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In addition to obtaining plots, various statistical reports are available including frequency distribution, multivariate linear regression, and multiple stepwise regression. The user has the option to suppress the map outputs and obtain statistical outputs alone. Summary Making the right decisions for managing the earth's resources depends, to a great extent, on the correct interpretation of data which has been collected. How ever, knowing which data to collect to respond to critical needs may be most important. Also it is vital that the right data is available at the right time in the decisionmaking process. Consequently, accelerating the processes from collection of data to the decision point is an important step. The use of modern photogrammetric tools combined with computer assisted systems assures accurate timely information for today's resource managers. The RID system, briefly described in this paper, is not the ultimate answer to effective decisionmaking. However, it does represent a quantum step from the way data was collected, stored and retrieved, manipulated and displayed only a few years ago. With this system, resource managers are able to explore alternatives, modeled with the computer, to an extent unknown previously. Computer generated graphic displays give the manager the opportunity to share with the public the options he must contend with in managing the resources. Hopefully, with the assistance of current technology better decisions on the use of the earth's resources can be a reality. Bibliography Resource Information Display Systems (RIDS) Project. Proceedings of the American Society of Photogrammetry. Vol. T~. 45th Annual Meeting. March 1979. Washing- ton, D.C. 344
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NATIONAL SMALL-SCALE DIGITAL CARTOGRAPHIC DATA BASE I. Introduction Malcolm J. Stephens U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Division National Center, MS 560 Reston, Virginia 22092 Michael A. Domaratz U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Division National Center, MS 560 Reston, Virginia 22092 Warren E. Schmidt U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Division National Center, MS 519 Reston, Virginia 22092 The United States Geological Survey has identified an urgent multi-user requirement for a national small-scale digital cartographic data base. To satisfy the ex pressed needs of both the USGS and other user agencies, it was concluded that the data base had to be current, topologically structured, no smaller in scale than 1:2,000,000, and sufficiently flexible to permit the generation of smaller-scale maps, thematic overlays, and other graphic products. Existing data bases, software, and hardware were investigated, but all had limitations. After considerable study and planning, a series of tasks directed toward the generation of a comprehensive national data base was defined. These tasks involved primarily the modification and linking of existing soft- 345
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'/1UTO QIRTO IV Proceedings of the
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SPONSORED BY: Proceedings of the Vo
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FOREWORD This is the fourth confere
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PREFACE The technical articles cont
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The Use of Computer Generated Maps
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Interactive Computer Mapping ......
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A Formal Model of a Cartographic In
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PHOTOGRAMMETRY SESSIONS Introductio
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William 0. Lucoff of Cal. State at
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widths may be varied at random from
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command codes to the minicomputer a
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Figure 2 Computer Controller EXPOSU
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— 1 X 0 u_ ABCDE M X ^ ^j to C£
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Figure 12 Portion of 48"X60" Chart
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3. THE GAS SYSTEM Chicago Aerial Su
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mode and guides the operator throug
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Figure 1 - Input Edit Figure 2 - Li
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Figure 7 - illegal Elevations Figur
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L Figure 11-Matching Between Models
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1. Street trees are defined as any
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exists between the calculated data
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Trom a conversation with Robert Lee
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II. The Alternatives Various conven
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With error correction as the final
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1. Introduction PRACTICAL EXPERIENC
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instruments with digital mapping te
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the patterns and stores the digital
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o Provides the capability to conver
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II.System Description Figure 1 is a
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Status signals are located on the m
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which have been digitized and recor
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Figure 4 Digitized/Recorded Image C
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IMAGE PROCESSING The Image Processi
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II. Background The work reported in
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coordinates from topographic maps.
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polation techniques are available i
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egistrations. In all areas where re
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THE INTERACTIVE IMAGE SYSTEM FOR TH
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The operator may type in commands w
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input, each request being terminate
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The language elements invoke indepe
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IMAGE PROCESSING AND NAVIGATION FOR
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4. Image Acquisition and Amplitude
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disc); - the satellite spin-speed w
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line start. These parameters are se
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PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS FOR DIGITAL
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need for early warning of impending
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In order to manipulate classes of f
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depends mainly on the density of fe
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A DATA STRUCTURE FOR A RASTER MAP D
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FIG. 2. A border with indicated max
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pointers associated with the max-po
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y-max 1 z \7 'x-min \x-max 3 x-min
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DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS SESSIONS Int
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Their programs have been developed
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that the purpose of the digital ter
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equirement for such a program is th
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equivalent to locating the lines of
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Brassel, K.,1974,"A Model of Americ
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It is not the intention of this pap
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One feature in this should be empha
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neighbouring data points to estimat
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Lawson, C.L., 1977. Software for C-
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EDIT SYSTEM HARDWARE The IPIN Edit
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Each edit terminal will also contai
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FIGURE 2. PLOT OF GEOMORPHIC DATA 1
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a 0° 0 0 + 0 o 0 FIGURE 4. SELECTE
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FIGURE 5. CONTOUR PLOT OF INTERPOLA
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absorbed in the merger if the diffe
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To an every-increasing degree, the
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potential storage volumes of depres
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Soil type sand, Vegetation trees -^
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References Brnjac, M; Carlsen, L; M
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is particularly important to allow
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(b) If Z-coordinate of the vertex B
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Figure 3a. TIN DTM Projection Figur
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URBAN MAPPING SESSIONS Introduction
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Norfolk, and Hampton Virginia. Part
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MAPPING SERVICES IN FAIRFAX COUNTY,
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If errors are detected they are res
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Some are only printed as the stocks
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URBAN MAPPING AND RELATED AUTOMATED
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tersection matching program was wri
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The selection of coding schemes wil
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cartography and are firmly committe
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main purpose of this paper. Five of
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The project was undertaken specific
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play and analysis. By breaking from
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The operating system environment is
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INTERACTIVE COMPUTER MAPPING* Thoma
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- By displaying variables in map fo
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with a start - head- and an end -ta
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Rovner, P.D and Feldman, J.A., 1968
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eading this complex type of map, (2
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y a law pertaining to persons 65 an
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So far the analysis has been concer
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enta separation to the family age g
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Mortality maps have been widely use
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1970 population values, growth rate
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CANCER MORTALITY BY CENSUS TRACT 19
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References Burbank, F., Epidemiolog
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Computer graphics is changing all t
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time to define the uses to which th
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tually complete - we had a meeting
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EXPLORATION AND UTILITY SYSTEMS SES
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AUTOMATED MAPPING AND FACILITIES MA
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turned out to be a boon for automat
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As an example, one utility had five
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suburb of Denver, is a group of eng
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Introduction CADAE * (COMPUTER AIDE
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using CADAE, but the convenience an
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fractions of an inch to 1/64 or in
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Now that the viability of CADAE has
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"LANDFORM" LAND ANALYSIS AND DISPLA
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(2) Information Display (3) Design
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scales, and perspective views can b
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ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL
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Once the Map Grids are complete, th
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TOPOLOGICAL MODELS FOR ARCHITECTURA
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dimension, may be oriented in two w
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1-cells, and the 0-cells on the bou
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IX. One and two-dimensional structu
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looking from c^ to c9 near side far
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Figure 4 File Layout for Model of a
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DATA BASES, SMALL SYSTEMS There wer
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The consistency requirements are se
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A 0-cell is A 1-cell is a A 2-cell
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is a 2-ditnensional surface, and pr
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Our Algorithm From the topological
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(a) graph \ (b) disk: node 5 lO (c)
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as earthquake damage assessment, lo
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data is relatively simple. Problems
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In theory, the structure of such a
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BASIS resides on a minicomputer ope
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DATA BASES, LARGE SYSTEMS SESSIONS
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Robert Haralick and Linda Shapiro o
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COMPUTER-ASSISTED ENVIRONMENTAL DAT
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System (GRIDS) and Calma Mapping Sy
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Results Space does not permit the r
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encoded data appear to be very sign
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NATIONAL OCEAN SURVEY—AUTOMATED I
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centered at NOS Headquarters, but r
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separately. There are also five of
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graphic, chart base, and labels may
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Introduction GEOMODEL - INTEGRATED
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ace, income, miles of bus-lines, or
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phrase pointer Figure Ib. 1-cell Fe
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Implementation The development plan
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ECQBASE OF BRITAIN: status report o
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1. Coastlines (high water mark) inc
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much statistical data, e.g. , from
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Figure 1 Scale of digitisation of p
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I. Introduction A DATA STRUCTURE FO
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Page 311 and 312: Figure 2 illustrates this structure
Page 313 and 314: Raster or grid form is another form
Page 315 and 316: For each type of spatial data struc
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Page 319 and 320: 4. Freeman, H., "Computer Processin
Page 321 and 322: also be generalized to remove exces
Page 323 and 324: Figure I. On the left, a map of zon
Page 325 and 326: The other important role the error
Page 327 and 328: REFERENCES Corbett, J. (1975). "Top
Page 329 and 330: The fundamental building block of a
Page 331 and 332: discussed previously are of the COD
Page 333 and 334: [2] Bonczek, R. H.; Holsapple, C. W
Page 335 and 336: REFERENCE BASE REFERENCE LINES NAP
Page 337 and 338: Polygon data, in contrast, results
Page 339 and 340: An alternative to grid resampling i
Page 341 and 342: Should this table already contain a
Page 343 and 344: Murray, F. W. (1968) A_ Method of O
Page 345 and 346: ships between units, and thereby fe
Page 347 and 348: ture, encode, reduce, edit, format,
Page 349 and 350: could be assigned to each 40-acre g
Page 351 and 352: more on chain encoding rather than
Page 353 and 354: RIDS-CURRENT TECHNOLOGY IN RESOURCE
Page 355 and 356: The RID system is designed to overl
Page 357 and 358: Data Input Once the relevant data h
Page 359: Data Manipulation Timber Contour Cu
Page 363 and 364: III. The National Small-Scale Data
Page 365 and 366: cally-structured data base is under
Page 367 and 368: Appendix A: HAWAII: Hydrography U>
Page 369 and 370: INTERACTIVE CARTOGRAPHY, SMALL SYST
Page 371 and 372: options but it also extends our res
Page 373 and 374: sis techniques) information not pre
Page 375 and 376: media forming input to the system i
Page 377 and 378: D. CIS Data Base Limitations There
Page 379 and 380: input space into a set of 8 x 8 sub
Page 381 and 382: esolution of the system and the num
Page 383 and 384: impractical to use this terminal fo
Page 385 and 386: and heat from power plants into wat
Page 387 and 388: The present and future Low-resoluti
Page 389 and 390: Development of GIMMAP at the Kansas
Page 391 and 392: The second area of development is a
Page 393 and 394: GROUP Fig. 1
Page 395 and 396: MOVING INTERACTIVE THEMATIC MAPPING
Page 397 and 398: directives. Both map and data files
Page 399 and 400: Parameters are commonly of the form
Page 401 and 402: 7. Conclusions In the s:!x months C
Page 403 and 404: INTERACTIVE CARTOGRAPHY, LARGE SYST
Page 405 and 406: developed at LBL has been particula
Page 407 and 408: printed at a common scale and forma
Page 409 and 410: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
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V. Production Sequence The most imp
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1. Introduction MULTIPLE SYSTEM INT
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measurements during map compilation
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Photogrammetric —— > Digitizer/
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intersections. These are a few exam
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Introduction ENERGY ANALYSIS BY MEA
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enabled us to undertake runs consit
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Cost (k $) (D CD M M
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which seek to incorporate powerful
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ELECTRON BEAM RECORDERS FOR AUTOMAT
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data files are supplied as an 8 Bit
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signals representative of map featu
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composite photograph prepared to sh
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Figure 5 16 AAIPS Approach Charts R
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Figure 8 - LANDSAT Image Recorded i
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AUTO-CARTO IV STAFF AND COMMITTEES
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University of Kansas Mike Hogben A'
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Efi Arazi, President Sci-Tex Corp.,
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Peter F. Bermel Chief, Eastern Mapp
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Sherry K. Brown Princeton Universit
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Steven D. Clark Petroleum Informati
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Richard Davis NOAA, NOS 6001 Execut
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John Durkin Suiranagraphics 35 Bren
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E. Porrest A-E-C Automation Newslet
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Barry J. Glick Middlebury College M
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Jim Hargis M & S Computing Co. 14 I
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Howard C. Hopps Dept. of Pathology
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Lee P. Johnston GeoGraphic Decision
Page 467 and 468:
Herbert Kressler Defense Mapping Sc
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D. Richard Lycan Center for Pop. Re
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Robert K. McKinney Weyerhaeuser Co.
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Joel L. Morrison Dept. of Geography
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David Osiecki 83 Gerber Rd. South W
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A.D. Poole Phillips Petroleum Co. 2
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Dirck L. Rotty USDA Forest Service
Page 481 and 482:
Craig L. Shafer NFS 18 & C Street,
Page 483 and 484:
Bobby Staudt M & S Computing 406 Au
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Laure Thompson George Mason Univers
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D.J. Walker Image Graphics 107 Ardm
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Alberta Auringer Wood Chairperson,
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AUTHOR INDEX - VOLUME II Allam, M.
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Schmidt, Warren E. ...............
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