"Chapter 1 - The Op Amp's Place in the World" - HTL Wien 10

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Circuit Analysis 4-6 Four op amps were tested in the circuit configuration shown in Figure 4–6. Three of the old generation op amps, LM358, TL07X, and TLC272 had output voltage spans of 2.3 V to 3.75 V. This performance does not justify the ideal op amp assumption that was made in the previous chapter unless the output voltage swing is severely limited. Limited output or input voltage swing is one of the worst deficiencies a single-supply op amp can have because the limited voltage swing limits the circuit’s dynamic range. Also, limited voltage swing frequently results in distortion of large signals. The fourth op amp tested was the newer TLV247X, which was designed for rail-to-rail operation in single-supply circuits. The TLV247X plotted a perfect curve (results limited by the instrumentation), and it amazed the author with a textbook performance that justifies the use of ideal assumptions. Some of the older op amps must limit their transfer equation as shown in Equation 4–7. V OUT V CC V IN R F R G for V OH V OUT V OL (4–7) The noninverting op amp circuit is shown in Figure 4–8. Equation 4–8 is written with the aid of superposition, and simplified algebraically, to acquire Equation 4–9. VOUT VIN (4–8) RF RG RFRF RG RF V R REF G RG V OUT V IN –V REF R F R G When V REF = 0, V OUT V IN RF RG (4–9) , there are two possible circuit solutions. First, when V IN is a negative voltage, V OUT must be a negative voltage. The circuit can not achieve a negative output voltage with a positive supply, so the output saturates at the lower power supply rail. Second, when V IN is a positive voltage, the output spans the normal range as shown by Equation 4–11. V IN 0, V OUT 0 V IN 0, V OUT V IN (4–10) (4–11) The noninverting op amp circuit is shown in Figure 4–8 with V CC = 5 V, R G = R F = 100 kΩ, and R L = 10 kΩ. The transfer curve for this circuit is shown in Figure 4–9; a TLV247X serves as the op amp.
VREF VIN Figure 4–8. Noninverting Op Amp – Input Voltage – V V IN RG RG RF _ + RF VCC 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 VOUT – Output Voltage – V Figure 4–9. Transfer Curve for Noninverting Op Amp 5 4 3 2 1 TLV2472 VOUT Single-Supply Op Amp Design Techniques Circuit Analysis There are many possible variations of inverting and noninverting circuits. At this point many designers analyze these variations hoping to stumble upon the one that solves the circuit problem. Rather than analyze each circuit, it is better to learn how to employ simultaneous equations to render specified data into equation form. When the form of the desired equation is known, a circuit that fits the equation is chosen to solve the problem. The resulting equation must be a straight line, thus there are only four possible solutions. 4-7
Page 1: Operational Amplifier Chapter 1: Th
Page 4 and 5: 1-2 problem. It seems that circuits
Page 6 and 7: 1-4 you are looking in the wrong pl
Page 8 and 9: Laws of Physics 2-2 V IR (2-1) In
Page 10 and 11: Current Divider Rule 2-4 put voltag
Page 12 and 13: Thevenin’s Theorem 2-6 V theorem
Page 14 and 15: Superposition 2.6 Superposition 2-8
Page 16 and 17: Transistor Amplifier 2-10 I C I B
Page 18 and 19: Transistor Amplifier 2-12 approxima
Page 20 and 21: Ideal Op Amp Assumptions 3-2 a hard
Page 22 and 23: The Inverting Op Amp 3-4 in a curre
Page 24 and 25: The Differential Amplifier 3.5 The
Page 26 and 27: Complex Feedback Networks 3-8 Break
Page 28 and 29: Capacitors Figure 3-10. Low-Pass Fi
Page 30 and 31: 3-12
Page 32 and 33: Single Supply versus Dual Supply 4-
Page 34 and 35: Circuit Analysis 4-4 VREF VIN Figur
Page 38 and 39: Simultaneous Equations 4.3 Simultan
Page 40 and 41: Simultaneous Equations 4-10 VOUT V
Page 42 and 43: Simultaneous Equations 4-12 VIN = 0
Page 44 and 45: Simultaneous Equations 4-14 m R F
Page 46 and 47: Simultaneous Equations 4.3.3 Case 3
Page 48 and 49: Simultaneous Equations 4-18 - Input
Page 50 and 51: Simultaneous Equations 4-20 |b| V
Page 52 and 53: Summary 4.4 Summary 4-22 Single-sup
Page 54 and 55: Block Diagram Math and Manipulation
Page 56 and 57: Block Diagram Math and Manipulation
Page 58 and 59: Feedback Equation and Stability 5.3
Page 60 and 61: Bode Analysis of Feedback Circuits
Page 62 and 63: Bode Analysis of Feedback Circuits
Page 64 and 65: Loop Gain Plots are the Key to Unde
Page 66 and 67: Loop Gain Plots are the Key to Unde
Page 68 and 69: References 5-16 M tangent 1 (2) (
Page 70 and 71: Review of the Canonical Equations 6
Page 72 and 73: Review of the Canonical Equations 6
Page 74 and 75: Inverting Op Amps 6-6 comparison al
Page 76 and 77: Differential Op Amps 6.5 Differenti
Page 78 and 79: 6-10
Page 80 and 81: Internal Compensation 7-2 around in
Page 82 and 83: Internal Compensation 7-4 Damping R
Page 84 and 85: Internal Compensation AVD - Large-S
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External Compensation, Stability, a
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Dominant-Pole Compensation 7-10 VTH
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Gain Compensation 7-12 VOUT VIN a
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Lead Compensation 7-14 transfer fun
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Compensated Attenuator Applied to O
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Lead-Lag Compensation 7-18 FHASE (A
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Comparison of Compensation Schemes
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7-22
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Development of the Stability Equati
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The Noninverting CFA Figure 8-4. No
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The Inverting CFA 8-6 The current e
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Stability Analysis 8-8 The plot in
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Selection of the Feedback Resistor
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Stability and Feedback Capacitance
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Summary 8.11 Summary 8-14 A Z1 R
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Precision 9.2 Precision 9-2 The lon
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Bandwidth 9-4 A aR G R F R G (9-2
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Stability 9.4 Stability 9-6 Substit
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Equation Comparison 9-8 R G = 100
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9-10
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Characterization 10-2 Noise Signal
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Types of Noise 10.2.5 Noise Units 1
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Types of Noise 10-6 Shot noise is
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Types of Noise 10-8 Ith 4kTB R Wh
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Noise Colors Figure 10-4. Avalanche
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Op Amp Noise 10.4.3 Red/Brown Noise
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Op Amp Noise 10-14 E n Square it.
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Op Amp Noise 10.5.4 Inverting Op Am
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Op Amp Noise 10.5.6 Differential Op
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Putting It All Together 10-20 Vn Vn
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Putting It All Together 10-22 volta
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10-24
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Operational Amplifier Parameter Glo
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Additional Parameter Information 11
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12-2 The ADC selection is based on
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12-4 (A) 4 V 3 V ADC 0 V Sensor Out
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12.2 Transducer Types 12-6 This is
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12-8 some value, and R X is switche
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12-10 Resolvers and synchros are po
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12-12 6) Scan the transducer and AD
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12-14 the worst case excursions of
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Table 12-3. Op Amp Selection 12-16
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12-18 this yields m = 16.16. The re
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12-20 0.97R 1 VREF(MIN) VREF 50 m
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12-22 ply contribution is reduced b
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12-24
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Wireless Systems 13-2 Signal @ - 10
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Wireless Systems 13-4 900 MHz Figur
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Selection of ADCs/DACs 13.3 Selecti
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Selection of ADCs/DACs 13-8 Therefo
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Factors Influencing the Choice of O
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Anti-Aliasing Filters 13-12 anti-al
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Communication D/A Converter Reconst
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External Vref Circuits for ADCs/DAC
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High-Speed Analog Input Drive Circu
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High-Speed Analog Input Drive Circu
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References 13.9 References 13-22 [1
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Understanding the D/A Converter and
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Understanding the D/A Converter and
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D/A Converter Error Budget 14-6 rat
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D/A Converter Error Budget 14-8 The
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D/A Converter Errors and Parameters
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Compensating For DAC Capacitance 14
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Increasing Op Amp Buffer Amplifier
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Increasing Op Amp Buffer Amplifier
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14-24
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Requirements for Oscillation 15-2 u
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Gain in the Oscillator 15-4 The fre
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Active Element (Op Amp) Impact on t
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Analysis of the Oscillator Operatio
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits 15-10
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References 15.8 References 15-22 [1
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters 16
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Low-Pass Filter Design 16-12 1st or
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Low-Pass Filter Design Example 16-1
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Low-Pass Filter Design 16-16 In ord
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Low-Pass Filter Design 16.3.2.2 Mul
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Low-Pass Filter Design Second Filte
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High-Pass Filter Design 16-22 |A|
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High-Pass Filter Design 16-24 To di
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High-Pass Filter Design 16-26 Throu
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Band-Pass Filter Design 16-28 |A| [
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Band-Pass Filter Design 16-30 The g
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Band-Pass Filter Design 16-32 out a
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Band-Pass Filter Design 16-34 After
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Band-Rejection Filter Design 16-36
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All-Pass Filter Design 16-42 2 i
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All-Pass Filter Design 16.7.1 First
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All-Pass Filter Design 16-46 V IN f
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Practical Design Hints 16-48 low-pa
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Practical Design Hints V IN 16-50 C
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Practical Design Hints 16-52 If thi
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Practical Design Hints 16-54 f T 1
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Filter Coefficient Tables Table 16-
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16-64
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General Considerations 17.1.3 Noise
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PCB Mechanical Construction 17-4 Te
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PCB Mechanical Construction 17.2.2.
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Grounding 17-8 DIGITAL + DIGITAL -
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Grounding 17-10 CONNECTOR POWER SUP
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The Frequency Characteristics of Pa
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Decoupling 17-20 For example, a 0.4
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Decoupling 17-22 EQUIVALENT SERIES
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Packages 17.7 Packages 17-24 N1 IN-
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Packages 17-26 IN1 + OUT1 IN2 IN3 O
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Summary 17-28 HALF SUPPLY GOOD _ +
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17-30
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Introduction 18-2 swing at V CC = 5
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Dynamic Range 18-4 VIN VnR Figure 1
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Input Common-Mode Range 18-6 sible
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Input Common-Mode Range 18-8 VCC GN
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Input Common-Mode Range 18-10 V µ
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Shutdown and Low Current Drain 18-1
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Transducer to ADC Analog Interface
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DAC to Actuator Analog Interface 18
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DAC to Actuator Analog Interface 18
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Comparison of Op Amps 18-20 When DA
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Summary 18.11 Summary 18-22 Always
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18-24
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"Chapter 1 - The Op Amp's Place in the World" - HTL Wien 10

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