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accomplished using a unique method which is not linear and which does not use polynomials. The program constructs a polygon and reduces the area of each surface of the polygon to the smallest possible size. The computation is performed by simultaneous equation, resulting in a rigid mathematical solution. This unique approach solves many deficiencies which existed with previous programs and results in accurate elevations for the grid intersections. (See Figure 8) Processing By Sectors. In order to compute the positions of contour lines with limited computer memory, the map is divided into sectors, each sector consisting of an area covered by up to 10x10 grids. The program processes each of the grids, one at a time, in a predetermined order and establishes where each contour crosses each grid. Computation is by linear interpolation. (See Figure 9) Subdivision of Grids. Where linear feature strings of data exist, the program divides each such grid of such sectors into smaller grids, each 10x10 in number and each meshed within the larger grids. This procedure allows for accurately representing the terrain (where changes in grade slope occur. (See Figure 10) Matching Between Models. The system performs matching between stereo models and allows for windowing-out of individual map sheets. (See Figure 11) Numbering of Contours. Numbering of contours is accomplished by simply specifying that the index contours shall be numbered at a desired spacing (such as every eight inches, etc.). Should a contour number fall on a linear feature line, the program automatically changes the spacing so as not to overprint a contour turn-back, etc. The direction of the contour numbers is automatically determined by the direction of slope of the terrain. That is, the contour numbers are always plotted so that they are readable looking uphill. This feature makes it possible to determine the value of intermediate contours and the direction of slope by viewing only one contour number. (See Figure 12) 7. SUMMARY The system used to produce Digital Terrain Services at Chicago Aerial Survey makes use of new, innovative technology and techniques. The system effectively combines advanced hardware and software (Zeiss C- 100 Analytical Stereo Instrumentation, M&S Interactive Graphics System, and new unique software). Significantly, the process is proving to be a practical and effective production tool for generating topographic information for commercial applications. 18
Figure 1 - Input Edit Figure 2 - Linear Feature Match Figure 3 - Data Subdivision 19
Page 1 and 2: '/1UTO QIRTO IV Proceedings of the
Page 3 and 4: SPONSORED BY: Proceedings of the Vo
Page 5 and 6: FOREWORD This is the fourth confere
Page 7: PREFACE The technical articles cont
Page 10 and 11: The Use of Computer Generated Maps
Page 12 and 13: Interactive Computer Mapping ......
Page 14 and 15: A Formal Model of a Cartographic In
Page 17 and 18: PHOTOGRAMMETRY SESSIONS Introductio
Page 19 and 20: William 0. Lucoff of Cal. State at
Page 21 and 22: widths may be varied at random from
Page 23 and 24: command codes to the minicomputer a
Page 25 and 26: Figure 2 Computer Controller EXPOSU
Page 27 and 28: — 1 X 0 u_ ABCDE M X ^ ^j to C£
Page 29 and 30: Figure 12 Portion of 48"X60" Chart
Page 31 and 32: 3. THE GAS SYSTEM Chicago Aerial Su
Page 33: mode and guides the operator throug
Page 37 and 38: Figure 7 - illegal Elevations Figur
Page 39 and 40: L Figure 11-Matching Between Models
Page 41 and 42: 1. Street trees are defined as any
Page 43 and 44: exists between the calculated data
Page 45 and 46: Trom a conversation with Robert Lee
Page 47 and 48: II. The Alternatives Various conven
Page 49 and 50: With error correction as the final
Page 51 and 52: 1. Introduction PRACTICAL EXPERIENC
Page 53 and 54: instruments with digital mapping te
Page 55 and 56: the patterns and stores the digital
Page 57 and 58: o Provides the capability to conver
Page 59 and 60: II.System Description Figure 1 is a
Page 61 and 62: Status signals are located on the m
Page 63 and 64: which have been digitized and recor
Page 65 and 66: Figure 4 Digitized/Recorded Image C
Page 67 and 68: IMAGE PROCESSING The Image Processi
Page 69 and 70: II. Background The work reported in
Page 71 and 72: coordinates from topographic maps.
Page 73 and 74: polation techniques are available i
Page 75 and 76: egistrations. In all areas where re
Page 77 and 78: THE INTERACTIVE IMAGE SYSTEM FOR TH
Page 79 and 80: The operator may type in commands w
Page 81 and 82: input, each request being terminate
Page 83 and 84: The language elements invoke indepe
Page 85 and 86:
IMAGE PROCESSING AND NAVIGATION FOR
Page 87 and 88:
4. Image Acquisition and Amplitude
Page 89 and 90:
disc); - the satellite spin-speed w
Page 91 and 92:
line start. These parameters are se
Page 93 and 94:
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS FOR DIGITAL
Page 95 and 96:
need for early warning of impending
Page 97 and 98:
In order to manipulate classes of f
Page 99 and 100:
depends mainly on the density of fe
Page 101 and 102:
A DATA STRUCTURE FOR A RASTER MAP D
Page 103 and 104:
FIG. 2. A border with indicated max
Page 105 and 106:
pointers associated with the max-po
Page 107 and 108:
y-max 1 z \7 'x-min \x-max 3 x-min
Page 109 and 110:
DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS SESSIONS Int
Page 111 and 112:
Their programs have been developed
Page 113 and 114:
that the purpose of the digital ter
Page 115 and 116:
equirement for such a program is th
Page 117 and 118:
equivalent to locating the lines of
Page 119 and 120:
Brassel, K.,1974,"A Model of Americ
Page 121 and 122:
It is not the intention of this pap
Page 123 and 124:
One feature in this should be empha
Page 125 and 126:
neighbouring data points to estimat
Page 127 and 128:
Lawson, C.L., 1977. Software for C-
Page 129 and 130:
EDIT SYSTEM HARDWARE The IPIN Edit
Page 131 and 132:
Each edit terminal will also contai
Page 133 and 134:
FIGURE 2. PLOT OF GEOMORPHIC DATA 1
Page 135 and 136:
a 0° 0 0 + 0 o 0 FIGURE 4. SELECTE
Page 137 and 138:
FIGURE 5. CONTOUR PLOT OF INTERPOLA
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absorbed in the merger if the diffe
Page 141 and 142:
To an every-increasing degree, the
Page 143 and 144:
potential storage volumes of depres
Page 145 and 146:
Soil type sand, Vegetation trees -^
Page 147 and 148:
References Brnjac, M; Carlsen, L; M
Page 149 and 150:
is particularly important to allow
Page 151 and 152:
(b) If Z-coordinate of the vertex B
Page 153 and 154:
Figure 3a. TIN DTM Projection Figur
Page 155 and 156:
URBAN MAPPING SESSIONS Introduction
Page 157 and 158:
Norfolk, and Hampton Virginia. Part
Page 159 and 160:
MAPPING SERVICES IN FAIRFAX COUNTY,
Page 161 and 162:
If errors are detected they are res
Page 163 and 164:
Some are only printed as the stocks
Page 165 and 166:
URBAN MAPPING AND RELATED AUTOMATED
Page 167 and 168:
tersection matching program was wri
Page 169 and 170:
The selection of coding schemes wil
Page 171 and 172:
cartography and are firmly committe
Page 173 and 174:
main purpose of this paper. Five of
Page 175 and 176:
The project was undertaken specific
Page 177 and 178:
play and analysis. By breaking from
Page 179 and 180:
The operating system environment is
Page 181 and 182:
INTERACTIVE COMPUTER MAPPING* Thoma
Page 183 and 184:
- By displaying variables in map fo
Page 185 and 186:
with a start - head- and an end -ta
Page 187 and 188:
Rovner, P.D and Feldman, J.A., 1968
Page 189 and 190:
eading this complex type of map, (2
Page 191 and 192:
y a law pertaining to persons 65 an
Page 193 and 194:
So far the analysis has been concer
Page 195 and 196:
enta separation to the family age g
Page 197 and 198:
Mortality maps have been widely use
Page 199 and 200:
1970 population values, growth rate
Page 201 and 202:
CANCER MORTALITY BY CENSUS TRACT 19
Page 203 and 204:
References Burbank, F., Epidemiolog
Page 205 and 206:
Computer graphics is changing all t
Page 207 and 208:
time to define the uses to which th
Page 209 and 210:
tually complete - we had a meeting
Page 211 and 212:
EXPLORATION AND UTILITY SYSTEMS SES
Page 213 and 214:
AUTOMATED MAPPING AND FACILITIES MA
Page 215 and 216:
turned out to be a boon for automat
Page 217 and 218:
As an example, one utility had five
Page 219 and 220:
suburb of Denver, is a group of eng
Page 221 and 222:
Introduction CADAE * (COMPUTER AIDE
Page 223 and 224:
using CADAE, but the convenience an
Page 225 and 226:
fractions of an inch to 1/64 or in
Page 227 and 228:
Now that the viability of CADAE has
Page 229 and 230:
"LANDFORM" LAND ANALYSIS AND DISPLA
Page 231 and 232:
(2) Information Display (3) Design
Page 233 and 234:
scales, and perspective views can b
Page 235 and 236:
ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL
Page 237 and 238:
Once the Map Grids are complete, th
Page 239 and 240:
TOPOLOGICAL MODELS FOR ARCHITECTURA
Page 241 and 242:
dimension, may be oriented in two w
Page 243 and 244:
1-cells, and the 0-cells on the bou
Page 245 and 246:
IX. One and two-dimensional structu
Page 247 and 248:
looking from c^ to c9 near side far
Page 249 and 250:
Figure 4 File Layout for Model of a
Page 251 and 252:
DATA BASES, SMALL SYSTEMS There wer
Page 253 and 254:
The consistency requirements are se
Page 255 and 256:
A 0-cell is A 1-cell is a A 2-cell
Page 257 and 258:
is a 2-ditnensional surface, and pr
Page 259 and 260:
Our Algorithm From the topological
Page 261 and 262:
(a) graph \ (b) disk: node 5 lO (c)
Page 263 and 264:
as earthquake damage assessment, lo
Page 265 and 266:
data is relatively simple. Problems
Page 267 and 268:
In theory, the structure of such a
Page 269 and 270:
BASIS resides on a minicomputer ope
Page 271 and 272:
DATA BASES, LARGE SYSTEMS SESSIONS
Page 273 and 274:
Robert Haralick and Linda Shapiro o
Page 275 and 276:
COMPUTER-ASSISTED ENVIRONMENTAL DAT
Page 277 and 278:
System (GRIDS) and Calma Mapping Sy
Page 279 and 280:
Results Space does not permit the r
Page 281 and 282:
encoded data appear to be very sign
Page 283 and 284:
NATIONAL OCEAN SURVEY—AUTOMATED I
Page 285 and 286:
centered at NOS Headquarters, but r
Page 287 and 288:
separately. There are also five of
Page 289 and 290:
graphic, chart base, and labels may
Page 291 and 292:
Introduction GEOMODEL - INTEGRATED
Page 293 and 294:
ace, income, miles of bus-lines, or
Page 295 and 296:
phrase pointer Figure Ib. 1-cell Fe
Page 297 and 298:
Implementation The development plan
Page 299 and 300:
ECQBASE OF BRITAIN: status report o
Page 301 and 302:
1. Coastlines (high water mark) inc
Page 303 and 304:
much statistical data, e.g. , from
Page 305 and 306:
Figure 1 Scale of digitisation of p
Page 307 and 308:
I. Introduction A DATA STRUCTURE FO
Page 309 and 310:
One obvious division of the state i
Page 311 and 312:
Figure 2 illustrates this structure
Page 313 and 314:
Raster or grid form is another form
Page 315 and 316:
For each type of spatial data struc
Page 317 and 318:
The following questions are possibl
Page 319 and 320:
4. Freeman, H., "Computer Processin
Page 321 and 322:
also be generalized to remove exces
Page 323 and 324:
Figure I. On the left, a map of zon
Page 325 and 326:
The other important role the error
Page 327 and 328:
REFERENCES Corbett, J. (1975). "Top
Page 329 and 330:
The fundamental building block of a
Page 331 and 332:
discussed previously are of the COD
Page 333 and 334:
[2] Bonczek, R. H.; Holsapple, C. W
Page 335 and 336:
REFERENCE BASE REFERENCE LINES NAP
Page 337 and 338:
Polygon data, in contrast, results
Page 339 and 340:
An alternative to grid resampling i
Page 341 and 342:
Should this table already contain a
Page 343 and 344:
Murray, F. W. (1968) A_ Method of O
Page 345 and 346:
ships between units, and thereby fe
Page 347 and 348:
ture, encode, reduce, edit, format,
Page 349 and 350:
could be assigned to each 40-acre g
Page 351 and 352:
more on chain encoding rather than
Page 353 and 354:
RIDS-CURRENT TECHNOLOGY IN RESOURCE
Page 355 and 356:
The RID system is designed to overl
Page 357 and 358:
Data Input Once the relevant data h
Page 359 and 360:
Data Manipulation Timber Contour Cu
Page 361 and 362:
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NATIONAL SMALL
Page 363 and 364:
III. The National Small-Scale Data
Page 365 and 366:
cally-structured data base is under
Page 367 and 368:
Appendix A: HAWAII: Hydrography U>
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INTERACTIVE CARTOGRAPHY, SMALL SYST
Page 371 and 372:
options but it also extends our res
Page 373 and 374:
sis techniques) information not pre
Page 375 and 376:
media forming input to the system i
Page 377 and 378:
D. CIS Data Base Limitations There
Page 379 and 380:
input space into a set of 8 x 8 sub
Page 381 and 382:
esolution of the system and the num
Page 383 and 384:
impractical to use this terminal fo
Page 385 and 386:
and heat from power plants into wat
Page 387 and 388:
The present and future Low-resoluti
Page 389 and 390:
Development of GIMMAP at the Kansas
Page 391 and 392:
The second area of development is a
Page 393 and 394:
GROUP Fig. 1
Page 395 and 396:
MOVING INTERACTIVE THEMATIC MAPPING
Page 397 and 398:
directives. Both map and data files
Page 399 and 400:
Parameters are commonly of the form
Page 401 and 402:
7. Conclusions In the s:!x months C
Page 403 and 404:
INTERACTIVE CARTOGRAPHY, LARGE SYST
Page 405 and 406:
developed at LBL has been particula
Page 407 and 408:
printed at a common scale and forma
Page 409 and 410:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
Page 411 and 412:
V. Production Sequence The most imp
Page 413 and 414:
1. Introduction MULTIPLE SYSTEM INT
Page 415 and 416:
measurements during map compilation
Page 417 and 418:
Photogrammetric —— > Digitizer/
Page 419 and 420:
intersections. These are a few exam
Page 421 and 422:
Introduction ENERGY ANALYSIS BY MEA
Page 423 and 424:
enabled us to undertake runs consit
Page 425 and 426:
Cost (k $) (D CD M M
Page 427 and 428:
which seek to incorporate powerful
Page 429 and 430:
ELECTRON BEAM RECORDERS FOR AUTOMAT
Page 431 and 432:
data files are supplied as an 8 Bit
Page 433 and 434:
signals representative of map featu
Page 435 and 436:
composite photograph prepared to sh
Page 437 and 438:
Figure 5 16 AAIPS Approach Charts R
Page 439 and 440:
Figure 8 - LANDSAT Image Recorded i
Page 441 and 442:
AUTO-CARTO IV STAFF AND COMMITTEES
Page 443 and 444:
University of Kansas Mike Hogben A'
Page 445 and 446:
Efi Arazi, President Sci-Tex Corp.,
Page 447 and 448:
Peter F. Bermel Chief, Eastern Mapp
Page 449 and 450:
Sherry K. Brown Princeton Universit
Page 451 and 452:
Steven D. Clark Petroleum Informati
Page 453 and 454:
Richard Davis NOAA, NOS 6001 Execut
Page 455 and 456:
John Durkin Suiranagraphics 35 Bren
Page 457 and 458:
E. Porrest A-E-C Automation Newslet
Page 459 and 460:
Barry J. Glick Middlebury College M
Page 461 and 462:
Jim Hargis M & S Computing Co. 14 I
Page 463 and 464:
Howard C. Hopps Dept. of Pathology
Page 465 and 466:
Lee P. Johnston GeoGraphic Decision
Page 467 and 468:
Herbert Kressler Defense Mapping Sc
Page 469 and 470:
D. Richard Lycan Center for Pop. Re
Page 471 and 472:
Robert K. McKinney Weyerhaeuser Co.
Page 473 and 474:
Joel L. Morrison Dept. of Geography
Page 475 and 476:
David Osiecki 83 Gerber Rd. South W
Page 477 and 478:
A.D. Poole Phillips Petroleum Co. 2
Page 479 and 480:
Dirck L. Rotty USDA Forest Service
Page 481 and 482:
Craig L. Shafer NFS 18 & C Street,
Page 483 and 484:
Bobby Staudt M & S Computing 406 Au
Page 485 and 486:
Laure Thompson George Mason Univers
Page 487 and 488:
D.J. Walker Image Graphics 107 Ardm
Page 489 and 490:
Alberta Auringer Wood Chairperson,
Page 491 and 492:
AUTHOR INDEX - VOLUME II Allam, M.
Page 493:
Schmidt, Warren E. ...............
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