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cartographic data, including terrain shadowing calcula tions. The three types of data most used in tactical data bases are reviewed, along with their storage characteristics and current data sources. Due to space restrictions, this overview must of course be brief. The problems described in this paper arose during work on two developmental surveillance and strike systems under research by the USAF. Time Degraded Track Time Degraded 2.0. Tactical Applications Figure 1-1 Context Enhancement The need for wide area reconnaissance in the near-real time frame of modern combat has developed out of the length of the borders that must be considered, espe cially in the European theater of operations, and the 78
need for early warning of impending attack in order to expedite mobilization. As previously noted, the long range sensor reports by themselves are not sufficient to present the situation to a military analyst; they must be placed on a cartographic background to make sense tactically. If a strike is to be called on the strength of sensor reports, the possible context of the target's movements must be examined closely. If the targets are moving into an area where the sensors will be unable to detect them, the strike must be postponed. Tracking a target accurately depends on locating it in four dimensions: x, y, z, and time. The sensors can provide accurate information on range, Doppler shift (target speed relative to the sensor), and time. This information must be correlated with the road network data in order to locate the target accurately. Thus, information about the target's location relative to bridges, rivers, railroads, and forests can be greatly helpful in plan ning future strikes. By examining reports from one sensor in the context of the surrounding area, it is possible to "cue" other sensors to look at the target. This becomes increas ingly important when targets have moved to areas where loss of contact is imminent due to foliage or terrain shadowing, which would not affect another sensor with different operating characteristics. A further use for cartographic underlays involves accu rate portrayal of the Ground Order of Battle (GOB), hostile anti-aircraft (AA) unit locations, and mar shalling areas. This information is used to analyze and forestall hostile unit actions, and to locate safe penetration routes for strike aircraft. In addition to actual combat applications, cartographic data is vital to realistic battlefield simulations. The prohibitively high cost of field tests has increased the importance of such simulations in recent years. Generating these simulations requires interactive access to lineal cartographic data in order to locate simulated targets realistically. 3.0. Terrain Shadowing Terrain shadowing is the process of calculating the 79
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'/1UTO QIRTO IV Proceedings of the
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SPONSORED BY: Proceedings of the Vo
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FOREWORD This is the fourth confere
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PREFACE The technical articles cont
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The Use of Computer Generated Maps
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Interactive Computer Mapping ......
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A Formal Model of a Cartographic In
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PHOTOGRAMMETRY SESSIONS Introductio
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William 0. Lucoff of Cal. State at
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widths may be varied at random from
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command codes to the minicomputer a
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Figure 2 Computer Controller EXPOSU
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— 1 X 0 u_ ABCDE M X ^ ^j to C£
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Figure 12 Portion of 48"X60" Chart
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3. THE GAS SYSTEM Chicago Aerial Su
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mode and guides the operator throug
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Figure 1 - Input Edit Figure 2 - Li
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Figure 7 - illegal Elevations Figur
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L Figure 11-Matching Between Models
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1. Street trees are defined as any
Page 43 and 44: exists between the calculated data
Page 45 and 46: Trom a conversation with Robert Lee
Page 47 and 48: II. The Alternatives Various conven
Page 49 and 50: With error correction as the final
Page 51 and 52: 1. Introduction PRACTICAL EXPERIENC
Page 53 and 54: instruments with digital mapping te
Page 55 and 56: the patterns and stores the digital
Page 57 and 58: o Provides the capability to conver
Page 59 and 60: II.System Description Figure 1 is a
Page 61 and 62: Status signals are located on the m
Page 63 and 64: which have been digitized and recor
Page 65 and 66: Figure 4 Digitized/Recorded Image C
Page 67 and 68: IMAGE PROCESSING The Image Processi
Page 69 and 70: II. Background The work reported in
Page 71 and 72: coordinates from topographic maps.
Page 73 and 74: polation techniques are available i
Page 75 and 76: egistrations. In all areas where re
Page 77 and 78: THE INTERACTIVE IMAGE SYSTEM FOR TH
Page 79 and 80: The operator may type in commands w
Page 81 and 82: input, each request being terminate
Page 83 and 84: The language elements invoke indepe
Page 85 and 86: IMAGE PROCESSING AND NAVIGATION FOR
Page 87 and 88: 4. Image Acquisition and Amplitude
Page 89 and 90: disc); - the satellite spin-speed w
Page 91 and 92: line start. These parameters are se
Page 93: PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS FOR DIGITAL
Page 97 and 98: In order to manipulate classes of f
Page 99 and 100: depends mainly on the density of fe
Page 101 and 102: A DATA STRUCTURE FOR A RASTER MAP D
Page 103 and 104: FIG. 2. A border with indicated max
Page 105 and 106: pointers associated with the max-po
Page 107 and 108: y-max 1 z \7 'x-min \x-max 3 x-min
Page 109 and 110: DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS SESSIONS Int
Page 111 and 112: Their programs have been developed
Page 113 and 114: that the purpose of the digital ter
Page 115 and 116: equirement for such a program is th
Page 117 and 118: equivalent to locating the lines of
Page 119 and 120: Brassel, K.,1974,"A Model of Americ
Page 121 and 122: It is not the intention of this pap
Page 123 and 124: One feature in this should be empha
Page 125 and 126: neighbouring data points to estimat
Page 127 and 128: Lawson, C.L., 1977. Software for C-
Page 129 and 130: EDIT SYSTEM HARDWARE The IPIN Edit
Page 131 and 132: Each edit terminal will also contai
Page 133 and 134: FIGURE 2. PLOT OF GEOMORPHIC DATA 1
Page 135 and 136: a 0° 0 0 + 0 o 0 FIGURE 4. SELECTE
Page 137 and 138: FIGURE 5. CONTOUR PLOT OF INTERPOLA
Page 139 and 140: absorbed in the merger if the diffe
Page 141 and 142: To an every-increasing degree, the
Page 143 and 144: potential storage volumes of depres
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Soil type sand, Vegetation trees -^
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References Brnjac, M; Carlsen, L; M
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is particularly important to allow
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(b) If Z-coordinate of the vertex B
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Figure 3a. TIN DTM Projection Figur
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URBAN MAPPING SESSIONS Introduction
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Norfolk, and Hampton Virginia. Part
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MAPPING SERVICES IN FAIRFAX COUNTY,
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If errors are detected they are res
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Some are only printed as the stocks
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URBAN MAPPING AND RELATED AUTOMATED
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tersection matching program was wri
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The selection of coding schemes wil
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cartography and are firmly committe
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main purpose of this paper. Five of
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The project was undertaken specific
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play and analysis. By breaking from
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The operating system environment is
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INTERACTIVE COMPUTER MAPPING* Thoma
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- By displaying variables in map fo
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with a start - head- and an end -ta
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Rovner, P.D and Feldman, J.A., 1968
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eading this complex type of map, (2
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y a law pertaining to persons 65 an
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So far the analysis has been concer
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enta separation to the family age g
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Mortality maps have been widely use
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1970 population values, growth rate
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CANCER MORTALITY BY CENSUS TRACT 19
Page 203 and 204:
References Burbank, F., Epidemiolog
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Computer graphics is changing all t
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time to define the uses to which th
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tually complete - we had a meeting
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EXPLORATION AND UTILITY SYSTEMS SES
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AUTOMATED MAPPING AND FACILITIES MA
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turned out to be a boon for automat
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As an example, one utility had five
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suburb of Denver, is a group of eng
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Introduction CADAE * (COMPUTER AIDE
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using CADAE, but the convenience an
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fractions of an inch to 1/64 or in
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Now that the viability of CADAE has
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"LANDFORM" LAND ANALYSIS AND DISPLA
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(2) Information Display (3) Design
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scales, and perspective views can b
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ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL
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Once the Map Grids are complete, th
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TOPOLOGICAL MODELS FOR ARCHITECTURA
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dimension, may be oriented in two w
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1-cells, and the 0-cells on the bou
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IX. One and two-dimensional structu
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looking from c^ to c9 near side far
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Figure 4 File Layout for Model of a
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DATA BASES, SMALL SYSTEMS There wer
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The consistency requirements are se
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A 0-cell is A 1-cell is a A 2-cell
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is a 2-ditnensional surface, and pr
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Our Algorithm From the topological
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(a) graph \ (b) disk: node 5 lO (c)
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as earthquake damage assessment, lo
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data is relatively simple. Problems
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In theory, the structure of such a
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BASIS resides on a minicomputer ope
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DATA BASES, LARGE SYSTEMS SESSIONS
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Robert Haralick and Linda Shapiro o
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COMPUTER-ASSISTED ENVIRONMENTAL DAT
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System (GRIDS) and Calma Mapping Sy
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Results Space does not permit the r
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encoded data appear to be very sign
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NATIONAL OCEAN SURVEY—AUTOMATED I
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centered at NOS Headquarters, but r
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separately. There are also five of
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graphic, chart base, and labels may
Page 291 and 292:
Introduction GEOMODEL - INTEGRATED
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ace, income, miles of bus-lines, or
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phrase pointer Figure Ib. 1-cell Fe
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Implementation The development plan
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ECQBASE OF BRITAIN: status report o
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1. Coastlines (high water mark) inc
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much statistical data, e.g. , from
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Figure 1 Scale of digitisation of p
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I. Introduction A DATA STRUCTURE FO
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One obvious division of the state i
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Figure 2 illustrates this structure
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Raster or grid form is another form
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For each type of spatial data struc
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The following questions are possibl
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4. Freeman, H., "Computer Processin
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also be generalized to remove exces
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Figure I. On the left, a map of zon
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The other important role the error
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REFERENCES Corbett, J. (1975). "Top
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The fundamental building block of a
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discussed previously are of the COD
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[2] Bonczek, R. H.; Holsapple, C. W
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REFERENCE BASE REFERENCE LINES NAP
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Polygon data, in contrast, results
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An alternative to grid resampling i
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Should this table already contain a
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Murray, F. W. (1968) A_ Method of O
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ships between units, and thereby fe
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ture, encode, reduce, edit, format,
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could be assigned to each 40-acre g
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more on chain encoding rather than
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RIDS-CURRENT TECHNOLOGY IN RESOURCE
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The RID system is designed to overl
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Data Input Once the relevant data h
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Data Manipulation Timber Contour Cu
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NATIONAL SMALL
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III. The National Small-Scale Data
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cally-structured data base is under
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Appendix A: HAWAII: Hydrography U>
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INTERACTIVE CARTOGRAPHY, SMALL SYST
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options but it also extends our res
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sis techniques) information not pre
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media forming input to the system i
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D. CIS Data Base Limitations There
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input space into a set of 8 x 8 sub
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esolution of the system and the num
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impractical to use this terminal fo
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and heat from power plants into wat
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The present and future Low-resoluti
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Development of GIMMAP at the Kansas
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The second area of development is a
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GROUP Fig. 1
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MOVING INTERACTIVE THEMATIC MAPPING
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directives. Both map and data files
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Parameters are commonly of the form
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7. Conclusions In the s:!x months C
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INTERACTIVE CARTOGRAPHY, LARGE SYST
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developed at LBL has been particula
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printed at a common scale and forma
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
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V. Production Sequence The most imp
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1. Introduction MULTIPLE SYSTEM INT
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measurements during map compilation
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Photogrammetric —— > Digitizer/
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intersections. These are a few exam
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Introduction ENERGY ANALYSIS BY MEA
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enabled us to undertake runs consit
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Cost (k $) (D CD M M
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which seek to incorporate powerful
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ELECTRON BEAM RECORDERS FOR AUTOMAT
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data files are supplied as an 8 Bit
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signals representative of map featu
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composite photograph prepared to sh
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Figure 5 16 AAIPS Approach Charts R
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Figure 8 - LANDSAT Image Recorded i
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AUTO-CARTO IV STAFF AND COMMITTEES
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University of Kansas Mike Hogben A'
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Efi Arazi, President Sci-Tex Corp.,
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Peter F. Bermel Chief, Eastern Mapp
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Sherry K. Brown Princeton Universit
Page 451 and 452:
Steven D. Clark Petroleum Informati
Page 453 and 454:
Richard Davis NOAA, NOS 6001 Execut
Page 455 and 456:
John Durkin Suiranagraphics 35 Bren
Page 457 and 458:
E. Porrest A-E-C Automation Newslet
Page 459 and 460:
Barry J. Glick Middlebury College M
Page 461 and 462:
Jim Hargis M & S Computing Co. 14 I
Page 463 and 464:
Howard C. Hopps Dept. of Pathology
Page 465 and 466:
Lee P. Johnston GeoGraphic Decision
Page 467 and 468:
Herbert Kressler Defense Mapping Sc
Page 469 and 470:
D. Richard Lycan Center for Pop. Re
Page 471 and 472:
Robert K. McKinney Weyerhaeuser Co.
Page 473 and 474:
Joel L. Morrison Dept. of Geography
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David Osiecki 83 Gerber Rd. South W
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A.D. Poole Phillips Petroleum Co. 2
Page 479 and 480:
Dirck L. Rotty USDA Forest Service
Page 481 and 482:
Craig L. Shafer NFS 18 & C Street,
Page 483 and 484:
Bobby Staudt M & S Computing 406 Au
Page 485 and 486:
Laure Thompson George Mason Univers
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D.J. Walker Image Graphics 107 Ardm
Page 489 and 490:
Alberta Auringer Wood Chairperson,
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AUTHOR INDEX - VOLUME II Allam, M.
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Schmidt, Warren E. ...............
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