"Chapter 1 - The Op Amp's Place in the World" - HTL Wien 10

17.3 Grounding
Circuit Board Layout Techniques
Grounding
ponents and feed-throughs will be exposed. Therefore, any shielding effects are compromised.
It is far better to take advantage of the distributed capacitance between the power
and ground plane by making them internal.
Another advantage of placing the planes internally is that the signal traces are available
for probing and modification on the top and bottom layers. Anyone who has had to change
connections on buried traces will appreciate this feature.
For more than four layers, it is a general rule to shield higher speed signals between the
ground and power planes, and route slower signals on the outer layers.
Good grounding is a system-level design consideration. It should be planned into the
product from the first conceptual design reviews.
17.3.1 The Most Important Rule: Keep Grounds Separate
Separate grounding for analog and digital portions of circuitry is one of the simplest and
most effective methods of noise suppression. One or more layers on multi-layer PCBs are
usually devoted to ground planes. If the designer is not careful, the analog circuitry will
be connected directly to these ground planes. The analog circuitry return, after all, is the
same net in the netlist as digital return. Autorouters respond accordingly and connect all
of the grounds together, creating a disaster.
After the fact separation of grounds on a mixed digital and analog board is almost impossible.
Every ground connection in the analog circuitry must be lifted from the board and connected
together. For surface mount boards, this results in a colossal mess of “tombstoned”
passive components and floating IC leads.
17.3.2 Other Ground Rules
Ground and power planes are at the same ac potential, due to decoupling capacitors
and distributed capacitance. Therefore, it is important to isolate the power planes
as well.
Do not overlap digital and analog planes (Figure 17–2). Place analog power
coincident with analog ground, and digital power coincident with digital ground. If
any portion of analog and digital planes overlap, the distributed capacitance
between the overlapping portions will couple high-speed digital noise into the
analog circuitry. This defeats the purpose of isolated planes.
17-7