"Chapter 1 - The Op Amp's Place in the World" - HTL Wien 10
"Chapter 1 - The Op Amp's Place in the World" - HTL Wien 10
"Chapter 1 - The Op Amp's Place in the World" - HTL Wien 10
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External Compensation, Stability, and Performance<br />
7-8<br />
At V CC = 5 V, <strong>the</strong> phase marg<strong>in</strong> at <strong>the</strong> 0-dB crossover po<strong>in</strong>t is 60°, while it is 30° at V CC<br />
= 2.7 V. This translates <strong>in</strong>to an expected overshoot of 18% at V CC = 5 V, and 28% at<br />
V CC = 2.7 V. Unfortunately <strong>the</strong> time response plots are done with <strong>10</strong>0-pF load<strong>in</strong>g capacitance,<br />
hence we can not check our figures very well. <strong>The</strong> V CC = 2.7 V overshoot is approximately<br />
2%, and it is almost impossible to figure out what <strong>the</strong> overshoot would have been<br />
with a 600 pF load<strong>in</strong>g capacitor. <strong>The</strong> small-signal pulse response is done with mV-signals,<br />
and that is a more realistic measurement than us<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> full signal sw<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Internally compensated op amps are very desirable because <strong>the</strong>y are easy to use, and<br />
<strong>the</strong>y do not require external compensation components. <strong>The</strong>ir drawback is that <strong>the</strong> bandwidth<br />
is limited by <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternal compensation scheme. <strong>The</strong> op amp open-loop ga<strong>in</strong> eventually<br />
(when it shows up <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> loop ga<strong>in</strong>) determ<strong>in</strong>es <strong>the</strong> error <strong>in</strong> an op amp circuit. In a non<strong>in</strong>vert<strong>in</strong>g<br />
buffer configuration, <strong>the</strong> TL277X is limited to 1% error at 50 kHz (V CC = 2.7 V)<br />
because <strong>the</strong> op amp ga<strong>in</strong> is 40 dB at that po<strong>in</strong>t. Circuit designers can play tricks such as<br />
bypass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> op amp with a capacitor to emphasize <strong>the</strong> high-frequency ga<strong>in</strong>, but <strong>the</strong> error<br />
is still 1%. Keep Equation 7–1 <strong>in</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d because it def<strong>in</strong>es <strong>the</strong> error. If <strong>the</strong> TLV277X were<br />
not <strong>in</strong>ternally compensated, it could be externally compensated for a lower error at 50 kHz<br />
because <strong>the</strong> ga<strong>in</strong> would be much higher.<br />
E V IN<br />
1 A<br />
7.3 External Compensation, Stability, and Performance<br />
(7–1)<br />
Nobody compensates an op amp just because it is <strong>the</strong>re; <strong>the</strong>y have a reason to compensate<br />
<strong>the</strong> op amp, and that reason is usually stability. <strong>The</strong>y want <strong>the</strong> op amp to perform a<br />
function <strong>in</strong> a circuit where it is potentially unstable. Internally and non<strong>in</strong>ternally compensated<br />
op amps are compensated externally because certa<strong>in</strong> circuit configurations do<br />
cause oscillations. Several potentially unstable circuit configurations are analyzed <strong>in</strong> this<br />
section, and <strong>the</strong> reader can extend <strong>the</strong> external compensation techniques as required.<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r reasons for externally compensat<strong>in</strong>g op amps are noise reduction, flat amplitude<br />
response, and obta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> highest bandwidth possible from an op amp. An op amp generates<br />
noise, and noise is generated by <strong>the</strong> system. <strong>The</strong> noise conta<strong>in</strong>s many frequency<br />
components, and when a high-pass filter is <strong>in</strong>corporated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> signal path, it reduces high<br />
frequency noise. Compensation can be employed to roll off <strong>the</strong> op amp’s high frequency,<br />
closed-loop response, thus caus<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> op amp to act as a noise filter. Internally compensated<br />
op amps are modeled with a second order equation, and this means that <strong>the</strong> output<br />
voltage can overshoot <strong>in</strong> response to a step <strong>in</strong>put. When this overshoot (or peak<strong>in</strong>g) is<br />
undesirable, external compensation can <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>the</strong> phase marg<strong>in</strong> to 90° where <strong>the</strong>re<br />
is no peak<strong>in</strong>g. An uncompensated op amp has <strong>the</strong> highest bandwidth possible. External<br />
compensation is required to stabilize uncompensated op amps, but <strong>the</strong> compensation<br />
can be tailored to <strong>the</strong> specific circuit, thus yield<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> highest possible bandwidth consistent<br />
with <strong>the</strong> pulse response requirements.