"Chapter 1 - The Op Amp's Place in the World" - HTL Wien 10

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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits 15-14 C1 0.1 µF + − R2 11.3 kΩ VC1 − RS 10 kΩ + J1 VREF = 2.5 V R1 10 kΩ RG2 10 kΩ RG1 10 kΩ Figure 15–12. Wien Bridge Oscillator with AGC VD1 + − D1 1N4933 C Time = 500 µs/div Figure 15–13. Output of the Circuit in Figure 15–12 15.7.2 Phase Shift Oscillator, Single Amplifier VOUT = 1 V/div R RF 18.2 kΩ _ + R C VOUT Phase shift oscillators have less distortion than the Wien bridge oscillator, coupled with good frequency stability. A phase shift oscillator can be built with one op amp as shown in figure 15–14. Three RC sections are cascaded to get the steep dφ/dω slope as described in Section 15–3 to get a stable oscillation frequency. Any less and the oscillation frequency is high and interferes with the op amp BW limitations.
RG 55.2 kΩ 2.5 V RF 1.5 MΩ +5 V _ + TLV2471 Figure 15–14. Phase Shift Oscillator (Single Op Amp) R R R 10 kΩ 10 kΩ 10 kΩ C Time = 500 µs/div Figure 15–15. Output of the Circuit in Figure 15–14 VOUT = 1 V/div A A 1 RCs 13 10 nF C 10 nF C 10 nF Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits Sine Wave Oscillators VOUT (15–10) The normal assumption is that the phase shift sections are independent of each other. Then Equation 15–10 is written. The loop phase shift is –180 when the phase shift of each section is –60, and this occurs when ω = 2πf = 1.732/RC because the tangent of 60 = 1.732. The magnitude of β at this point is (1/2) 3, so the gain, A, must be equal to 8 for the system gain to be equal to one. The oscillation frequency with the component values shown in Figure 15–14 is 3.76 kHz rather than the calculated oscillation frequency of 2.76 kHz as shown in Figure 15–14. Also, the gain required to start oscillation is 27 rather than the calculated gain of 8. These 15-15
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Operational Amplifier Chapter 1: Th
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1-2 problem. It seems that circuits
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1-4 you are looking in the wrong pl
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Laws of Physics 2-2 V IR (2-1) In
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Current Divider Rule 2-4 put voltag
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Thevenin’s Theorem 2-6 V theorem
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Superposition 2.6 Superposition 2-8
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Transistor Amplifier 2-10 I C I B
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Transistor Amplifier 2-12 approxima
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Ideal Op Amp Assumptions 3-2 a hard
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The Inverting Op Amp 3-4 in a curre
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The Differential Amplifier 3.5 The
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Complex Feedback Networks 3-8 Break
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Capacitors Figure 3-10. Low-Pass Fi
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3-12
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Single Supply versus Dual Supply 4-
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Circuit Analysis 4-4 VREF VIN Figur
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Circuit Analysis 4-6 Four op amps w
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Simultaneous Equations 4.3 Simultan
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Simultaneous Equations 4-10 VOUT V
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Simultaneous Equations 4-12 VIN = 0
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Simultaneous Equations 4-14 m R F
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Simultaneous Equations 4.3.3 Case 3
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Simultaneous Equations 4-18 - Input
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Simultaneous Equations 4-20 |b| V
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Summary 4.4 Summary 4-22 Single-sup
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Block Diagram Math and Manipulation
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Block Diagram Math and Manipulation
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Feedback Equation and Stability 5.3
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Bode Analysis of Feedback Circuits
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Bode Analysis of Feedback Circuits
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Loop Gain Plots are the Key to Unde
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Loop Gain Plots are the Key to Unde
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References 5-16 M tangent 1 (2) (
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Review of the Canonical Equations 6
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Review of the Canonical Equations 6
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Inverting Op Amps 6-6 comparison al
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Differential Op Amps 6.5 Differenti
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6-10
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Internal Compensation 7-2 around in
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Internal Compensation 7-4 Damping R
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Internal Compensation AVD - Large-S
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External Compensation, Stability, a
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Dominant-Pole Compensation 7-10 VTH
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Gain Compensation 7-12 VOUT VIN a
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Lead Compensation 7-14 transfer fun
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Compensated Attenuator Applied to O
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Lead-Lag Compensation 7-18 FHASE (A
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Comparison of Compensation Schemes
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7-22
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Development of the Stability Equati
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The Noninverting CFA Figure 8-4. No
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The Inverting CFA 8-6 The current e
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Stability Analysis 8-8 The plot in
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Selection of the Feedback Resistor
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Stability and Feedback Capacitance
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Summary 8.11 Summary 8-14 A Z1 R
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Precision 9.2 Precision 9-2 The lon
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Bandwidth 9-4 A aR G R F R G (9-2
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Stability 9.4 Stability 9-6 Substit
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Equation Comparison 9-8 R G = 100
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9-10
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Characterization 10-2 Noise Signal
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Types of Noise 10.2.5 Noise Units 1
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Types of Noise 10-6 Shot noise is
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Types of Noise 10-8 Ith 4kTB R Wh
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Noise Colors Figure 10-4. Avalanche
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Op Amp Noise 10.4.3 Red/Brown Noise
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Op Amp Noise 10-14 E n Square it.
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Op Amp Noise 10.5.4 Inverting Op Am
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Op Amp Noise 10.5.6 Differential Op
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Putting It All Together 10-20 Vn Vn
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Putting It All Together 10-22 volta
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10-24
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Operational Amplifier Parameter Glo
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Additional Parameter Information 11
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12-2 The ADC selection is based on
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12-4 (A) 4 V 3 V ADC 0 V Sensor Out
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12.2 Transducer Types 12-6 This is
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12-8 some value, and R X is switche
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12-10 Resolvers and synchros are po
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12-12 6) Scan the transducer and AD
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12-14 the worst case excursions of
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Table 12-3. Op Amp Selection 12-16
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12-18 this yields m = 16.16. The re
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12-20 0.97R 1 VREF(MIN) VREF 50 m
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12-22 ply contribution is reduced b
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12-24
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Wireless Systems 13-2 Signal @ - 10
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Wireless Systems 13-4 900 MHz Figur
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Selection of ADCs/DACs 13.3 Selecti
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Selection of ADCs/DACs 13-8 Therefo
Page 204 and 205: Factors Influencing the Choice of O
Page 206 and 207: Anti-Aliasing Filters 13-12 anti-al
Page 208 and 209: Communication D/A Converter Reconst
Page 210 and 211: External Vref Circuits for ADCs/DAC
Page 212 and 213: High-Speed Analog Input Drive Circu
Page 214 and 215: High-Speed Analog Input Drive Circu
Page 216 and 217: References 13.9 References 13-22 [1
Page 218 and 219: Understanding the D/A Converter and
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Page 222 and 223: D/A Converter Error Budget 14-6 rat
Page 224 and 225: D/A Converter Error Budget 14-8 The
Page 226 and 227: D/A Converter Errors and Parameters
Page 234 and 235: Compensating For DAC Capacitance 14
Page 236 and 237: Increasing Op Amp Buffer Amplifier
Page 238 and 239: Increasing Op Amp Buffer Amplifier
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Page 242 and 243: Requirements for Oscillation 15-2 u
Page 244 and 245: Gain in the Oscillator 15-4 The fre
Page 246 and 247: Active Element (Op Amp) Impact on t
Page 248 and 249: Analysis of the Oscillator Operatio
Page 250 and 251: Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits 15-10
Page 262 and 263: References 15.8 References 15-22 [1
Page 264 and 265: Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters 16
Page 274 and 275: Low-Pass Filter Design 16-12 1st or
Page 276 and 277: Low-Pass Filter Design Example 16-1
Page 278 and 279: Low-Pass Filter Design 16-16 In ord
Page 280 and 281: Low-Pass Filter Design 16.3.2.2 Mul
Page 282 and 283: Low-Pass Filter Design Second Filte
Page 284 and 285: High-Pass Filter Design 16-22 |A|
Page 286 and 287: High-Pass Filter Design 16-24 To di
Page 288 and 289: High-Pass Filter Design 16-26 Throu
Page 290 and 291: Band-Pass Filter Design 16-28 |A| [
Page 292 and 293: Band-Pass Filter Design 16-30 The g
Page 294 and 295: Band-Pass Filter Design 16-32 out a
Page 296 and 297: Band-Pass Filter Design 16-34 After
Page 298 and 299: Band-Rejection Filter Design 16-36
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All-Pass Filter Design 16-42 2 i
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All-Pass Filter Design 16.7.1 First
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All-Pass Filter Design 16-46 V IN f
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Practical Design Hints 16-48 low-pa
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Practical Design Hints V IN 16-50 C
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Practical Design Hints 16-52 If thi
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Practical Design Hints 16-54 f T 1
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Filter Coefficient Tables Table 16-
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16-64
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General Considerations 17.1.3 Noise
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PCB Mechanical Construction 17-4 Te
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PCB Mechanical Construction 17.2.2.
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Grounding 17-8 DIGITAL + DIGITAL -
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Grounding 17-10 CONNECTOR POWER SUP
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The Frequency Characteristics of Pa
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Decoupling 17-20 For example, a 0.4
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Decoupling 17-22 EQUIVALENT SERIES
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Packages 17.7 Packages 17-24 N1 IN-
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Packages 17-26 IN1 + OUT1 IN2 IN3 O
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Summary 17-28 HALF SUPPLY GOOD _ +
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17-30
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Introduction 18-2 swing at V CC = 5
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Dynamic Range 18-4 VIN VnR Figure 1
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Input Common-Mode Range 18-6 sible
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Input Common-Mode Range 18-8 VCC GN
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Input Common-Mode Range 18-10 V µ
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Shutdown and Low Current Drain 18-1
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Transducer to ADC Analog Interface
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DAC to Actuator Analog Interface 18
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DAC to Actuator Analog Interface 18
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Comparison of Op Amps 18-20 When DA
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Summary 18.11 Summary 18-22 Always
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18-24
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"Chapter 1 - The Op Amp's Place in the World" - HTL Wien 10

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