"Chapter 1 - The Op Amp's Place in the World" - HTL Wien 10

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Additional Parameter Information 11.3.16 Settling Time 11-22 It takes a finite time for a signal to propagate through the internal circuitry of an op amp. Therefore, it takes a period of time for the output to react to a step change in the input. In addition, the output normally overshoots the target value, experiences damped oscillation, and settles to a final value. Settling time, t s, is the time required for the output voltage to settle to within a specified percentage of the final value given a step input. Figure 11–12 shows this graphically: VOUT Figure 11–12. Settling Time Tolerance Slew Rate Settling Time Overshoot Damped Oscillation Time Final Value Settling time is a design issue in data acquisition circuits when signals are changing rapidly. An example is when using an op amp following a multiplexer to buffer the input to an A to D converter. Step changes can occur at the input to the op amp when the multiplexer changes channels. The output of the op amp must settle to within a certain tolerance before the A to D converter samples the signal.
Instrumentation: Sensors to A/D Converters 12.1 Introduction Ron Mancini The typical transducer measurement system block diagram is shown in Figure 12–1. The transducer is the electronic system’s interface with the real world, and it issues data about a variable. The transducer converts the data into an electrical signal adequate for processing by the circuitry that follows the transducer. Bias and excitation circuitry does the care and feeding of the transducer, thus this circuitry provides offset voltages, bias currents, excitation signals, external components, and protection that is required for the transducer to operate properly. The output of the transducer is an electrical signal representing the measured variable. Input Variable Transducer Amplifier ADC Bias or Excitation Circuits Power Supply Figure 12–1. Block Diagram of a Transducer Measurement System Digital Control Chapter 12 DIgital Data Out The variables that must be measured are determined by the customer’s application, and the measured variable normally dictates the transducer selection. If the measured variable is temperature, then some sort of temperature sensing transducer must be employed, and the range of temperatures to be measured or the accuracy of the measurement is the primary factor influencing temperature transducer selection. Notice that the electrical output of the transducer is not a major concern at this point in the transducer selection. The transducer’s electrical output is always a consideration, although picking the right transducer for the job is the primary goal. The correct transducer for the job can have an Ω/°C change, µV/°C change, or mV/°C change. All transducers have offset voltages or currents, and they can be referenced to ground, either power supply rail, or some other voltage. The selection of the transducer is out of circuit designer’s hands; thus, the circuit designer must accept what the application demands. 12-1
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Operational Amplifier Chapter 1: Th
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1-2 problem. It seems that circuits
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1-4 you are looking in the wrong pl
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Laws of Physics 2-2 V IR (2-1) In
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Current Divider Rule 2-4 put voltag
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Thevenin’s Theorem 2-6 V theorem
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Superposition 2.6 Superposition 2-8
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Transistor Amplifier 2-10 I C I B
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Transistor Amplifier 2-12 approxima
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Ideal Op Amp Assumptions 3-2 a hard
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The Inverting Op Amp 3-4 in a curre
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The Differential Amplifier 3.5 The
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Complex Feedback Networks 3-8 Break
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Capacitors Figure 3-10. Low-Pass Fi
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3-12
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Single Supply versus Dual Supply 4-
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Circuit Analysis 4-4 VREF VIN Figur
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Circuit Analysis 4-6 Four op amps w
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Simultaneous Equations 4.3 Simultan
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Simultaneous Equations 4-10 VOUT V
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Simultaneous Equations 4-12 VIN = 0
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Simultaneous Equations 4-14 m R F
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Simultaneous Equations 4.3.3 Case 3
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Simultaneous Equations 4-18 - Input
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Simultaneous Equations 4-20 |b| V
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Summary 4.4 Summary 4-22 Single-sup
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Block Diagram Math and Manipulation
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Block Diagram Math and Manipulation
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Feedback Equation and Stability 5.3
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Bode Analysis of Feedback Circuits
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Bode Analysis of Feedback Circuits
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Loop Gain Plots are the Key to Unde
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Loop Gain Plots are the Key to Unde
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References 5-16 M tangent 1 (2) (
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Review of the Canonical Equations 6
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Review of the Canonical Equations 6
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Inverting Op Amps 6-6 comparison al
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Differential Op Amps 6.5 Differenti
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6-10
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Internal Compensation 7-2 around in
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Internal Compensation 7-4 Damping R
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Internal Compensation AVD - Large-S
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External Compensation, Stability, a
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Dominant-Pole Compensation 7-10 VTH
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Gain Compensation 7-12 VOUT VIN a
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Lead Compensation 7-14 transfer fun
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Compensated Attenuator Applied to O
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Lead-Lag Compensation 7-18 FHASE (A
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Comparison of Compensation Schemes
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7-22
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Development of the Stability Equati
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The Noninverting CFA Figure 8-4. No
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The Inverting CFA 8-6 The current e
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Stability Analysis 8-8 The plot in
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Selection of the Feedback Resistor
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Stability and Feedback Capacitance
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Summary 8.11 Summary 8-14 A Z1 R
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Precision 9.2 Precision 9-2 The lon
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Bandwidth 9-4 A aR G R F R G (9-2
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Page 122 and 123: Equation Comparison 9-8 R G = 100
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Page 126 and 127: Characterization 10-2 Noise Signal
Page 128 and 129: Types of Noise 10.2.5 Noise Units 1
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Page 134 and 135: Noise Colors Figure 10-4. Avalanche
Page 136 and 137: Op Amp Noise 10.4.3 Red/Brown Noise
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Page 140 and 141: Op Amp Noise 10.5.4 Inverting Op Am
Page 142 and 143: Op Amp Noise 10.5.6 Differential Op
Page 144 and 145: Putting It All Together 10-20 Vn Vn
Page 146 and 147: Putting It All Together 10-22 volta
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Page 150 and 151: Operational Amplifier Parameter Glo
Page 156 and 157: Additional Parameter Information 11
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Page 176 and 177: 12.2 Transducer Types 12-6 This is
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Page 186 and 187: Table 12-3. Op Amp Selection 12-16
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Page 196 and 197: Wireless Systems 13-2 Signal @ - 10
Page 198 and 199: Wireless Systems 13-4 900 MHz Figur
Page 200 and 201: Selection of ADCs/DACs 13.3 Selecti
Page 202 and 203: Selection of ADCs/DACs 13-8 Therefo
Page 204 and 205: Factors Influencing the Choice of O
Page 206 and 207: Anti-Aliasing Filters 13-12 anti-al
Page 208 and 209: Communication D/A Converter Reconst
Page 210 and 211: External Vref Circuits for ADCs/DAC
Page 212 and 213: High-Speed Analog Input Drive Circu
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Page 216 and 217: References 13.9 References 13-22 [1
Page 218 and 219: Understanding the D/A Converter and
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Understanding the D/A Converter and
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D/A Converter Error Budget 14-6 rat
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D/A Converter Error Budget 14-8 The
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D/A Converter Errors and Parameters
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Compensating For DAC Capacitance 14
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Increasing Op Amp Buffer Amplifier
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Increasing Op Amp Buffer Amplifier
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Requirements for Oscillation 15-2 u
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Gain in the Oscillator 15-4 The fre
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Active Element (Op Amp) Impact on t
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Analysis of the Oscillator Operatio
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Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits 15-10
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References 15.8 References 15-22 [1
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Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters 16
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Low-Pass Filter Design 16-12 1st or
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Low-Pass Filter Design Example 16-1
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Low-Pass Filter Design 16-16 In ord
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Low-Pass Filter Design 16.3.2.2 Mul
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Low-Pass Filter Design Second Filte
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High-Pass Filter Design 16-22 |A|
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High-Pass Filter Design 16-24 To di
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High-Pass Filter Design 16-26 Throu
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Band-Pass Filter Design 16-28 |A| [
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Band-Pass Filter Design 16-30 The g
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Band-Pass Filter Design 16-32 out a
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Band-Pass Filter Design 16-34 After
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Band-Rejection Filter Design 16-36
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All-Pass Filter Design 16-42 2 i
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All-Pass Filter Design 16.7.1 First
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All-Pass Filter Design 16-46 V IN f
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Practical Design Hints 16-48 low-pa
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Practical Design Hints V IN 16-50 C
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Practical Design Hints 16-52 If thi
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Practical Design Hints 16-54 f T 1
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Filter Coefficient Tables Table 16-
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16-64
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General Considerations 17.1.3 Noise
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PCB Mechanical Construction 17-4 Te
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PCB Mechanical Construction 17.2.2.
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Grounding 17-8 DIGITAL + DIGITAL -
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Grounding 17-10 CONNECTOR POWER SUP
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The Frequency Characteristics of Pa
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Decoupling 17-20 For example, a 0.4
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Decoupling 17-22 EQUIVALENT SERIES
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Packages 17.7 Packages 17-24 N1 IN-
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Packages 17-26 IN1 + OUT1 IN2 IN3 O
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Summary 17-28 HALF SUPPLY GOOD _ +
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17-30
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Introduction 18-2 swing at V CC = 5
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Dynamic Range 18-4 VIN VnR Figure 1
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Input Common-Mode Range 18-6 sible
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Input Common-Mode Range 18-8 VCC GN
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Input Common-Mode Range 18-10 V µ
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Shutdown and Low Current Drain 18-1
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Transducer to ADC Analog Interface
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DAC to Actuator Analog Interface 18
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DAC to Actuator Analog Interface 18
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Comparison of Op Amps 18-20 When DA
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Summary 18.11 Summary 18-22 Always
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"Chapter 1 - The Op Amp's Place in the World" - HTL Wien 10

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