {R>H$mUr nmohMÊ`mgmR>r C{ÔîQ>o
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lr. {Yê$^mB© A§~mZr øm§M CXmhaU ô`m H$aVmV. Amnë`mbm, ÐmoUmMm`m©Zr Ooìhm H$mJ}Zr hm A_oarHo$V Z{e~ AO_dÊ`mgmR>r
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{Z{_ÎmmZo naXoe à`mU. EH$m noQ´>mob n§nmda åhUmbm, ''_bm PmS>, \$m§Úm, nmZo, AmH$me dJ©dmar VrZ JQ>mV H$aVm `oVo.1.Amnbo
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- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011
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Amho Ë`mM ~amo~a Vo H$go H$am`Mo Amho. `mda {ZgJ© H$monmnwT>o H$m` H$aUma ! Aem {ZameoZo Vo hmoVmV.
Amnbr Z S>i_iUmar lÜXm hdr. lÜXm Kar naVV hmoVo. na§Vw M[aÌ Zm`H$ ~m~m H$mhr
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Amnë`mbm H$m` H$am`Mo Amho Ë`mda lÜXm Ambm Zmhr. øm§Zr _mÌ ømMm CÚmoJ MmbyM Va Amnbm AmemdmX åhUOo dmiyMm {H$„ m
R>oD$Z ñdV…bm _XV H$am åhUOo Amnë`mbm R>odbm. H$mhr doimZo nmobrg Am{U H$mhr R>aob. {XdmñdßZ ~KU Am{U ^m~S>r Amem
Oo ìhm`Mo Amho Vo AmnU ìhmb. gaH$mar A{YH$mar VoWo Ambo. Ë`m§Zrhr ~m~m§Zm ~miJU ì`W©M qH$dm e[º Mm Anì`` H$aUma
g_Omd`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. doS>onUm H$ê$Z R>aV.
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011
`e {_idm`Mo Amho Zm? _J Amnbo
ÑpîQ>H$moZ gH$mamË_H$ R>odmd`mg hdoV.
gH$mamË_H$ _Zmod¥ÎmrMm Am{U àoarV ahmÊ`mMm
{ZûM` H$am`bm hdm. à`ËZmMr OmoS> Zgob
Va AmemdmX åhUOo dmiyMm {H$„ m R>aob.
{XdmñdßZ ~KU§ Am{U ^m~S>r Amem ~miJU
ì`W©M qH$dm e[º Mm Anì`` H$aUma R>aV§.

6) {dZmoX ~wÜXr dmnam … Am`wî`mV {dZmoX
{ejUmV JVr Zmhr. Ë`mbm emioV nmR>dy
~wÜXrbm A{Ve` doJio _hËd Amho.
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hmo Vgo Ho$bog Va VwÂ`m S>moŠ `mnojm
OmñV _mooR>m _|Xy VwÂ`m nmoQ>mV Agob.
· EH$m Aê§$X añË`mdê$Z EH$ _mUyg OmV
hmoVm. Xygè`m ~mOyZohr EH$ _mUyg `oV
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H$moUVr hmoVr Vr VrZ dmŠ `?
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nU Am`wî`mbm {Xem XoUmao ho eãX.
· EH$m H$moQ>m©V EH$ IQ>bm Mmby hmoVm. EH$m
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-----------------------
O`àH$me ^mbM§Ð P|S>o
_r AmO Amnbr _wº Vm H aVmo. nU nwÝhm
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- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011 79

Q>oŠZmo goìhr `wdm {nT>r S>m°. XrnH$ {eH$manya
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doJù`m AmhoV. _mJrb {nT>rbm H$mhr PonV gmYÊ`mMr gw{dYm {_imbr Amho AmO AmnU g§JUH$mÀ`m {H$§_Vr CVaV Agë`mZo Ë`mhr
ZmhrV d ~è`mM H$iVnU ZmhrV . Ë`m§Zm gd©OU EH$m OmJ{VH$ IoS>çmMo C\©$ ½bmo~b joÌm_Ü`o \$ma _moR>r dmT> Am{U {dH$mg {XgyZ
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011
81

82
`oUma Amho. _m{hVr V§ÌkmZ joÌmVë`m Aem AmOKS>rbm Amnbm ^maV Xoe EH$m H$ê$ Am{U øm _mo{h_oV Amnbo bT>dæ`o
gmYZm§_wio EH$ ZdrZM B-OrdZe¡br g§H$«_UmdñWoVyZ OmVmo Amho. gÜ`m {d{dY AgVrb ho Hw$eb _mohaoåhUOo Amnbo
CX`mbm `oVo Amho. øm àH$maÀ`m OrdZe¡brV AmKmS>çm§daÀ`m àJVrMm {H$§dm {dH$mgmMm doJ OmJ{VH$ H$m¡eë`o AmË_gmV Ho$bobo `wdm
BboŠ Q>«m°{ZH$ nÕVrZo AZoH$ gmo`rgw{dYm {H$§{MV _§Xmdë`mgmaIm {XgVmo Amho Iam. _Zwî`~i. øm _mohè`m§Zm _r ì`mdgmB©H$
CnbãY hmoUma AmhoV Am{U _m{hVr Va _§XrMo T>J AOyZhr {j{VOmda a|JmiV AmhoV. H$_m§S>mo åhUVmo . _mÂ`m Ñï>rZo Am`Q>r øm
H$moR>ohr d H$Yrhr {_iob. {edm` IaoXr nU gJioM {MÌ {ZamemOZH$ Z¸$sM Zmhr. eãXà`moJmMm AW© Amho B§{S>`mO² Q>°b|Q>.
Ka~gë`m hmoB©b Am{U n¡emMo hñVm§VaU {dH$mgmMm, dmT>rMm, CËnmXZmMm doJ _§Xmdbm
~±Ho$V Z OmVm. Amho na§Vw Wm§~bobm Zmhr. hr AdñWm bdH$aM Amnë`m XoemMr dmT>Vr bmoH$g§»`m hr
OmB©b. OJmV Aem arVrZo {Ma§VZ {H$§dm n{hë`mnmgyZ EH$ \$ma _moR>r g_ñ`m _mZbr
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godmgw{dYm Hw$ebVoZo nwadÊ`mV ^maV OmñV ~mD$ H$ê$ Z`o. H$maU øm n{apñWVrVyZ R>odÊ`mgmR>r, {d{dY Cnm`hr 25-30
AmKmS>rda Amho. AmO AmnU Amnë`m ~mhoa `oÊ`mgmR>r Am{U X¡{Xß`_mZ `e dfmªnydu Ho$bo Jobo AmhoV Hw$Qw>§~{Z`moOZ,
^maVmÀ`m bmoH$g§»`oMm \$m`Xm H$ê$Z KoD$ {_idÊ`mgmR>r Or ~m~ Iè`m AWm©Zo Zg~§XrÀ`m eó{H$«`m dJ¡ao. Ë`m H$mimVbr
eH$Vmo. ìhr{S>Amo, ìhm°Bg d So>Q>m ({MÌ, ÜdZr Amdí`H$ Amho Vr Amnë`mH$So> _moR>çm {dMmaàUmbr doJir hmoVr Am{U Ë`m_wioM øm
d _m{hVr) øm VrÝhtÀ`m g§J_mVyZ EH$ ZdrZ à_mUmV CnbãY Amho - n¡gm Zìho Va {d{dY BVŠ `m _moR>çm bmoH$g§»`obm {ejU Am{U
joÌ Iwbo Pmbo Amho AmBg C\©$ Am`grB© H$m¡eë`o AmË_gmV Ho$bobr _mUgo C\©$ à{ejU XoD$Z {VMm dmna OmJ{VH$ nmVirda
åhUOo BÝ\$_}eZ, H$å`w{ZHo$eZ E°±S> {ñH$ëS> _°Znm°da. gZ 2030 n`ªV AmnU Am{W©H$ gÎmm {_idÊ`mgmR>r H$aVm `oB©b ho
E§Q>aQ>oZ_|Q>.AmO nwZ… EH$Xm Zì`m `wJmMr EH$m {dH${gV XoemMo ZmJ{aH$ Agy ho Z¸$s \$mago H$moUmbm gwMbo Zmhr.
"AmBg EO' AdVabr Amho Ago åhUVm Am{U Ë`mVyZ AmnU EH$m doJù`m _mJm©Zo -
`oB©b! øm_Ü`o g§dmXmMo ê$nm§Va {bnrV Am{U OJmda amÁ`hr H$ê$ eHy$. Ë`mgmR>r bîH$a, AmO _mÌ doJù`m {XeoZo {dMma H$ê$Z
{bpIV _OHw$amMo ghOnUo g§dmXmV hmoB©b. amOH$maU, n¡gm øm Jmoï>tMr Amdí`H$Vm Zmhr Amnë`mH$So> ^anya à_mUmV Agboë`m øm
^mfm§VamMohr {ZH$f ~XbVrb Am{U AZoH$ H$s Zì`mZo EImXr B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H$§nZr ñWmnyZ _Zwî`~imMm `mo½`arVrZo dmna H$aÊ`mMr doi
ZdrZ g§Yr CX`mbm `oD$Z V§ÌkmZmMm \$m`Xm _wbwI nmXmH$«m§V H$aÊ`mMrhr JaO Zmhr. Ambr Amho. Vê$UdJm©Mr BVH$s _moR>r g§»`m
A{e{jVm§n`ªVhr nmohmoMob. AmnU EH$ Am{W©H$ _hmgÎmm hmoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Agbobo \$maM WmoSo> Xoe OJmV AmhoV.
Vê$UdJm©Mr BVH$s _moR>r g§»`mAgbobo \$maM WmoSo> Xoe OJmV AmhoV. OJmVrb ~hwg§»` Xoem§_Yë`m
ZmJ{aH$m§Mo gamgar d`mo_mZ dmT>V Mmbbo Amho Am{U PnmQ>çmZo _Ü`_d`rZ ~ZUmè`m øm OJmVbm \$ma
_moR>m VéUmB©Mm gmR>m Amnë`mH$So> Amho. hr \$ma _hÎdmMr O_oMr ~mOy Amho.
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011

XO}Xma ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejU
XoUmè`m g§ñWm§Mo à_mU
dmT>ë`mg d gaH$mar
nmVirdahr nwaogo à`ËZ
Am{U dMZ~ÕVm {Xgbr,
Va gdmªZmM amoOJma
{_iUohr eŠ ` hmoB©b.
OJmVrb ~hwg§»` Xoem§_Yë`m ZmJ{aH$m§Mo `oD$Z A^yVnyd© `e {_idV AmhoV _w»` bmoH$g§»`m ho XoemnwT>Mo \$ma _moR>o g§H$Q> R>aob.
gamgar d`mo_mZ dmT>V Mmbbo Amho Am{U åhUOo AmOÀ`m øm CÚmoOH$m§Zm
PnmQ>çmZo _Ü`_d`rZ ~ZUmè`m øm OJmVbm OmJ{VH$sH$aU, ñnYm© BË`mXtMr ^rVr dmQ>V gd©àW_ AmnUm§g {ejUm~m~VMr
\$ma _moR>m VéUmB©Mm gmR>m Amnë`mH$So> Amho. Zmhr! CbQ> nyd©Om§À`m gwa{jV H$moem§VyZ d ~§X {deofV… Cƒ {ejU nma§n{aH$ {dMmanÕVr
hr \$ma _hÎdmMr O_oMr ~mOy Amho. øm {H$„ ²`m§VyZ ~mhoa nSy>Z Vo AmO OJmVë`m Q>mHy$Z XoD$Z {ejUmbm _wº$ H$amdo bmJob.
Vê$UdJm©bm `mo½` à{ejU {Xbo Jobo H$s, {d{dY H$§nÝ`m YS>mŠ `mZo {dH$V KoV AmhoV ~XbË`m H$mimZwgma {ejUnÕVrhr bd{MH$
Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z XoemÀ`m AW©H$maUmV _moR>o {H$§dm Ë`m§À`mer Am{W©H$-Vm§{ÌH$ ghH$m`© Am{U ~XbË`m JaOm doJmZo gm_mdyZ KoUmar
gH$mamË_H$ ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUVm `oVrbM H$ê$Z _moR>çm à_mUmV Jw§VdUyH$ H$aV AmhoV! Agm`bm hdr. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo \$m`Xo hdo
{edm` ho Vê$UVê$Ur OmJ{VH$ nmVirda AË`§V AmË_{dœ mgmZo d XyaÑï>rZo! AmO AgVrb Va Amnë`m _wbm_wbtZm OmJ{VH$
H$m_ H$aVrb Voìhm ^anya n¡gm H$_mdVrb `oWrb Am`Q>r CÚmoJmÀ`m {dñVmam_wio nmVirda dmnaë`m OmUmè`m ^mfm
Am{U Ë`mn¡H$s _moR>m {hñgm, ~MVrÀ`m ê$nmZo, ^maVmbm Am{e`mVrb {g{bH$m°Z ìh°br _mZbo {eH$dÊ`mMo H$m_ `wÕnmVirda hmVr ¿`mdo
Vo ^maVmVM naV nmR>dVrb. ømZo ^maVmMo OmVo Vo CJrM Zmhr. ømZ§Va Amnë`mH$So> øm bmJob. Amnë`mH$S>rb `wdH$dJm©n`ªV
gH$b CËnÞ åhUOoM OrS>rnr VgoM ZdrZ kmZ d CÚmoJemIm§Mo {dñVmarH$aU OmJ{VH$ nmVirdaÀ`m amoOJmam§Mr Mmhyb
CËnmXH$Vmhr dmT>ob Am{U BWë`m ~m`moQ>oŠ Zm°bm°Or, _o{S>H$b gm`Ýg VgoM nmohmoMbr H$s Vo B§{½be, ñn°{Ze, \«$|M
Vê$UdJm©À`m {Z{_©{Vj_ _Zmbm g§Yrhr V§ÌkmZmÀ`m BVa ~m~t_Ü`o - gwê$ hmoB©b. øm§gma»`m ^mfm {eH$m`bm \$º$ V`ma
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ñnYm©Ë_H$ j_Vm dmT>ob Am{U {eH$boë`m àM§S> à_mUmda {ejH$ bmJVrb ho Iao Amho
AmO ^maVmV {XgUmè`m n{adV©Zm§_Ü`o VéU {nT>rbm amoOJmamMr _moR>r g§Yr {Z_m©U na§Vw Zo_Š `m ømM {R>H$mUr AmnU B-{ejU,
Am{U KS>m_moS>t_Ü`o øm _mZdr ^m§S>dbmMm hmoB©b. XO}Xma ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejU XoUmè`m Am^mgr emim (ìhÀ`w©Ab Š bmgê$_) Aem
\$ma _moR>m {hñgm Va AmhoM na§Vw _hÎdmMo g§ñWm§Mo à_mU dmT>ë`mg d gaH$mar ~m~tMm dmna H$ê$ eH$Vmo! _m{hVr V§ÌkmZåhUOo
Joë`m H$mhr dfmªVë`m EH$§Xa ApñWa nmVirdahr nwaogo à`ËZ Am{U dMZ~ÕVm gj{_V {ejUnÕVrMm AmnUm§g _moR>m
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Cn`moJ hmoUma Amho. _m{hVr V§ÌkmZ, EH$ ì`º$s naXoer MbZ H$_drV Agë`mZo
Xyag§Mma, O¡dV§ÌkmZ, Amamo½`... g§nyU©nUo AWm©V øm \$ma _moR>çm g§YrMm \$m`Xm Ë`m amÁ`mMm Moham_mohamM ~Xbbm Amho.
H$mV Q>mH$boë`m {H$§dm Zì`mZo da Amboë`m øm {_idÊ`mgmR>r AmnUm§ gdmªZmM _Zmod¥Îmr _hmamï´>mV ho KS>dUo A{O~mV AeŠ ` Zmhr
joÌm§H$So> ZOa Q>mH$m åhUOo AmnUm§g \$aH$ Am{U H$m_mMr nÕV ~Xbmdr bmJob. Vgo na§Vw, eoVrda Adb§~yZ amhUo H$_r H$am Ago
Z¸$sM OmUdob. ømIoarO àñWm{nV Pmbo Zmhr Va _mÌ, YmoaUm§À`m A§_b- Vê$Um§Zm gm§JVmZm, amoOJmamMm Ë`mhyZ
CÚmoJjoÌm§_Ü`ohr Zdo YS>mS>rMo CÚmoOH$ ~OmdUrVë`m gwñV d g§WnUm_wio, Mm§Jbm n`m©` Ë`m§Zm XoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011
83

84
AmnU Amnë`mH$S>rb àË`oH$
Q>oŠ Zmo goìhr VéU-VéUr_Ybr
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XOm©~m~VMr \$ma _moR>r {M§Vm Va {_Q>obM AmoiIyZ Ë`m§Mm {dH$mg H$ê$ eH$bmo Am{U H$maU ZdrZ àH$maÀ`m ì`dñWo_Ü`o,
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øm _mJm©Zo Xoe^amVë`m XyaXyaÀ`m hOmamo JaO Zmhr. øm AZmo»`m `wÕm_Ybo Amnbo \$mQ>m {_iUma Amho.
{dÚmÏ`mªZm, dmOdr {H$§_VrV, Cƒ OdmZ åhUOo Amnë`mH$S>Mr 18 Vo 25 df}
{ejUmH$So> diUo eŠ ` `oB©b. {eH$boë`m d`m_Ybr _wbo_wbr. Ë`m§À`m A§J^yV nwT>rb XeH$m_Ü`o AmnUm§ gdmªÀ`m
bmoH$m§Mo d amoOJmam§Mo à_mU dmT>bo Am{U H$m¡eë`m§Mm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mH$So> AmnU ImOJr VgoM H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUÀ`m
Ë`mVyZ gdmªZm n¡gm {_iy bmJbm H$s IamoIarM `wÕnmVirda bj {Xbo Va OrdZe¡brV _moR>o ~Xb hmoUma AmhoV.
^maVmVë`m EH$§Xa gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaUmV ^{dî`mV Amnbm Xoe \$ma doJim {Xgob. _mÌ {dgmì`m eVH$mV Oo Zr{V{Z`_ {H$§dm YmoaUo
\$aH$ nSo>b, em§VVm Zm§Xob d EH$s dmT>ob. Ë`mgmR>r gdmªZmM {ejUm~m~VMr Amnbr bmJy hmoVr Vr ^{dî`H$mimV H$m_mg `oUma
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011

ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio "AZw^dr' AgÊ`mMr KmVboë`m ømn{adV©Zm§Mr {Xem g_OyZ
g§H$ënZmM ~XbUma Amho - åhUOo Ago KoD$Z _wbm_wbtZm {ejU XoÊ`m~m~VÀ`m
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Socio-biological basis of corruption –
Relevance to the corporate world
Anil K. Rajvanshi
Corruption is nothing new in our annually because of corruption. One is country's fabric. Since there is no
society or in any other not sure of the source or the veracity of governance, firefighting by the ruling
community of the world. As long these numbers but the fact remains that elite is the order of the day and is done
as humans are greedy, graft will always they are large. on whatever comes in their field of vision
remain. In a celebrated story in the as dictated mostly by TV news media.
Panchatantra - the ancient Indian fable, Recently huge amounts of cash and
the greed of a jackal makes the lion kill jewellery have been unearthed in so Non-governance also leads to
his best friend the bull. And the whole called ashrams and mandirs. Even terrorism which affects the financial
delightful story is about how slowly but “godmen” are not immune to corruption! health of the country and has a direct
surely the cunning jackal seduces the Since huge money is involved in bearing on corporate India. Thus it is in
lion into thinking that the bull, his best mandirs it is quite possible that in the the interest of corporate India to work for
friend is his greatest enemy! In the same near future we may even have a Ministry and further the cause of a corruptionway
the nexus of corrupt politicians, of Mandir Affairs! free society.
some corporate houses, builders and
others have systematically looted the The first casualty of corruption is The greed that fuels bribery also
system and the country. governance. Most of the problems that shows up in other things. For example, a
our country faces today, have come top corporate honcho apparently flies to
Even in the so called developed about because of non-governance. New York frequently in his private plane
countries corruption exists, but at high Right from the top to the bottom rules just in order to indulge in four hours of
levels. What is lamentable in India is the are flouted with impunity. This also leads shopping! His state-of-the-art jet is used
amount, depth and pervasiveness of to a free-for-all situation, which further by all top politicians.
corruption. According to Ms.Kiran Bedi fuels corruption and this is the reason
India loses about Rs. 72,000 crores why it has seeped so deeply into our
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90
This is also a classic case of did not happen overnight but is a result delays. Besides bribes are given to
collusion between the corporate world of the slow and steady deterioration of avoid hassles since the laws and rules
and corrupt politicians. Another public life and hence the cancer of of this country, unfortunately are such
corporate bigwig lives in a house costing corruption has spread very deeply. And that government officials have an
Rs. 4,500 crores while all around his n o w w i t h m o d e r n m e a n s o f enormous power to harass and cause
multi-storey residence are poor people's communication like mobile phones, pain to ordinary citizens making their
huts! The splurging of wealth and the twitter, internet etc., people have lives miserable.
extravagant lifestyle of corporate India become aware of it and are getting
is creating a huge disparity in the organized against it. This has created a Nevertheless we always have a
population and could be an engine of critical mass of anger and frustration tendency to blame the officers of these
corruption and civil strife. and hence the general outcry that you organizations and the government but
presently hear. never ourselves, though corruption is a
As well-known journalist , P. Sainath two-way street. The acceptor of graft
has said, the fastest growing sector in Maybe we need to take a pledge to and its giver are both responsible for
India is not the service sector or the IT get rid of corruption from our country. corruption. As individuals we are
sector but the 'inequality sector'! The We cannot do it in one day but becoming therefore equally responsible for this
rise of the Maoist and Naxalite aware of it and thinking about how and sorry state of affairs.
movements in one third of the country what we can do individually will greatly
could be a direct outcome of this help in this clean-up process. There are nearly 1 billion adults in
inequality. this country and each one will have a
Almost all of us regularly face an story to tell about corruption and may
One also wonders how the great occasion where somebody either in the even have a theory on how to stop it.
tradition of patriotic freedom fighters railways, in income tax offices, in banks, However I feel that most of the remedies
who were honest and honourable in the RTO, or in almost every place for stopping corruption like making
people, and who lived very simply, gave where we have to deal with an better and harsher laws are like
way to extremely dishonest, unsavoury, organization or government office, asks ointments which superficially and
and corrupt politicians living an for a bribe. Too often the justification for momentarily stop the pain but never
ostentatious lifestyle far removed from giving a bribe is to expedite the process cure the cause of pain. It is worth noting
their constituency. This transformation since bureaucratic red tape causes long that there are already enough laws to
We always have a
tendency to blame
the officers of the
government but
never ourselves,
though corruption is
a two-way street. The
acceptor of graft and
its giver are both
responsible for
corruption. As
individuals we are
therefore equally
responsible for this
sorry state of affairs.
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Most of the
remedies for
stopping corruption
like making better
and harsher laws are
like ointments which
superficially and
momentarily stop the
pain but never cure
the cause of pain.
stop corruption provided they are evolved and yet have created the consumption will put much less
implemented properly. In the absence of biggest problem of totally unsustainable pressure on the earth's resources,
governance, making more laws may not lifestyles fuelled by greed. besides reducing environmental
be very productive. pollution substantially. However it can
For example most Indians aspire to be possible only if we reduce our greed
I will therefore try to present a point the lifestyle prevalent in western nations by becoming spiritual and follow the
of view of why we as individuals become which is consumptive, energy-intensive maxim of “simple living and high
greedy for materials and resources and and unsustainable. Thus in the U.S. the thinking”.
how we can modify and use the 'greed' per capita energy consumption is 350
emotion for pursuing better causes. GJ/yr, whereas in India it is as low as 18 The basis of greed is desire. Desire
Because once we understand the cause GJ/yr. If each citizen of India tries to manifests itself in different forms like
only then can we take corrective steps. imitate an American lifestyle then the lust, aim, ambition, control, goal, etc.
whole world's energy and material However, the driving force is the same –
Most of the thoughts have come resources will be needed just for India. power, fame and money and I think it
from my own experiences while trying to Besides being unsustainable, this ultimately boils down to control and
live a simple, sustainable and holistic life lifestyle will also lead to corruption, hence power. Some also call it an ego
in rural Maharashtra. disparity and other consequent social trip.
problems. Hence the control of greed
Genesis of corruption for resources and energy or better still As our brains develop right from our
All of us aspire to have a good life the sublimation of greed into higher birth, the fast expanding neuron
and happiness. There are as many values like humility and simplicity can numbers have to form memory
definitions of happiness as there are lead to sustainability, happiness and a p a t h w a y s . T h i s p r o c e s s i s
people. But generally people want to rewarding life. accomplished by sensory perception
have their basic needs taken care of where the inputs from the senses help
which includes a decent place to live, I believe an emotionally satisfying form the memory. We are therefore
mobility, good education for their lifestyle is possible with much less hardwired to increase our experience
children, clean environment, a energy than is consumed by an average and memories. This is the basis of
challenging workplace, wholesome U.S. citizen. Thus an energy desire. Hence desire and brain are
entertainment and enough money to consumption of 40-60 GJ/person/yr or interlinked. As long as the brain exists
meet their usual daily requirements. one-seventh of that of the US can there will always be desire.
These are the issues around which provide a decent and emotionally
modern industrial societies have satisfying lifestyle. This type of energy Desire is fueled by experience. A
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91

living being wants to experience the While on the other hand a weaker knots or stresses which have the
world. This is an inherent trait of all life brain needs to possess a lot more things mechanism of perennially directing the
forms. We are wired for experience. The for fulfillment of desires and this leads to brain to them and creating anger,
urge for maximization of experience greed. Therefore to live a sustainable frustration and hence depression. This
fuels desire. Whether the desire is for life it is necessary to have a powerful happens because the thought
sex, money, fame, power etc., it is driven brain processor. production is channeled or influenced
by the same need to maximize by the existing memories. If the brain
experience. Desire is a useful and necessary has more memory knots of unfulfilled
emotion. It allows us to achieve desires then the new thoughts will be
One of the outcomes of desire is something and be active. Without desire centered and focused around them
possession. We feel a need to possess we will be lifeless. However what we leading to anger and frustration.
whatever we desire whether it is a need to do is to satiate or channelise our
person, object or even an idea. desires so that they get fulfilled without A stressed mind also gets angry
Possession helps in the maximization of too much taxing of resources, materials very fast. Anger is an emotion, which
experience. As we absorb experience and energy. occurs when things don't happen the
through our senses, the brain processes way we want them to happen. Thus a
this information. It is during this process Satiation of desire requires energy powerful processor or mind which can
that we decide whether our desires are and material resources and excessive coolly and calmly look at and evaluate
fulfilled or not. Fulfillment of desires desire leads to greed and hence to non- all the possibilities (deep thought helps
therefore helps us in releasing the sustainability. A person's wisdom helps do that) may have better conflict and
“possessions”. A powerful processor or to keep a check on desires. In its anger resolution capabilities than a
the mind can get its desires fulfilled quite absence the mind goes into an ever- shallow-thinking mind. Thus insecurity
easily without physically possessing the expanding spiral of greed and excess. and anger may be related.
objects of desire. Unresolved desires produce memory
As our brains
develop right from our
birth, the fast
expanding neuron
numbers have to form
memory pathways. This
process is
accomplished by
sensory perception
where the inputs from
the senses help form
the memory. We are
therefore hardwired to
increase our experience
and memories. This is
the basis of desire.
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93

For example we can wear
only one shirt and one
trouser at a time so what is
the need for 100 shirts and
trousers? Similarly we can
live in one house or drive
one car. So what is the need
to have many houses and a
dozen cars? A powerful
mind can resolve these
issues and this leads to a
sustainable lifestyle.
How to reduce greed and achieve is carried out regularly and continuously also becomes acutely aware and
happiness for a long time, it leads our mind away sensitive to its surroundings.
Happiness is a state of mind. We from our insecurities and hence gives us Awareness happens because of the
feel happy and enjoy life through our a feeling of calmness, well being and need for maximization of experience
senses and the mind. The brain happiness. and the brain seeks ever expanding
processes the information from the spheres of experience. Thus it is able to
senses and our level of happiness is The insecurity of human beings expand its horizons to encompass our
dictated by its processing power. A comes when they have nothing to do. world, solar system and universe. This
powerful brain (the processor) which “An empty mind is the devil's workshop” expansion gives us a tremendous sense
produces deep thought can therefore is an old saying. Thus activities such as of peace, tranquility and perspective on
extract more information from the hoarding of wealth and material goods our life. This is the genesis of wisdom.
sensory signals and can give us more are the result of a shallow mind. Such a This awareness and sensitivity to
happiness since the mind gets satisfied mind seeks enjoyment and gets it in surroundings is also the genesis of
easily. Besides it can look at a greater activities like binge shopping for Ahimsa or non-violence since this
number of eventualities and hence can example. A powerful mind is capable of makes all life sacred. Wisdom and nonresolve
issues amicably. A smaller finding enjoyment within and makes a violence towards nature help us in living
processor obviously needs many more person self-contented and happy. Thus sustainably and not becoming corrupt.
inputs to reach the same enjoyment or the act of accumulation or hoarding of
satisfaction level. Thus weaker brains anything is a sign of a lower intelligence How to produce a powerful
need more resources to occupy them level since it is driven by the fear of processor?
and this leads to greed and losing out or not having enough. For Focusing on a single thought or a
unsustainable lifestyle. example we can wear only one shirt and desired object for a long time is the
one trouser at a time so what is the need essence of yoga (called Sanyam in
A powerful brain or a processor also for 100 shirts and trousers? Similarly we Patanjali Yoga). This is also called
changes the priorities in life and helps in can live in one house or drive one car. concentration, meditation or dhyan.
focusing on achieving personal So what is the need to have many Success in any field is directly
happiness through mental peace rather houses and a dozen cars? A powerful proportional to concentration. All great
than satisfaction of material needs. mind can resolve these issues and this ideas, thoughts, inventions have come
Such a brain allows us to think deeply leads to a sustainable lifestyle. about by people who had the power of
and concentrate during which we can intense concentration. Sanyam on any
get lost in processing that information. One of the aspects of a powerful idea or object also produces happiness.
When concentration on a single thought processor and an evolved brain is that it A possible mechanism could be that this
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96
concentration somehow helps stimulate about something. The pace of life an active child is very powerful and in
or tickle the pituitary gland and gives us together with information overload from the absence of any structured thought or
a sense of well being. TV, radio and other electronic media is focus, starts a movie of imagination.
creating a new generation of humans Once this movie is started then there is a
M e d i t a t i o n a n d i n c r e a s e d with very short time-span focus. Deep continuous flow of thoughts in this
concentration not only help produce a thought requires energy, application direction and the movie gets bigger and
powerful processor but also have a and the will to achieve it. Short attention bigger till it takes on a life of its own.
tremendous impact on the physical span does not require much effort and Children do it because it is the genesis
body. A large body of scientific data now hence is easy on the mind. of deep thought and brings happiness to
exists which shows the beneficial them.
effects of meditation on heart, blood However if we consciously create in However for this free flow
pressure and a whole horde of modern our children from a very early age, the imagination to take place it is necessary
ailments. Besides it is a great stress desire to read which will help them t h a t c h i l d r e n a r e c h a l l e n g e d
reliever. Modern lifestyle produces cultivate the habit of imagination and intellectually. This puts a heavy onus on
tremendous conflict in the mind and daydreaming, then there is a chance of teachers. How to have excellent
creates mental stress. Meditation creating a society which is more focused teachers who inspire and instill in young
therefore helps in relieving the stress. and happy. Thus if children are trained children a desire to learn, think deeply
right from kindergarten on how to make and have a sense of what is wrong and
One is never too old to learn their minds powerful and focus on what is right, is a great challenge for all
meditation. To become better human reading, thinking and contemplation of us. Nevertheless it is worth pursuing
beings we should therefore learn to then we can create a gentler and more for the betterment of future India.
cultivate deep thought and focus. So sustainable society. The small individual
how do we create the conditions for us to step for a corruption-free society I must also add that too often
think deeply and produce a powerful therefore starts with school. morality is brought into play to stop
brain? Today's society does not put a Children who have an active corruption. It is a common refrain that
premium on reading or thinking deeply imagination daydream a lot. The brain of because the moral fibre of the society is
I must also add that too
often morality is brought
into play to stop
corruption. It is a common
refrain that because the
moral fibre of the society is
fractured or weak it leads
to corruption. Morality is
fine if it is based on
universal truths. When it is
based on human laws
which are not acceptable to
all then bringing morality
to bear on reducing
corruption can lead to
more mental knots.
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Warren Buffet, the great American philanthropist has given most of his
wealth to charities. He lives a simple but decent life and feels that wealth
should be used for helping our less unfortunate brethren. He seems to be
following Gandhiji's trusteeship model in which the Mahatma had mooted
the idea that the generation of wealth by the corporate world should be
done for maximum good and not for personal benefit and grandeur. Closer
to home, Jamshedji Tata, a first generation industrialist, was another such
great philanthropist.
fractured or weak it leads to corruption. more effort to remove the stigma and Once the people who head the
Morality is fine if it is based on universal p e r c e p t i o n o f c o r r u p t i o n a n d corporations have their greed in check
truths. When it is based on human laws insensitivity to the plight of poor people. I they can then contribute tremendously
which are not acceptable to all then believe the corporate world has to the betterment of society. Without
bringing morality to bear on reducing tremendous power to reduce corruption wisdom and a powerful brain processor
corruption can lead to more mental and help in sustainable development. the captains of industry get caught up in
knots. A simpler mechanism is that They control the mass media which can number games. The result is that they
once the greed impulse is reduced, life be a great agent of change. In a modern do not care about how they can make a
becomes simpler and there is no need to democratic society the mass media can difference to the lives of unfortunate
hoard goods and resources. This play a vital role in educating people to fellow beings. One of the aspects of a
automatically reduces corruption. live sustainably and highlight the corrupt powerful and sensitive mind is that it
practices of various agencies and makes you humble. Thus you do not do
Relevance for the corporate world individuals. It is trying to do so but in a things to show off and keep up with the
Today the corporate world is limited way and much more needs to be Joneses. This helps one focus on issues
presented in pretty poor light. done. of greater good. An insensitive mind on
Corporate bigwigs are considered to be the other hand gets its high from
at the root of corruption by colluding with The corporate world is a part of numbers and not in creating a better
politicians in land grabbing, shady deals society. It is made up of people like you world.
and parking their ill-gotten wealth and me. If society suffers because of
abroad, among other things. corruption and non-governance then A sensitive mind also becomes
the corporate world will suffer too. Thus empathetic to its surroundings and this
Not all corporations are corrupt. it is in their interest to be very active in gives rise to the desire to give back
Nevertheless they will have to put in a lot reducing corruption. something to the society and help less
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Warren Buffet Jamshedji Tata
rural poor and marginalized people
being brought into mainstream
development. That can only happen
when goods and services to improve
their quality of life are provided at
reasonable cost, something that the
corporate world can do easily if they
reduce their greed.
The corporate world can also take
lessons from the history of the freedom
movement, during which major
industrialists of India wholeheartedly
fortunate fellow beings. All around us There are few corporate leaders supported Gandhiji's program by
are examples of poverty. Around 60% of worldwide who follow this philosophy. providing intellectual and financial
our rural population lives in primitive Warren Buffet the great American capital to it. There were many greedy
conditions. They have no electricity, no philanthropist has given most of his industrialists and people with means
safe drinking water and cook on wealth to charities. He lives a simple but during Gandhiji's time too, but he gave
primitive biomass stoves. Their lives are decent life and feels that wealth should them a higher purpose in life of being a
stuck in the dark ages. Besides the poor be used for helping our less unfortunate part of freedom movement. This helped
quality of energy and devices available brethren. He seems to be following a large population sublimate their greed
to them, indoor air pollution caused by Gandhiji's trusteeship model in which to the greater cause of securing
cooking on biomass stoves kills about 4 the Mahatma had mooted the idea that independence for India.
lakh people in rural India every year. the generation of wealth by the
corporate world should be done for
An enlightened corporate world can maximum good and not for personal
provide goods, services and solutions to benefit and grandeur. Closer to home,
improve their quality of life and bring this Jamshedji Tata, a first generation
huge mass of people into the industrialist, was another such great
mainstream development process. This philanthropist. There is a need for
can only happen when they reduce their captains of the present Indian corporate
greed for enormous profits. The world to follow these examples.
corporate world which has the
resources, funds and capabilities can Finally it is a sobering thought to
therefore play a vital role in this process. consider that the numbers and time are
I believe that the whole purpose of our on the side of the rural population. The
existence is to increase personal and recent events in the Middle East and the
societal infrastructure. Personal spread of the Maoist movement in the
I think helping the 60% rural population
infrastructure includes personal health, country have shown that a population
to improve their quality of life could be a
happiness and general well being. By which has information available through
new higher purpose. Thus the corporate
improving our personal infrastructure mass media like TV or cell phones etc. world helping in this process, together
we become better human beings and it but with no means of improving their with reduction in their greed can play an
helps in our emotional growth and lives can create very unstable
extremely important role in building a
evolution. conditions which are not conducive to
sustainable, happy and great India.
the economic growth of the country.
----------------------------------------------------
By giving back something to the
Mr. Anil Rajvanshi is Director, Nimbkar
society so that its infrastructure It is therefore in the interest of the Agricultural Research Institute (NARI)
increases we help in mankind's corporate world to engage these Phaltan, Maharashtra.
evolution. Both these activities when marginalized people because it is
carried out simultaneously can give us possible that India Inc will not progress
great joy and satisfaction. or even survive without these 60% of
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99

Series on Innovative Thoughts (Part 4)
Inclusive
Innovation :
The Game
Changer
Dr. Raghunath. Mashelkar
Why Inclusive Innovation For achieving truly inclusive If the MLM paradigm is made into a
Innovation today is widely innovation, we will have to cater to the reality then the poor can potentially have
recognized as a major source of needs of 4 billion people, whose income the same functional and emotional
competitiveness and economic growth levels are less than US $ 2 per day. For experience as the rich have for a fraction
for all countries – advanced and this, we need to make some paradigm of the price.
emerging economies alike. Its shifts. For instance, when we achieve
significant role in creating jobs, more (performance) by using less The challenge of serving these
generating incomes and improving (resources) for more (people) then billions of people lies in moving from ‘low
living standards is now well-understood. alone can we create ‘inclusive growth’. cost’ to ‘ultra low cost’ and from
However, instead of viewing innovation Let us call this “more from less for ‘incremental innovation’ to ‘disruptive
strictly in terms of competitiveness and more people” paradigm as an MLM innovation’, so that not just ‘affordable’
as a strategy to support high value- paradigm. but ‘extremely affordable’ products and
added employment, it should also be services can be created for these
conceived as a means of promoting The Challenge of MLM billions.
‘inclusive growth’. Inclusive growth The objective of MLM kind of
embraces the have-nots and brings innovation cannot be just to produce low Let us illustrate this challenge
them into the mainstream of the performance, cheap knock-off versions further. To how many of the following
economic system as customers, of rich country technologies so that they questions can we answer in the
e m p l o y e e s , d i s t r i b u t o r s a n d can be marketed to poor people. Rather, affirmative?
intermediaries. Inclusive growth will the objective is to harness sophisticated • Can we make a Hepatitis-B vaccine
lead to resource-poor people gaining science and technology know-how to priced at US$20 per dose available
access to essential necessities of life at invent, design, produce and distribute at a price that is 40 times less?
affordable prices. Inclusive growth can high performance technologies at prices • Can we make an artificial foot priced
be accelerated through inclusive that can be afforded by the majority of at US$10,000 available at a price
innovation. people. that is 300 times less?
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104
• Can we make a high quality cataract was such that the price of US $ 2,000 MLM through Business Process
eye surgery available, not at was emphasized with all departments, Innovation: Indian Telecom
US$3,000, but at a price that is 100 n a m e l y d e s i g n , d e v e l o p m e n t , The telecom industry revolution in
times less? production, materials, logistics and India, specifically in wireless
• Can we make a mobile phone call at sales. communication, is another example of
not 8 cents per minute but at a price MLM, with brilliant business process
that is 8 times lower? The Tata Nano team drew ideas innovation. This industry now adds
from different sources, from helicopters around 20 million subscribers per
Incredible as it may sound all such to two wheelers. For example, the month. The cost of a minute of a cell
MLM targets have been met in India. Let mechanism of helicopter seats was phone time is less than one cent, the
us explain how this has been achieved used to get a solution for the design of lowest in the world. A mobile handset is
by just citing a few representative Tata Nano seats. The window winding available for as little as US$20. The cost
examples. mechanism was inspired by helicopter of one SMS text message has dropped
windows. The dashboard, fuel lines and down to as little as two by thousandth of
MLM innovations lamps were conceived from two wheeler a dollar!
The MLM challenge involves assemblies.
inclusive innovation centered around This journey began with an
creating extremely affordable products Tata Nano has contemporary audacious dream of a visionary leader
as well as offering extremely affordable styling, spacious interiors and high Dhirubhai Ambani, who challenged his
services through business process standards of performance. Tata Nano team to innovate and bring down the
innovations, workflow innovations and has a rear mounted 624 cc, 35 bhp cost of a phone call to that of a post card
so on. We must remember that engine, a maximum speed of 125 km/hr in India.
innovation is all about doing things with a fuel consumption of 23 km/litre. It
differently to make a big difference. meets the Euro IV emission standards. The Reliance team said that it did
not understand telecom but it did
MLM through Product Innovation: The low cost assembly line of Tata understand refining. So the team used
Tata Nano Nano, the company’s innovative an innovative refining model of telecom.
The idea of Tata Nano was p a r t n e r s h i p w i t h c o m p o n e n t Rather than following the traditional
conceptualized by Ratan Tata himself. manufacturers and the innovative model of purchasing telecom equipment
He gave the young engineers at Tata business model for automobile on a cost per subscriber basis, which
Motors the challenge of designing and dealerships have set new benchmarks meant paying a massive upfront cost
developing a very low cost four wheeler. for the global automobile industry. per subscriber fee to vendors, Reliance
The tight price-performance envelope paid them for the volume of traffic of
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011
The low cost assembly
line of Tata Nano, the
company’s innovative
partnership with
component
manufacturers and the
innovative business
model for automobile
dealerships have set
new benchmarks for
the global automobile
industry.

Airtel broke the telecom
paradigm. It started with two
major conceptual
breakthroughs. It shifted the
focus from Average Revenue
Per User (ARPU) to
contribution per minute and
from vertical integration to
outsourcing. Then it was
creative in operationalizing
these concepts in a
systematic fashion.
voice that flowed through the equipment for the lowest equipment prices in the At a superficial level, Airtel looks
per unit time. world. And this initial movement of every bit like any other telecom firm. But
providing value for money drastically Airtel broke the telecom paradigm. It
Reliance also pioneered some reduced the prices and costs to the started with two major conceptual
groundbreaking marketing strategies ultra-low levels that we have achieved breakthroughs. It shifted the focus from
including free text messages, free today by leading companies like Airtel. Average Revenue Per User (ARPU) to
phones, free incoming calls and more. contribution per minute and from vertical
With the entry of Reliance, outgoing call Indeed, the remarkable success of integration to outsourcing. Then it was
rates dropped exponentially thus Airtel is a testimony to the idea that it is creative in operationalizing these
creating a revolution in the Indian not product innovation alone but concepts in a systematic fashion. Its
telecom industry. Reliance’s deal with business model innovation that counts. goal was to seek the best partners in the
equipment suppliers set the benchmark world such as IBM, LM Ericsson, and
Reliance’s deal with
equipment suppliers
set the benchmark
for the lowest
equipment prices in
the world. And this
initial movement of
providing value for
money drastically
reduced the prices
and costs to the
ultra-low levels that
we have achieved
today by leading
companies like
Airtel.
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106
The challenge of
serving these billions
of people lies in
moving from ‘low cost’
to ‘ultra low cost’ and
from ‘incremental
innovation’ to
‘disruptive innovation’,
so that not just
‘affordable’ but
‘extremely affordable’
products and services
can be created for
these billions.
Nokia. With each vendor, it negotiated operated on for free or nearly free.
agreements that were “win-win” and Revenues were generated from a small
focused on growth. Further, capital percentage of paying patients.
expenditures (fixed costs) were
converted into operating expenses How did they achieve this MLM
(variable costs). It built rapidly an feat? Instead of increasing the number
ecosystem of value added application of surgeons Aravind decided to find
developers and a large distribution ways to increase a surgeon’s
channel piggy backing on existing small productivity. And it perfected an
Indian retailers. It also built a system of assembly line technique of surgery that
contract governance that provided for increased this productivity by a factor of
flexibility, learning and change. Airtel ten. The inspiration for this MLM
has become one of the most innovation was drawn from McDonalds -
benchmarked firms in the telecom delivery of the same quality of products
industry and many telecom firms are in diverse regions through highly trained
now trying to imitate the Airtel staff by an assembly line operation. The
innovation. high cost of imported ophthalmic
supplies was countered by setting up
MLM through Work Flow Innovation: their own manufacturing unit. The costs
Aravind Eye Care of lenses were reduced from $100 to $2!
Aravind Eye Care System was
started by G. Venkataswamy. His Manpower costs were dramatically
mission was to eliminate ‘needless reduced through innovative means.
blindness’. The cost of a standard Aravind hired paramedical staff with
cataract surgery in the U.S. is around lower educational qualifications than
$3,000. Aravind has managed to bring those in other institutes, recruited them
down the cost to $30, performing around from rural and backward areas and yet
300,000 surgeries per year. Aravind Eye gave them far more responsibility than
Care has developed a cost-effective the other institutions did. And the
revenue model so that thousands of paramedical staff delivered.
visually challenged poor can be
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011
The cost of a
standard cataract
surgery in the U.S. is
around $3,000.
Aravind has
managed to bring
down the cost to
$30, performing
around 300,000
surgeries per year.
Aravind Eye Care
has developed a
cost-effective
revenue model so
that thousands of
visually challenged
poor can be
operated on for free
or nearly free.

But can such cheap eye surgery Most of the growth in consumer Finally
deliver quality results? A comparison of spending is expected to come from It must be emphasized that
the data on some post-surgery people in emerging markets, who have inclusive innovation through the MLM
parameters shows that Aravind Eye a much lower spending capacity than strategy forces us to measure
Care outperforms Royal College of traditional middle-class consumers in o p p o r t u n i t y b y t h e e n d s o f
Ophthalmic Surgeries in UK. So, developed countries. The fastest- innovation—what people actually get to
Aravind Eye Care innovation is not growing consumer class in the enjoy—as opposed to just an increase
about getting ‘less from less’. It is about emerging markets of Asia consists of in their means. In important ways, this
getting ‘more from less’. And that too for people spending US$2 to US$4 a day, rationale invokes a return to the
‘more and more people’. according to a recent report from the traditional case for innovation—its
Asian Development Bank. This market ability to produce breakthrough
Does MLM Make Business Sense? can be served only by MLM products improvements in the quality of
MLM products and services will no and services. life—alongside the usual objective of
longer be motivated by the concerns on competitiveness.
fulfilling the obligation of corporate Indian companies are particularly
social responsibility by the enterprises. well positioned to take advantage of this We have shown as to how the
On the contrary, MLM products and opportunity. They have direct access to combination of constraints and
services are emerging as perhaps the the world’s second-largest emerging aspirations can provide an explosive
biggest business opportunity of the market, one in which a huge low-income trigger for extreme and disruptive
coming decade. group is poised to enter the middle innovation. It is clear that the MLM way
class. By 2030, the share of the total of innovation, anchored on the solid
Finally, ‘doing well’
while ‘doing good’
will be the mantra
that the corporate
world can benefit
from, since then it
will be able to
provide not only
‘value for money’ but
‘value for many’.
Indian companies are
particularly well positioned to
take advantage of this
opportunity. They have direct
access to the world’s secondlargest
emerging market, one in
which a huge low-income group
is poised to enter the middle
class. By 2030, the share of the
total population in the emerging
middle class, those earning $4
to $20 a day, will triple, to 49
percent, or 725 million people
population in the emerging middle class, foundation of affordability and
those earning $4 to $20 a day, will triple, sustainability, will help us design a
to 49 percent, or 725 million people – sustainable future for mankind. Finally,
exceeding for the first time the number ‘doing well’ while ‘doing good’ will be the
of those earning under $4 a day. An mantra that the corporate world can
explosion of consumer demand, spread benefit from, since then it will be able to
across a range of low and middle- provide not only ‘value for money’ but
income segments, will allow Indian ‘value for many’.
businesses to experiment with different ---------------------------------------------------scaling
strategies, making the cost of Dr. Raghunath Mashelkar, FRS, is
pursuing MLM business models much president of the Global Research
lower for firms in India than for many Alliance
competitors in other emerging markets.
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110
Grit and Glory – An MSME Story
The MSME sector in India is
teeming with entrepreneurial
talent, willing to battle great odds
with determination and commitment.
Ms. Ashwini Birole, Director, Rama
Agro Foods Pvt. Ltd., Pune who recently
won the 'Special Recognition Award'
awarded by the Ministry of Micro, Small
& Medium Enterprises, Govt. of India is
one such ambitious and successful
entrepreneur.
The only MSME industrialist from
Maharashtra selected for this unique
recognition this year, Ashwini Birole
embarked on her business journey in
2004, after completing a certificate
course in fruit and vegetable processing
from MITCON (Maharashtra Industrial
and Technical Consultancy).
Putting her freshly acquired
expertise as well as her commerce
background to good use, she
commenced the task of setting up Rama
Agro, a fruit and vegetable processing
unit at Varve near Bhor, about 25 kms
from Pune.
It was an uphill endeavour due to
the lack of infrastructure and poor
connectivity to this remote, rural factory
site, but the decision was driven by the
logic of plentiful and captive supply of
raw material in the form of fruits and
vegetables from the farmers in the area.
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Moreover, labour too was readily Rama and Nandan have carved a niche
available from the surrounding hamlets. for themselves on supermarket shelves
in a variety of processed food product
The unit became operational in categories like sauces, jams, syrups,
2005, with Ms. Birole indefatigably
streamlining all aspects from
pickles, puree and pulp.
manufacturing, quality control to With a turnover exceeding Rs 2.5
marketing and after sales service. She crore, and having secured the ISO
also worked on backward integration by 9001:2008 accreditation, Rama Agro is
convincing and training her raw material poised to grow swiftly both as an
suppliers, the farmers, to adopt better organization and as a brand, while also
cultivation techniques to ensure targeting exports to international
enhanced quality of produce, which
ultimately improved the quality of the
markets.
end products. As an MCCIA member, we
congratulate Mrs. Ashwini Birole on her
Today, Ashwini Birole stands achievement and that of Rama Agro
vindicated as Rama Agro's brands, Foods Pvt. Ltd.

I had to go
Varve every day to
supervise
construction work.
The
nearest bus facility
available then was
about 1.5 kms from
my factory site and I
had to walk down the
rest of the way.
But it gave me great
satisfaction that
every department of
the unit - storage,
processing area,
production area,
packing and
dispatch - were all
built
exactly according to
my plan.
Mrs. Ashwini Birole looks back and ahead !
We are proud to
have generated rural
employment at
Varve. Nearly 100
farmers and their
families in the area
sell their farm
produce to Rama
Agro. In addition, we
have employed 32
men and 18 women
from nearby hamlets
in our factory as
workers.
I am deeply
thankful to the
government for this
recognition. I believe
the government can
also help MSMEs like
us in two more ways
- by promoting
successful units in
the international
market and by
providing technocommercial
assistance for the
development of
various products to
cater to global
standards.
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111

CANADA CALLING CORPORATE INDIA
When a country has as much is home to a vibrant corporate rates. Investors can also expect a
to offer as Canada, it's community and has more top global wealth of financial services' expertise
impossible to pinpoint a companies than Germany, India, Brazil, across the country in niche areas such
single reason to invest in one of the most Russia or Italy. as mining finance, technology and
dynamic economies in the world. clean-tech financing and wealth and
Canada boasts multiple advantages Canada's economy has also weathered asset management. Canadian
and unparalleled potential — a place the recent global economic recession i n s t i t u t i o n s s u c h a s E x p o r t
where businesses can achieve better than most industrialized nations. Development Canada (EDC) are also
excellence on a global scale. While banks around the world collapsed leading global players in trade finance
and inter-bank transactions tailed off in and insurance.
Canada's World Class Economy the wake of the global financial crisis,
Canada's economy is one of the world's not a single Canadian bank required a Unmatched Investment Climate for
most advanced and dynamic. Foreign bailout. For the second consecutive Foreign Investors
investors choose Canada because of its year, six of the world's 50 safest banks Canada's world-class investment
consistently strong economic growth are Canadian banks, according to environment is underpinned by the
performance. Between 2001 and 2010, Global Finance Magazine. What this lowest overall tax rate on new business
Canada grew faster than any other G-7 means for multinational corporations is investment in the G-7, a duty free tariff
country. At US$1.57 trillion, Canada's that Canadian banks and financial regime on manufactured products that
economy is the world's ninth largest (as institutions will be more receptive to will be unmatched by other developed
measured by GDP at market exchange their investment and expansion plans economies, competitive cost structures,
rates) - larger than that of Russia, India both in Canada and globally. They can one-day start-ups, and deep clusters of
or South Korea. With 27 "Global 500" also provide financing to global economic activity that allow investors to
companies headquartered in Canada, it investors at competitive borrowing get on with their business. The stock of
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113

114
Between 2001 and
2010, Canada grew
faster than any other
G-7 country. At US$
1.57 trillion,
Canada's economy
is the world's ninth
largest (as measured
by GDP at market
exchange rates) -
larger than that of
Russia, India or
South Korea.
foreign direct investment (FDI) stood at country, making Canada one large Advanced Research & Development
US$561 billion at the year end 2010 - a Free Trade Zone (FTZ) for firms Capability
level that has more than doubled in just importing manufacturing inputs.
over a decade. The World Bank Group's Investors who chose Canada as From next-generation cars to smart-
Doing Business in 2011 ranks Canada their next investment destination will p h o n e t e c h n o l o g y, C a n a d i a n
number 1 in the G-7 and for the lowest have the advantage of importing innovations touch the lives of millions
number of procedures required to a d v a n c e d m a c h i n e r y a n d around the world. Every day, Canadian
establish new business. equipment into Canada from their researchers and scientists work on the
parent companies, free of import frontiers of knowledge in every field of
• Canada's lowest corporate tax duties. human endeavour. Canada offers some
rates : In January 2011, Canada of the most lucrative R&D tax credits
once again cut its federal corporate
income tax rate to 16.5%, the fourth
such cut in corporate income tax in a
decade. When factoring in
deductions and other credits, in
2012, foreign investors coming to
Canada will benefit from one of the
lowest overall tax rates on new
business investment among OECD
countries and lowest such rate in the
G-7.
• Cost-Competitive location : The
latest Competitive Alternatives 2010
Report - KPMG's guide to
international business costs -
identifies Canada leading the G-7 in
low business costs, with an overall
cost advantage of 5% over the
United States. Canada is leading in
terms of significant cost advantages
over other G-7 countries, as
reported by KPMG. Canada has the
and accelerated deductions for
research expenditures in the world.
Eligible expenses include salaries,
overhead, capital expenditures,
materials and sub-contracted research
services. Provincial governments in
Canada also top up these generous tax
credits with credits of their own. With
combined federal and provincial credits,
foreign investors can save an average
lowest R&D costs in the G-7, with a 30 cents on the dollar invested in R&D in
• Duty Free Manufacturing Tariff 12.9% cost advantage over the Canada. This means an injection of non-
Regime : Canada has implemented United States. For the 10 countries dilutive capital into a foreign investor's
a new initiative that will see tariffs on studied by KPMG, Canada has the balance sheet which can be used for
all manufacturing inputs reduced to second lowest labour costs (after other operational activities. Total
zero by 2015 - the first country in the Mexico). Furthermore facility lease expenditures on research and
G-20 to offer a tariff-free zone for costs in Canada are the third lowest development amounted to US $29.2
industrial manufacturers. Canada's among the countries studied, after billion in 2010, a 26.3 % increase over
initiative applies across the entire Mexico and the United States. 2001.
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An Educated, Diverse and Vibrant
Workforce
The quality of Canada's education
Canada offers some
of the most lucrative
R&D tax credits and
America when it comes to their quality of
life. Canada is ranked first in the G-7 for
offering equal opportunities to
individuals, according to the IMD World
system is ranked as the best among G-7
countries and it is building the
foundation for Canada's continued
economic growth. The Global
Competitiveness Report 2010-2011
accelerated
deductions for
research
expenditures in the
Competitiveness Yearbook 2010.
Canada is clearly a place where most
sought-after workers in the world want
to live and work.
prepared by the World Economic Forum world. Eligible Location. Location. Location.
gives Canada outstanding rankings for
its investments in education including :
• Number 1 in the G-7 in quality of its
expenses include
salaries, overhead,
capital expenditures,
Canada obviously offers unparalleled
proximity to the vast US market. Not as
obvious however, is the fact that
educational system (Number 5 in the materials and sub- shipping times from Asia and Europe to
•
world)
Number 1 in the G-7 in quality of
management schools (Number 3 in
the world)
contracted research
services. Provincial
governments in
the heartland of North America are the
fastest when goods travel through
Canada. With its recent multi-billion
dollar investments in transportation
• Number 1 in the G-7 in the quality of Canada also top up infrastructure, Canada offers global
•
primary education (Number 9 in the
world) and
Number 1 in the G-7 in quality of
math and science education
these generous tax
credits with credits
of their own. With
companies world-class transportation
infrastructure that allows them to get
their goods to markets faster and at a
lower cost than other North American
(Number 10 in the world). jurisdictions.
In addition to the very high level of With the North American Free Trade
education, a distinctive feature of life that Canada offers also plays a key Agreement (NAFTA), the Canadian
Canadian society is its diverse role in the availability of highly-skilled economy is deeply integrated with those
population. Canada's multicultural and workers. Quality of Living Survey, of the United States and Mexico. The
multilingual workforce offers unique Mercer LLC ranked Vancouver No.1, three countries together form an
advantages to companies seeking to Ottawa No.2, Toronto No. 3, Montreal enormous market of 450 million
serve global markets. The high quality of No. 4 and Calgary No. 5 in North consumers and a GDP of US$17 triliion.
The World Bank
Group's Doing
Business in
2011 ranks
Canada number
1 in the G-7 and
for the lowest
number of
procedures
required to
establish new
business.
combined federal
and provincial cr
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115

Canada offers great
opportunities to Indian
business and industry in the
form of strategic partnerships
and technology transfers in
the areas of biotechnology,
clean technology including
bio-fuels, waste to energy,
wind and solar technologies,
ICT and digital media,
education, advanced
manufacturing including
automotive and agri-food.
In addition to NAFTA, Canada has Canada's deep water ports can handle Getting Started
concluded free trade agreements with the world's largest vessels. Whether your company plans to
eight countries in the past five years: establish its own operation in Canada, is
Colombo, Peru, Jordan, Panama and Opportunities for Indian business looking for a Canadian partner or wants
the European Free Trade Association and industry: to gain a Canadian base for access to
states of Iceland, Lichtenstein, Norway Canada offers great opportunities to North American markets, Canada wants
and Switzerland. These provide Indian business and industry in the form to do business with you - and we are in
unmatched opportunities for global of strategic partnerships and technology the business of making it easy. The
companies locating to Canada. transfers in the areas of biotechnology, Trade Commissioner Service (TCS) has
Canada is a significant part of global clean technology including bio-fuels, offices around the world which includes
supply chains, and increasingly, many waste to energy, wind and solar the Trade Department of the Consulate
third-party logistics (3PL) and technologies, ICT and digital media, General of Canada in Mumbai and the
distribution companies are establishing education, advanced manufacturing High Commission of Canada in Delhi
operations in Canada. Canada's major including automotive and agri-food. and six other trade offices covering
international ports - Halifax, Montreal, India.
Prince Rupert and Vancouver - connect Aditya Birla Group, Tata Group,
North America with the fast growing Mahindra & Mahindra, ICICI Bank, SBI, ----------------------------------------------------
Asia-Pacific and European markets. Mastek, Rolta India Ltd, Piramal Article Courtesy - Consulate General of
The World Economic Forum ranks the Healthcare are some of the leading Canada
quality of Canada's port infrastructure Indian companies that have invested in
as one of the best in the G-7, and Canada.
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UNLOCKING ENTREPRENEURIAL POTENTIAL -
A CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY
Sharayu Pandhare Bhakre
Cambridge is known to the world and is headed by an Indian, Dr. bounds. This field requires special
because of its research culture Shailendra Vykaranam at present. It guidance and specific mentoring.
and pioneering work in several was generous of him to reserve an Educational institutes and business
academic disciplines, including entire morning for deliberations with me, organizations need to grasp it’s
experiments conducted by great men during which he also shared some significance and take the right steps to
like Newton, Keynes and Darwin. A visit important insights. promote it.
to the United Kingdom would certainly
be meaningless without a visit to Entrepreneurship development The Centre for Entrepreneurial
Cambridge. has gained importance globally mainly Learning was established ten years ago
because of widespread unemployment. and since then it has been combining
Being a commerce faculty, my In fact, entrepreneurial learning has experimental and pioneering programs
interest lay in visiting the ‘Centre for become the need of our times. In India, in entrepreneurship education with
Entrepreneurial Learning’ in entrepreneurship has been fostered in a consistent focus on spreading the spirit
Cambridge and understand it’s big way, especially after the wave of of enterprise. The centre enables
endeavours in entrepreneurship globalization. As markets opened up, students from across the University of
development. The centre is a part of the o p p o r t u n i t i e s i n c r e a s e d a n d Cambridge to participate in practitioner-
Judge Business School, Cambridge entrepreneurship grew by leaps and led education, training and social
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119

120
networking in entrepreneurship,
enhancing both the prospects for
c o m m e r c i a l i z i n g s c i e n c e a n d
technology based ventures as well as
providing transferable skills to
graduates and postgraduates.
The Centre has adopted an
interdisciplinary approach and offers
guidance to students from all colleges
under the Cambridge University. It has
established partnerships with key
d e p a r t m e n t s t o i n t e g r a t e
entrepreneurship into the curriculum. Its
u n i q u e p r a c t i c e o f i n v o l v i n g
practitioners rather than academicians
has given an experiential dimension to
the programs. These practitioners
comprise a network of experts including
venture capitalists, investors, business
angels, management consultants and
e n t r e p r e n e u r s f r o m v a r y i n g
b a c k g r o u n d s . C o n s c i o u s a n d
consistent efforts are made to develop
p a r t n e r s h i p s w i t h b u s i n e s s
organizations. Its flexibility approach
enables a student of management to
associate with a fellow student of
computer science technology to
develop business in software
technology. The centre aims at
mentoring student researchers to
become entrepreneurs by transforming
their research outputs into tangible
products useful to the society.
In this context, Dr. Vyakaranam,
who hails from Bangalore, observed, “If
Indian youth are not given the right
guidance in becoming entrepreneurs
they could become a ‘deficit’ rather than
a ‘dividend’ to our country. This
responsibility could be shouldered by
corporate organizations, either
individually or in groups or by industry
–education institutes jointly”.
An ongoing research in the CSR
initiatives of some major corporates in
Pune shows that none of them are
engaged in formal entrepreneurial
education. Therefore, as suggested by
Dr. Vyakaranam, perhaps it is high time
for a similar centre focused on
entrepreneurship to be set up in Pune.
The Corporate Scheme
Corporates are better placed than
educational institutes in terms of
financial resources, infrastructure,
faculty, curricula developers and
assessment experts which are essential
building blocks. Therefore if centres for
entrepreneurial education are set up by
an individual company or a group of
organizations, they will yield better
results.
According to Jeffry Timmons,
successful entrepreneurs share
common attitudes and behaviour, which
include :
• Hard work driven by intense
commitment and determined
High
Inventor Entrepreneur
•
•
perseverance
Optimistic outlook
Strive for integrity
• Burn with competitive desire to
excel and win
Creativity
• Are dissatisfied with the status quo
And
and seek opportunities to improve
Innovation Promoter Manager Administrator
almost any situation
• Use failure as a tool for learning
• Eschew perfection in favour of
effectiveness
Low
High Low
• Believe that they personally can
make a difference
General Management Skills, Business Know-how and Networks
(Source : J. Timmons (1999), New Venture Creation :
th
5 Edition, McGraw Hill)
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st
Entrepreneurship for the 21 Century,
From this it is clear that entrepreneurial
learning is more than just acquiring

usiness skills and therefore providing
this learning can ultimately benefit
organizations in major ways (as
depicted in the accompanying figure),
such as employment generation,
ultimately affecting the purchasing
power of the people; setting up new
enterprises which can eventually be
their customers or suppliers, enhancing
corporate image and community cooperation.
Corporates can engage directly in
entrepreneurship development in a
constructive way through these formats:
1. Independently as a Corporate
Social Responsibility initiative
creating
entrepreneurs /
instilling
entrepreneurial skills
employment
generation
income generation
and increased
purchasing power
2.
3.
E s t a b l i s h a n i n d e p e n d e n t
entrepreneur education institution
under Sec 25 of the Companies Act
Under a collaborative scheme, a
group of cormpanies can create an
i n s t i t u t i o n t o p r o m o t e
Corporate
entrepreneurial
learning centre
increase in
customer (consumer
and industry
product)
entrepreneurship • P r o v i s i o n o f t h e r e q u i r e d
4. Associate with organizations like
MCED or MITCON to identify
enterprising individuals and mentor
them
•
•
infrastructure
F l e x i b l e a p p r o a c h t o
entrepreneurial learning
Interdisciplinary framework, since
Academia also needs to make
concerted efforts in developing
curriculum and planning activities for
entrepreneurial development. Technical
institutes focus on entrepreneurial
5. Associate with educational corporates have a broader vision learning but in other educational
i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d f a c i l i t a t e
courses, efforts in this direction lack the
entrepreneurial development • Professional pedagogy translating push. Corporates and academia in India
through training and incubation
into positive results need to realize the importance of
entrepreneurial learning, develop
6. Start a Centre for Entrepreneurial
Learning, like the one in Cambridge
in collaboration with educational
i n s t i t u t e s a n d u n i v e r s i t y
d e p a r t m e n t s t o l e v e r a g e
For example, the Bharti Group's
Centum Learning Centres are a unique,
scalable and capital efficient model of
creating employable youth who would
be ready to respond to the multi-faceted
independent or collaborative models to
create entrepreneurs and thus
contribute in a major way to socio-
economic growth.
interdisciplinary approach in
entrepreneurial learning
requirements of the corporate world. It
holds a stake in higher education and
Unlocking the potential of Indian
youth will ultimately result in Gen-next
vocational training and has formed a becoming a dividend rather than a
joint venture with National Skill
The benefits of corporate involvement in
Development Corporation to provide job
entrepreneurship development
oriented skills to 11.5 million people by
programmes are many:
2022. The centres offer management
deficit for our nation.
----------------------------------------------------
Sharayu Pandhare Bhakre is Assistant
• Practitioner based programmes
coupled with innovative approach
programs with employability focus. The
corporate sector in India can develop
such specific models and modules for
Professor (Commerce) at Modern
College of Arts, Science and
Commerce, Pune
• Experiential teaching & mentoring entrepreneurship development.
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121

Mind Maps for Business
Dharmendra Rai
As business and professional life people worldwide, including some Q 2 : Was it in colour ?
grows more complex and of the smartest and most Q 3 : We r e t h e r e a n y i m a g e s
competitive, one needs all the successful individuals like Bill associated to the image of the
help one can get to Gates, Al Gore, Deepak Chopra, egg that you got first?
John Sculley, Nicky Oppenheimer
- think clearly, creatively and Most people see an image, in colour
originally - has been adopted by many Fortune as well as associated images like that of
- m a k e a s s e r t i v e , c o n f i d e n t 500 Companies including Merrill an omelette, scrambled eggs, chicken
decisions Lynch, BBC, Toyota, Google, IBM, et al.
- persuade, negotiate and present Microsoft, Proctor and Gamble,
with impact Walt Disney, Vodafone and Intel. That is exactly how our brain thinks!
- develop powerful, strategies and
plans - throws up over 40 million hits on It uses
Google
One of the most powerful tools 1) Images
available today that harnesses the So what exactly is a Mind Map? 2) Colour
power of our brain to achieve the above, 3) Associations
is mind mapping. Look at the word below
and it is these 3 features which are
Such has been the proven used in a Mind Map!
EGG
effectiveness of Mind Maps that the tool:
Hence a Mind Map is literally a
Q 1 : Did an image immediately pop
- is used by an estimated 1 billion photograph of your thoughts, captured
up in front of you?
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124
In essence, a Mind
Map is a graphic
technique, which
draws upon the full
range of cortical
skills – word, image,
number, logic,
rhythm, colour and
spatial awareness to
assist us in
unlocking the
potential of our
brains.
on paper or on a software. To see data or Mind Maps can be used for better Idea Generation:
your thoughts expressed in a Mind Map - Time management
is far more stimulating and beneficial - Idea Generation Start by drawing an attractive
than to see it in the form of written notes. - Strategic Thinking central image that represents the main
- Project Management theme on which you want to generate
In essence, a Mind Map is a graphic - Performance Coaching ideas. From it should radiate every idea
technique, which draws upon the full - Negotiations that comes into your mind on that
range of cortical skills – word, image, particular theme. Let ideas flow as
number, logic, rhythm, colour and Time Management quickly as possible for around 20
spatial awareness to assist us in minutes. The speed breaks habitual
unlocking the potential of our brains. If you make a Mind Map at the start thinking patterns and generates new
of each day, it will give you direction and ideas. Some of them will seem absurd
Whatever you want to do, you can you won’t waste time deciding what to and these hold the key to new
do better with clarity, speed and multiple do next. You can view and review your perspectives. The best solutions come
advantages through the help of a Mind tasks, decide which tasks are a priority from the germ of an idea.
Map. Probably the best thing about Mind and can be realistically achieved as
Maps is they are FUN to do and make against those that can be postponed. Strategic Thinking
every task a PLEASURE! Seeing your tasks clearly in front of you
helps you decide what the precise Think about the best known
Mind Mapping was invented by nature and significance of each task is structures of strategic thinking
Tony Buzan, a leading authority on vis-a-vis others that are not as important mentioned below :
creativity, memory and thinking. He is or impactful. You can also see what
the bestselling author of over 100 needs to be done to get the job over. You - PEST (Political, Economic, Social
books, with sales totaling three million can decide the key steps, key people and Technological) Analysis
and counting. and contacts needed to make it happen. - Porter’s 5 Forces Framework
As you complete tasks you can tick off (Industry Analysis)
How can Mind Maps be applied to relevant branches. This will motivate
- SWOT Analysis
business? you to make one for the next day and it
- Balanced Scorecard
will become a virtuous cycle.
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011
Indicative Mind Map for Strategic Thinking

- BCG Growth - Share Matrix - To make a work breakdown together as a whole and what each
(Portfolio Analysis) structure once the main objective of individual does. The Mind Map can be
the project has been affirmed. This referred to over and over - and revised
- Porter’s Value Chain (Identifying -
would include the main objective of and updated as things change.
Sources of Competitive Advantage)
the project in the middle broken
- McKinsey 7 S Framework
down into sub-objectives, till action Negotiations
- Marketing 4 Ps
points are fleshed out.
- Product Life Cycle Mind Maps created before entering
Performance Coaching into a negotiation will ensure you arrive
You will realize that all these can be
at the meeting well prepared, which will
represented by Mind Maps to get much
One of the common problems in give you a strong advantage. During the
better clarity and generate more ideas.
teams is communication and this issue negotiation Mind Maps help you
can often start when team members manage the whole process with
Project Management
misunderstand or do not know the role confidence, from laying down your goals
of the other colleagues. Mind Maps are and those of the other side, to exploring
Mind Maps can be used for Project
a good way of ensuring everyone in the alternatives and bargaining for the final
Management
team knows what each member does agreement. If you encounter dead ends
- To brainstorm and evaluate and what they are good at. At one shot a you can use your Mind Maps to find a
different strategies and objectives Mind Map can show how the team fits way through the issues.
Indicative Mind Map for Time Management
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125

126
7 Steps to Making a Mind Map 3. Use COLOURS throughout. Why? 5. Make your branches CURVED
Because colours are as exciting rather than straight-lined. Why?
1. Start in the CENTRE of a blank to your Brain as are images. Because having nothing but
page turned sideways. Why? Colour adds extra vibrancy and straight lines is boring to your
Because starting in the centre life to your Mind Map, adds Brain.
gives your Brain freedom to tremendous energy to your
spread out in all directions and Creative Thinking, and is fun! 6. Use ONE KEY WORD PER LINE.
to express itself more freely and Why Because single key words
naturally. 4. C O N N E C T y o u r M A I N give your Mind Map more power
BRANCHES to the central image and flexibility.
2. Use an IMAGE or PICTURE for and connect your second- and
your central idea. Why? Because third-level branches to the first and 7. Use IMAGES throughout. Why
an image is worth a thousand second levels, etc. Why? Because each image, like the
words and helps you use your Because your Brain works by central image, is also worth a
Imagination. A central image is association. It likes to link two thousand words. So if you have
more interesting, keeps you (or three, or four) things only 10 images in your Mind Map,
f o c u s s e d , h e l p s y o u together. If you connect the it’s already the equal of 10,000
concentrate, and gives your branches, you will understand words of notes!
Brain more of a buzz! and remember a lot more easily. Source www.tonybuzan.com
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011
Indicative Mind Map for Idea Generation
Dharmendra Rai is Mumbai’s first Mind Map Trainer

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ho _mÌ Vw_Mo VwåhrM R>adm!
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127

128
EXPEDITING ENVIRONMENT NOCs FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
Suhas Mantri
American architect Christopher consultant, which is to be submitted to marked out. The preparation of such a
A l e x a n d e r o n c e s a i d , the State Level Expert Appraisal plan naturally takes into account the
“Complexity is one of the great Committee (SEAC). It takes around 8 to impact of construction projects on the
problems in environmental design.” 12 months from the date of submission environment. Also the municipal
for such scrutiny. Then the proposal corporation has already studied the
These words certainly ring true in the goes to the government authority i.e. possible effects of housing societies to
case of the environment NOC that is SEIAA. Once they approve the proposal be developed in terms of utilization of
required for any project admeasuring and after their final clearance, they issue n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s , p o l l u t i o n ,
more than 20,000 square metres as has a letter approving the project. This letter transportation, water requirement,
been stipulated by the National is generally uploaded on their website nullahs & storm water drains, safety
Environment Policy 2006 that was but it takes a few more weeks to get the precautions like fire, waste water &
approved by the Union Cabinet. While copy of the NOC. sewage disposal facilities, parking, tree
the appointment of the State cutting and re-plantation, energy usage
Environment Impact Assessment Moreover, the SEAC convenes once and saving methods. All these can very
Authority (SEIAA) to oversee the a month for about three days and can well be incorporated in the municipal
approval of construction projects is to be only review 20-25 projects at each corporation's Development Control
appreciated because of the need to sitting. This applies to the SEIAA as well. Rules (D.C.R.) and once the guidelines
prevent any further environmental It therefore creates delays in the project, are finalised it can be easily controlled
degradation, what concerns the realty although this can be avoided by some by the municipal corporation. In such
sector now is the inordinate amount of innovative steps. c i r c u m s t a n c e s , n o s e p a r a t e
time such a procedure entails. environment NOC will be required for
Every municipal corporation has its any project, larger than 20,000 square
The normal procedure for the own development plan (D.P.) at a macro metres.
environment NOC is that a detailed level, where residential, commercial,
proposal is to be prepared by the green and other zones are clearly It can be left to the municipal body to
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011

The need for an
environment NOC
from the State
Environment Impact
Assessment
Authority (SEIAA) for
any construction
project of more than
20,000 square metres
is backed by the right
objectives but
creates bottlenecks
in its execution
see to it that these measures are put into each and every file within a government may empanel or
place by the developer. The completion maximum period of 60 days. authorize few environment
certificate for a project should be consultants whose NOC can be
granted only after the municipal 2) Plans may be sanctioned on obtained and implemented.
corporation has ascertained that none conditional basis and environment
of the rules have been violated. NOC can be obtained later like in This will greatly expedite the process
the case of fire NOC, structural and enable builders to launch a big
In cases where the land has been NOC etc. project nearly 24 months earlier. It will
illegally converted into a slum, the also help increase the stock value in the
requirement of an environment NOC 3) The environment norms can market and stabilize the price of the
becomes irrelevant. The area is already become part of Development units.
being used for living. Control Rules (D.C.R.) and --------------------------------------------------accordingly
conditions may be laid Suhas Mantri is the Chairman of
The following few suggestions are down by the sanctioning authority. Mantri Constructions, Pune and has
p r a c t i c a l a n d c a n b e e a s i l y For RCC design, RCC Consultant also authored the book
implemented. gives Structural NOC and there is 'The Comeback'.
1) It should be made mandatory for no separate checking by the
Environment Department to clear Government. In the same manner,
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011 129

Defending the Board with Directors and Officers (D & O) Liability Insurance
Employee
triggers
Breach of
Authority
Prospectus
Shareholder
actions
Adapted from a presentation made by
Praveen Gupta
The Companies Act 1956 and closely held companies. At its most • Public, private and non-profit
various amendments thereto, basic, D&O insurance protects directors organizations benefit from such
o v e r t h e y e a r s h a v e and officers against legal claims for “legal defence” insurance policies
progressively resulted in Directors and alleged wrongful acts performed by
Officers being widely exposed to liability them and connected to their corporate D & O Liability targets four major
towards shareholders, customers, positions. financial liability threats:
suppliers, creditors, employees and
other third parties. Heightened What does D&O Liability do? 1. Securities frauds
awareness and media and public 2. Shareholders lawsuits
scrutiny have also contributed to • A tool that enables a company’s 3 . G o v e r n m e n t / R e g u l a t o r y
enhanced focus on various aspects of leadership “to do their jobs without Investigations
corporate governance in India. significant risk of personal liability” 4. Employment practices
Therefore, in recent years, • Protects members of a board of No wonder then that 95% of
Directors and Officers’ liability insurance directors and key employees from Fortune 500 companies have opted for
has become a core component of “non-bodily injury claims” that may Directors and Officers’ Liability
corporate insurance. Publicly held be filed against them for actions Insurance today. It would soon be
companies have two to three times as undertaken while leading an prudent for more companies in India to
many claims made against their organization defend their boards with D & O Liability
directors and officers than privately or Insurance.
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011
131

What may be termed as ‘wrongful communications with analysts and
acts’? shareholder
Alleged wrongful acts include • Ensuring a majority of independent
omissions, errors, misstatements, directors on the Board
misleading statements, neglect or • Independent Audit Committee with
breach of duty. The beneficiaries are the a qualified financial expert
directors, officers or the organization • Management team of experienced,
itself. Suits can be bought for various reputable professionals
reasons. Shareholders might sue for • A company that recognizes that a
insider trading. Creditors might sue for long-term relationship with its
misrepresenting the financial health of insurer which is influenced, but not
the company and so on. driven, by pricing is ultimately to its
benefit
The main triggers of D & O Liability • Transparent and clear financial
include: reporting
• Errors, Omissions, Misstatements
• Misrepresentation In their individual capacities and as
• Failure to Supervise • Directors Liability
responsible members of the board,
• Breach of Duty & Trust • Legal Expenses
Directors too have a responsibility to
• Breach of Authority • Court Costs & Judgements
ensure that the following four positive
• Shareholder actions • Emergency Expenses
steps are definitely taken to protect their
• Securities Class actions • Employment Practices
positions and that of their company:
• Employee triggers • Public Listing
• Mergers & Acquisitions • Acquisitions
• Appoint properly qualified officers
• Regulatory triggers • Intellectual Property
and advisers
• Prospectus • Regulatory Investigations
• Ensure not only their knowledge is
• Joint Ventures & Business Partners • Outside Directorship Positions
kept up to date but also that of
• PE Investments • Pollution
everyone else in the company who
• Health & Safety
is responsible for their respective
All policies contain provisions, • Extradition
areas
exclusions and language related to what • Implement proper risk management
will and will not be covered such as What does the Insurance company and compliance programmes
definition of ‘loss’ or ‘wrongful act’, wish for, while providing D & O • Take adequate insurance cover for
depending on the requirements of each Liability Insurance?
directors and colleagues despite
company. An insurer expects an organization the fact that the insurance cover
which seeks D & O Liability Insurance to may be limited in operation
As such, no standard D&O policies internalize the following best practices --------------------------------------------------exist
and each organization must tailor for good corporate governance :
Praveen Gupta is MD and CEO of
the policy to its risk exposure. However • A clearly defined and implemented Raheja QBE General Insurance Co. Ltd.
generally the following liability coverage risk management programme and has over 3 decades of experience in
is offered: Including procedures for insider
trading, revenue recognition and
Thailand, Hong Kong, UK and India.
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011 133

Bone
of the
Matter
Dr. Nitin Unkule
Skeletal disorders :
The skeleton of a normal human shoulder problems such as progressive
The human skeleton represents a being, alive or dead, infallibly reveals to rotator cuff tears, which bring tears to
masterpiece of engineering design, with the scientists a personal physical their eyes. But as in any other age
each component part tailored to a history. Race, sex, age, height, serious group, a minute percentage of them
specific job. The brain is protected by illnesses, and sometimes the cause of consult doctors.
the skull, which is harder and denser in death are recorded in the skull, pelvis
areas exposed to more danger, as on and the ‘long’ bones of the arms and Our busy bones :
top. The spinal cord, a highly sensitive legs—even though the bones may have “Lazybones?” There are no such
and vital nerve center, is protected by been buried for centuries. The things. We may think that our bones are
vertebrae. The spine even has its own technique developed for extracting this inert and dead matter, but they are the
built-in shock absorbers—the discs of story is so accurate today that it is of body’s structural steel. Actually, they are
c u s h i o n i n g c a r t i l a g e b e t w e e n prime importance to criminologists, among the busiest living organs in the
segments. Thus the skeleton is a telltale historians and archaeologists, and is b o d y. T h e y a r e t h e t h r i v i n g
index of our health, our way of life. even applied to the living skeleton by X- manufacturing plants which generate
rays as a check on growth and death. red and white blood cells 24 hours a day.
The skeletal remains of primitive Every minute, about 180,000,000 red
man often show signs of arthritis, bony Shouldering worries and frozen cells perish, never to be seen again.
tumors and tuberculosis. But they also shoulder :
Your bones must replace them with
show that our earliest ancestors 80% of shoulder joint troubles go healthy young cells, or you face death
distinguished themselves from the rest untreated and they can be avoided. So from anaemia. It takes 6 to 8 weeks for
of the animal kingdom by attempting to let us jointly solve this joint problem. the marrow to restore the red blood cells
do more than merely lick their wounds. after a pint of blood has been removed.
Paleolithic Man made splints and Movement is life and life is
attempted amputations and cut holes in movement. That’s the modern principle B o n e s h a v e o t h e r m a j o r
the skull bones (trepanning), with flint in orthopedics. 60 to 70% of Indians who responsibilities - they produce white
scarpers. are more than 50 years old suffer from blood cells which fight off infection as
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011
137

138
Calcium is necessary for
the clotting of blood, the
beating of the heart, the
contraction of muscles and
the functioning of the
nervous system. By an
intricate self-regulating
system, the calcium from
milk drunk today is
deposited in the bones, and
the calcium deposited last
week or last year is
withdrawn.
well as platelets which are essential for normal, the body withdraws some from column is stronger than a solid one of
blood clotting, and they act as one of the the skeleton bank. Children on poor equal weight. On a weight-for-weight
body’s storehouses for reserve milk-less diet have so much calcium basis, bones are stronger than steel.
nourishment. In their marrow they taken away that their bones become soft Bone construction is comparable to
create a reservoir of fats and proteins for and even crooked. Your bone is a living reinforced concrete.
contingencies. And they contain nearly muscle.
all the body’s vital calcium and Bones contains thousands of small
phosphorous. Calcium is necessary for Our bones are among the most blood vessels and are quite as much
the clotting of blood, the beating of the durable objects on earth. Human bones alive as one’s stomach. Active little cells
heart, the contraction of muscles and have been found that are nearly a million called osteoblasts, work night and day
the functioning of the nervous system. years old. Bones do not dissolve in creating new bone, while house-
By an intricate self-regulating system, water; if they did, they would soon be wrecking cells known as osteoclasts,
the calcium from milk drunk today is washed away by the body fluids. Hence labour just as hard tearing down
deposited in the bones, and the calcium they can outlast iron and other metals material, tagged for the scrap heap. The
deposited last week or last year is affected by dampness. The leg bones pelvic bone of a woman is wider, and her
withdrawn. If the calcium supply for the are hollow, in keeping with the whole skeleton finer and more graceful.
blood, nerves and muscles is lower than engineering principle that a hollow
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011
Our bones
are thriving
manufacturing
plants which
generate red
and white
blood cells 24
hours a day.

Movement is life and life is movement
All the long bones grow from The 23 bones of the skull are Exercise matters for that “Matter” :
maturation areas, or “centers”, by the separated by divisions called “sutures”. Better take good care of the “Matter”,
addition of calcium and other materials. As age advances, these sutures the bony matter. Exercise regularly.
From birth to the age of 5 years these disappear one after the other, according Suryanamaskar and Yoga-asanas are
centers appear in order. From 5 to 12 to a rigorous schedule. The 3 on top of the best suited form of exercise to cover
years they grow in size. From 12 to 21, the head begin to fuse, the first at 22 the entire skeleton. As you exercise
they unite with each other. During years, the second at 24, the third at 26. regularly, you also need regular
childhood, bone ends are capped with They are completely erased at 35, 42 supplement (from everyday diet) of
soft cartilage to facilitate growth. But and 47, respectively. Bones grow by the calcium along with vitamin-D to circulate
during and shortly after puberty, calcium addition of new bony substance to the the calcium amongst the bones. Keep
begins to infiltrate the cartilage. Bone old matter. When a bone is broken, each these thriving manufacturing plants
ends harden; growth slows and finally broken end starts growing—reaching alive, all the time till you are alive.
stops. Even the texture of the skin out, in some magic, mysterious way, to --------------------------------------------------changes!
Fat glands become more meet the other. The connective-tissue Dr. Nitin Unkule is the Chairman,
active, oil secretions increase and pores cells become mineralized and hard, and Health Care Committee - MCCIA and
enlarge. are finally changed into true bone. the Director, Kaivalya Yoga Institute.
The human skeleton represents a
masterpiece of engineering
design, with each component part
tailored to a specific job.
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011
139

140
- Xrnmdbr {deofm§H$ 2011

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_hÎdmMo AmhoV. ho EM. Ama. _°ZoOacm H$ico WmoS>Š `mV _wÔo gm§{JVco Vo Eg.Ama. gmho~m§Zr
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Am{U dmOdr qH$_VrV {_iUmar Cƒ XOm©Mr _m{hVr Am{U Ë`m§Mm `eñdr dmna `m§da
With Best Compliments from
Statfield Equipments Pvt. Ltd.
S. No. 1073/1,2,3, Mutha Road,
Pirangut, Pune - 412 111 (India)
Tel. : +91-20-22922180-82
Fax : +91-20-66524695
Email : marketing@statfieldequipments.com
Please call / write us for more technical information and demonstration
www.statfieldequipments.com
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