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CARTOGRAPHIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE INTEGRATION OF LANDSAT DIGITAL IMAGERY WITH EXISTING SPATIAL DATA I. Introduction Richard L. McKinney Computer Sciences Corporation Silver Spring, Maryland Anyone interested in the merger of spatial data from different sources must register the various inputs to a common projection. While the registration accuracy requirements may vary from application to application, the problems associated with data integration remain whether the data are merged via physical overlays or combined digitally as in a digital information system. The rectification of Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) digital data to a map projection or the scene-to-scene registration of MSS digital data requires corrections not only for the new map projection, but also for a variety of distortions. MSS digital image distortions exist due to the combined effects of sensor operation, orbit and attitude anomalies, the Earth's rotation, and atmospheric and terrain effects (1). This report describes the procedure used to overcome the cartographic problems association with the rectification and registration of Landsat digital data to USGS 1:24000 topographic maps. 52
II. Background The work reported in this paper is part of an on-going joint project between Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) and the Bureau of the Census (2). The program goal is to develop methods for the application of major urbanized areas in the United States (3). Current research is directed toward statistical procedures for the identification of land cover change within the urban fringe. The present investigation will use data from ten different Landsat images corrected to the universal transverse mercator (UTM) map projection and registered to each other at an accuracy better than one pixel (4). III. Study Site The Denver study Site is an area of approximately 2975 square kilo meters centered on Denver, Colorado. The area is situated in the Great Plains physiographic region to the east of the Rocky Mountains at an elevation of about 1.6 kilometers. Denver is fairly dry with an average precipitation of only 36 centimeters annually. Around the city are dry land agriculture to the east, range land to the northwest and south, wet land agriculture to the northeast and southeast. The Rocky Mountains are to the west. The city has extensive older residential areas to the west and south. This combination of land usage makes Denver a study area of considerable diversity. IV. Registration Procedure The Digital Image Rectification System (DIRS) (5) was selected for rectification (to UTM coordinates) and registration of the MSS imagery for the Denver Study. DIRS is a collection of programs written for an IBM 360/91 computer running with an OS/MVT operating system. DIRS runs are submitted as batch jobs and do not require special image processing hardware. The programs use up to 500K bytes of memory (larger amounts are needed to do image rotation), at least five tape drives and a moderate amount of direct access (disc) storage. Run times vary from less than one minute to eight minutes or more depending on the amount of image data being processed, the number and type of shade prints and edge correlations required, and the type of resampling used. 53
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'/1UTO QIRTO IV Proceedings of the
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SPONSORED BY: Proceedings of the Vo
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FOREWORD This is the fourth confere
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PREFACE The technical articles cont
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The Use of Computer Generated Maps
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Interactive Computer Mapping ......
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A Formal Model of a Cartographic In
Page 17 and 18: PHOTOGRAMMETRY SESSIONS Introductio
Page 19 and 20: William 0. Lucoff of Cal. State at
Page 21 and 22: widths may be varied at random from
Page 23 and 24: command codes to the minicomputer a
Page 25 and 26: Figure 2 Computer Controller EXPOSU
Page 27 and 28: — 1 X 0 u_ ABCDE M X ^ ^j to C£
Page 29 and 30: Figure 12 Portion of 48"X60" Chart
Page 31 and 32: 3. THE GAS SYSTEM Chicago Aerial Su
Page 33 and 34: mode and guides the operator throug
Page 35 and 36: Figure 1 - Input Edit Figure 2 - Li
Page 37 and 38: Figure 7 - illegal Elevations Figur
Page 39 and 40: L Figure 11-Matching Between Models
Page 41 and 42: 1. Street trees are defined as any
Page 43 and 44: exists between the calculated data
Page 45 and 46: Trom a conversation with Robert Lee
Page 47 and 48: II. The Alternatives Various conven
Page 49 and 50: With error correction as the final
Page 51 and 52: 1. Introduction PRACTICAL EXPERIENC
Page 53 and 54: instruments with digital mapping te
Page 55 and 56: the patterns and stores the digital
Page 57 and 58: o Provides the capability to conver
Page 59 and 60: II.System Description Figure 1 is a
Page 61 and 62: Status signals are located on the m
Page 63 and 64: which have been digitized and recor
Page 65 and 66: Figure 4 Digitized/Recorded Image C
Page 67: IMAGE PROCESSING The Image Processi
Page 71 and 72: coordinates from topographic maps.
Page 73 and 74: polation techniques are available i
Page 75 and 76: egistrations. In all areas where re
Page 77 and 78: THE INTERACTIVE IMAGE SYSTEM FOR TH
Page 79 and 80: The operator may type in commands w
Page 81 and 82: input, each request being terminate
Page 83 and 84: The language elements invoke indepe
Page 85 and 86: IMAGE PROCESSING AND NAVIGATION FOR
Page 87 and 88: 4. Image Acquisition and Amplitude
Page 89 and 90: disc); - the satellite spin-speed w
Page 91 and 92: line start. These parameters are se
Page 93 and 94: PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS FOR DIGITAL
Page 95 and 96: need for early warning of impending
Page 97 and 98: In order to manipulate classes of f
Page 99 and 100: depends mainly on the density of fe
Page 101 and 102: A DATA STRUCTURE FOR A RASTER MAP D
Page 103 and 104: FIG. 2. A border with indicated max
Page 105 and 106: pointers associated with the max-po
Page 107 and 108: y-max 1 z \7 'x-min \x-max 3 x-min
Page 109 and 110: DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS SESSIONS Int
Page 111 and 112: Their programs have been developed
Page 113 and 114: that the purpose of the digital ter
Page 115 and 116: equirement for such a program is th
Page 117 and 118: equivalent to locating the lines of
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Brassel, K.,1974,"A Model of Americ
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It is not the intention of this pap
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One feature in this should be empha
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neighbouring data points to estimat
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Lawson, C.L., 1977. Software for C-
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EDIT SYSTEM HARDWARE The IPIN Edit
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Each edit terminal will also contai
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FIGURE 2. PLOT OF GEOMORPHIC DATA 1
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a 0° 0 0 + 0 o 0 FIGURE 4. SELECTE
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FIGURE 5. CONTOUR PLOT OF INTERPOLA
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absorbed in the merger if the diffe
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To an every-increasing degree, the
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potential storage volumes of depres
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Soil type sand, Vegetation trees -^
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References Brnjac, M; Carlsen, L; M
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is particularly important to allow
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(b) If Z-coordinate of the vertex B
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Figure 3a. TIN DTM Projection Figur
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URBAN MAPPING SESSIONS Introduction
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Norfolk, and Hampton Virginia. Part
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MAPPING SERVICES IN FAIRFAX COUNTY,
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If errors are detected they are res
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Some are only printed as the stocks
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URBAN MAPPING AND RELATED AUTOMATED
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tersection matching program was wri
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The selection of coding schemes wil
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cartography and are firmly committe
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main purpose of this paper. Five of
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The project was undertaken specific
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play and analysis. By breaking from
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The operating system environment is
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INTERACTIVE COMPUTER MAPPING* Thoma
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- By displaying variables in map fo
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with a start - head- and an end -ta
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Rovner, P.D and Feldman, J.A., 1968
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eading this complex type of map, (2
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y a law pertaining to persons 65 an
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So far the analysis has been concer
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enta separation to the family age g
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Mortality maps have been widely use
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1970 population values, growth rate
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CANCER MORTALITY BY CENSUS TRACT 19
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References Burbank, F., Epidemiolog
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Computer graphics is changing all t
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time to define the uses to which th
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tually complete - we had a meeting
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EXPLORATION AND UTILITY SYSTEMS SES
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AUTOMATED MAPPING AND FACILITIES MA
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turned out to be a boon for automat
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As an example, one utility had five
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suburb of Denver, is a group of eng
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Introduction CADAE * (COMPUTER AIDE
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using CADAE, but the convenience an
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fractions of an inch to 1/64 or in
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Now that the viability of CADAE has
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"LANDFORM" LAND ANALYSIS AND DISPLA
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(2) Information Display (3) Design
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scales, and perspective views can b
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ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL
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Once the Map Grids are complete, th
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TOPOLOGICAL MODELS FOR ARCHITECTURA
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dimension, may be oriented in two w
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1-cells, and the 0-cells on the bou
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IX. One and two-dimensional structu
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looking from c^ to c9 near side far
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Figure 4 File Layout for Model of a
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DATA BASES, SMALL SYSTEMS There wer
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The consistency requirements are se
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A 0-cell is A 1-cell is a A 2-cell
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is a 2-ditnensional surface, and pr
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Our Algorithm From the topological
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(a) graph \ (b) disk: node 5 lO (c)
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as earthquake damage assessment, lo
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data is relatively simple. Problems
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In theory, the structure of such a
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BASIS resides on a minicomputer ope
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DATA BASES, LARGE SYSTEMS SESSIONS
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Robert Haralick and Linda Shapiro o
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COMPUTER-ASSISTED ENVIRONMENTAL DAT
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System (GRIDS) and Calma Mapping Sy
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Results Space does not permit the r
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encoded data appear to be very sign
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NATIONAL OCEAN SURVEY—AUTOMATED I
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centered at NOS Headquarters, but r
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separately. There are also five of
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graphic, chart base, and labels may
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Introduction GEOMODEL - INTEGRATED
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ace, income, miles of bus-lines, or
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phrase pointer Figure Ib. 1-cell Fe
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Implementation The development plan
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ECQBASE OF BRITAIN: status report o
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1. Coastlines (high water mark) inc
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much statistical data, e.g. , from
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Figure 1 Scale of digitisation of p
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I. Introduction A DATA STRUCTURE FO
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One obvious division of the state i
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Figure 2 illustrates this structure
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Raster or grid form is another form
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For each type of spatial data struc
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The following questions are possibl
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4. Freeman, H., "Computer Processin
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also be generalized to remove exces
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Figure I. On the left, a map of zon
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The other important role the error
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REFERENCES Corbett, J. (1975). "Top
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The fundamental building block of a
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discussed previously are of the COD
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[2] Bonczek, R. H.; Holsapple, C. W
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REFERENCE BASE REFERENCE LINES NAP
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Polygon data, in contrast, results
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An alternative to grid resampling i
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Should this table already contain a
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Murray, F. W. (1968) A_ Method of O
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ships between units, and thereby fe
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ture, encode, reduce, edit, format,
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could be assigned to each 40-acre g
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more on chain encoding rather than
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RIDS-CURRENT TECHNOLOGY IN RESOURCE
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The RID system is designed to overl
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Data Input Once the relevant data h
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Data Manipulation Timber Contour Cu
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NATIONAL SMALL
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III. The National Small-Scale Data
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cally-structured data base is under
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Appendix A: HAWAII: Hydrography U>
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INTERACTIVE CARTOGRAPHY, SMALL SYST
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options but it also extends our res
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sis techniques) information not pre
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media forming input to the system i
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D. CIS Data Base Limitations There
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input space into a set of 8 x 8 sub
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esolution of the system and the num
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impractical to use this terminal fo
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and heat from power plants into wat
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The present and future Low-resoluti
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Development of GIMMAP at the Kansas
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The second area of development is a
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GROUP Fig. 1
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MOVING INTERACTIVE THEMATIC MAPPING
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directives. Both map and data files
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Parameters are commonly of the form
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7. Conclusions In the s:!x months C
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INTERACTIVE CARTOGRAPHY, LARGE SYST
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developed at LBL has been particula
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printed at a common scale and forma
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
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V. Production Sequence The most imp
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1. Introduction MULTIPLE SYSTEM INT
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measurements during map compilation
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Photogrammetric —— > Digitizer/
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intersections. These are a few exam
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Introduction ENERGY ANALYSIS BY MEA
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enabled us to undertake runs consit
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Cost (k $) (D CD M M
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which seek to incorporate powerful
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ELECTRON BEAM RECORDERS FOR AUTOMAT
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data files are supplied as an 8 Bit
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signals representative of map featu
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composite photograph prepared to sh
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Figure 5 16 AAIPS Approach Charts R
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Figure 8 - LANDSAT Image Recorded i
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AUTO-CARTO IV STAFF AND COMMITTEES
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University of Kansas Mike Hogben A'
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Efi Arazi, President Sci-Tex Corp.,
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Peter F. Bermel Chief, Eastern Mapp
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Sherry K. Brown Princeton Universit
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Steven D. Clark Petroleum Informati
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Richard Davis NOAA, NOS 6001 Execut
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John Durkin Suiranagraphics 35 Bren
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E. Porrest A-E-C Automation Newslet
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Barry J. Glick Middlebury College M
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Jim Hargis M & S Computing Co. 14 I
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Howard C. Hopps Dept. of Pathology
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Lee P. Johnston GeoGraphic Decision
Page 467 and 468:
Herbert Kressler Defense Mapping Sc
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D. Richard Lycan Center for Pop. Re
Page 471 and 472:
Robert K. McKinney Weyerhaeuser Co.
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Joel L. Morrison Dept. of Geography
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David Osiecki 83 Gerber Rd. South W
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A.D. Poole Phillips Petroleum Co. 2
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Dirck L. Rotty USDA Forest Service
Page 481 and 482:
Craig L. Shafer NFS 18 & C Street,
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Bobby Staudt M & S Computing 406 Au
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Laure Thompson George Mason Univers
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D.J. Walker Image Graphics 107 Ardm
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Alberta Auringer Wood Chairperson,
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AUTHOR INDEX - VOLUME II Allam, M.
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Schmidt, Warren E. ...............
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