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profile data is not recorded in a scanning mode, but rather as individual X, Y, Z spot elevations. Linear Features such as the bottom of drains, bottom and top of banks, perimeter of enclosed lakes, and other critical features are recorded as individual X, Y, Z coordinate strings of information. Spot Elevations are recorded as individual X, Y, Z coordinates. Planimetric Features which are desired to be computer plotted on the map are recorded as X, Y, Z strings of information. This information will not be considered when computing contours, unless desired. The purpose of ignoring this set of data is to prevent elevation errors in the contour data which can result if planimetric features are not at ground level (such as the tops of buildings, etc.). Therefore, at CAS we do not use the planimetric data when computing contours. 5. CAS COMPUTER SOFTWARE Software Authors. The basic CAS software was developed by Dr. Benjamin Shmutter and Dr. Y. Doytsher of Israel. Through arrangements with Dr. Shmutter and Dr. Doytsher, Chicago Aerial Survey is assigned exclusive rights to use and license the use of the software in the Western Hemisphere. CAS made the software usable in a production environment and accomplished the interface of the software to the Interactive Graphics System. Software Design. The software is designed to process on most any minicomputer of 32K memory with a Fortran compiler and disk. The ability to process a large number of complex tasks on a minicomputer is made possible by three measures as follows: a. Subdivision of the system into a number of individual programs which can be executed in one sequence when called up by a macro program or can be run one after the other at different points in time. The programs communicate via the computer disk. b. Adaptation of special computational techniques and conducting most of the computations in an integer mode, making it possible to store large arrays in the memory of the computer. c. Subdivision of the data into zones and sectors which allows the processor to only work with relevant portions of the data at any one time rather than attempting to handle all of the data at one time. 6. COMPUTER PROCESSING The software is "human engineered" in that it performs in a tutorical 16
mode and guides the operator through the processing. It allows the operator to select options and change general parameters as desired. The software consists of a series of basic programs which perform the following functions: Input Edit. In order to edit the input, the original general terrain data profiles are graphically displayed on an alphanumeric CRT. The operator calls up each profile, along with the profiles in front of and behind it to view the relation of the three profiles graphically on the CRT. Erroneous points may be deleted. (See Figure 1) Linear Feature Match. Linear feature data strings are computer matched between stereo models. (See Figure 2) Data Subdivision. The data is analyzed by the program and, based on general parameters and the number of input points, the area of the map or model is subdivided into zones, each zone being defined by a variable number of grid lines determined by the computer memory limitations. (See Figure 3) This allows the processor to concentrate on only the data required to process each zone. Selection of Relevant Points. The program identifies the input points which are located near each grid intersection and analyzes those points for relevance. The irrelevant points are not considered when computing the elevation of grid intersections. (See Figure 4) a. For example, a grid intersection near the base of a cliff would be distorted if elevations at the top of the cliff were considered when computing its elevation. The use of linear feature coded data allows the program to recognize the irrelevant points. The program will not cross a linear feature line when computing grid intersection elevations. (See Figure 5) b. The program also considers the relative distance of each point from the grid intersection and considers a point to be irrelevant should its distance be significantly greater than the other points. (See Figure 6) Illegal Elevations. After discarding any irrelevant points, the program selects the relevant points which are to be used in computing the grid intersection elevation (usually 5 to 6 points). The program uses only those points which are close to and evenly distributed around the grid intersection. If there is insufficient data to compute an accurate elevation, the program assigns an "illegal" elevation which flags the point for edit. An "illegal" elevation is usually caused by either: (1) insufficient number of input points or (2) lack of an even distribution of points around the grid intersection. (See Figure 7) Computation of Grid Elevations. Computation of the grid elevation is 17
Page 1 and 2: '/1UTO QIRTO IV Proceedings of the
Page 3 and 4: SPONSORED BY: Proceedings of the Vo
Page 5 and 6: FOREWORD This is the fourth confere
Page 7: PREFACE The technical articles cont
Page 10 and 11: The Use of Computer Generated Maps
Page 12 and 13: Interactive Computer Mapping ......
Page 14 and 15: A Formal Model of a Cartographic In
Page 17 and 18: PHOTOGRAMMETRY SESSIONS Introductio
Page 19 and 20: William 0. Lucoff of Cal. State at
Page 21 and 22: widths may be varied at random from
Page 23 and 24: command codes to the minicomputer a
Page 25 and 26: Figure 2 Computer Controller EXPOSU
Page 27 and 28: — 1 X 0 u_ ABCDE M X ^ ^j to C£
Page 29 and 30: Figure 12 Portion of 48"X60" Chart
Page 31: 3. THE GAS SYSTEM Chicago Aerial Su
Page 35 and 36: Figure 1 - Input Edit Figure 2 - Li
Page 37 and 38: Figure 7 - illegal Elevations Figur
Page 39 and 40: L Figure 11-Matching Between Models
Page 41 and 42: 1. Street trees are defined as any
Page 43 and 44: exists between the calculated data
Page 45 and 46: Trom a conversation with Robert Lee
Page 47 and 48: II. The Alternatives Various conven
Page 49 and 50: With error correction as the final
Page 51 and 52: 1. Introduction PRACTICAL EXPERIENC
Page 53 and 54: instruments with digital mapping te
Page 55 and 56: the patterns and stores the digital
Page 57 and 58: o Provides the capability to conver
Page 59 and 60: II.System Description Figure 1 is a
Page 61 and 62: Status signals are located on the m
Page 63 and 64: which have been digitized and recor
Page 65 and 66: Figure 4 Digitized/Recorded Image C
Page 67 and 68: IMAGE PROCESSING The Image Processi
Page 69 and 70: II. Background The work reported in
Page 71 and 72: coordinates from topographic maps.
Page 73 and 74: polation techniques are available i
Page 75 and 76: egistrations. In all areas where re
Page 77 and 78: THE INTERACTIVE IMAGE SYSTEM FOR TH
Page 79 and 80: The operator may type in commands w
Page 81 and 82: input, each request being terminate
Page 83 and 84:
The language elements invoke indepe
Page 85 and 86:
IMAGE PROCESSING AND NAVIGATION FOR
Page 87 and 88:
4. Image Acquisition and Amplitude
Page 89 and 90:
disc); - the satellite spin-speed w
Page 91 and 92:
line start. These parameters are se
Page 93 and 94:
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS FOR DIGITAL
Page 95 and 96:
need for early warning of impending
Page 97 and 98:
In order to manipulate classes of f
Page 99 and 100:
depends mainly on the density of fe
Page 101 and 102:
A DATA STRUCTURE FOR A RASTER MAP D
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FIG. 2. A border with indicated max
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pointers associated with the max-po
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y-max 1 z \7 'x-min \x-max 3 x-min
Page 109 and 110:
DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS SESSIONS Int
Page 111 and 112:
Their programs have been developed
Page 113 and 114:
that the purpose of the digital ter
Page 115 and 116:
equirement for such a program is th
Page 117 and 118:
equivalent to locating the lines of
Page 119 and 120:
Brassel, K.,1974,"A Model of Americ
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It is not the intention of this pap
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One feature in this should be empha
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neighbouring data points to estimat
Page 127 and 128:
Lawson, C.L., 1977. Software for C-
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EDIT SYSTEM HARDWARE The IPIN Edit
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Each edit terminal will also contai
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FIGURE 2. PLOT OF GEOMORPHIC DATA 1
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a 0° 0 0 + 0 o 0 FIGURE 4. SELECTE
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FIGURE 5. CONTOUR PLOT OF INTERPOLA
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absorbed in the merger if the diffe
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To an every-increasing degree, the
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potential storage volumes of depres
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Soil type sand, Vegetation trees -^
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References Brnjac, M; Carlsen, L; M
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is particularly important to allow
Page 151 and 152:
(b) If Z-coordinate of the vertex B
Page 153 and 154:
Figure 3a. TIN DTM Projection Figur
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URBAN MAPPING SESSIONS Introduction
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Norfolk, and Hampton Virginia. Part
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MAPPING SERVICES IN FAIRFAX COUNTY,
Page 161 and 162:
If errors are detected they are res
Page 163 and 164:
Some are only printed as the stocks
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URBAN MAPPING AND RELATED AUTOMATED
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tersection matching program was wri
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The selection of coding schemes wil
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cartography and are firmly committe
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main purpose of this paper. Five of
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The project was undertaken specific
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play and analysis. By breaking from
Page 179 and 180:
The operating system environment is
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INTERACTIVE COMPUTER MAPPING* Thoma
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- By displaying variables in map fo
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with a start - head- and an end -ta
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Rovner, P.D and Feldman, J.A., 1968
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eading this complex type of map, (2
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y a law pertaining to persons 65 an
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So far the analysis has been concer
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enta separation to the family age g
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Mortality maps have been widely use
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1970 population values, growth rate
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CANCER MORTALITY BY CENSUS TRACT 19
Page 203 and 204:
References Burbank, F., Epidemiolog
Page 205 and 206:
Computer graphics is changing all t
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time to define the uses to which th
Page 209 and 210:
tually complete - we had a meeting
Page 211 and 212:
EXPLORATION AND UTILITY SYSTEMS SES
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AUTOMATED MAPPING AND FACILITIES MA
Page 215 and 216:
turned out to be a boon for automat
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As an example, one utility had five
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suburb of Denver, is a group of eng
Page 221 and 222:
Introduction CADAE * (COMPUTER AIDE
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using CADAE, but the convenience an
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fractions of an inch to 1/64 or in
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Now that the viability of CADAE has
Page 229 and 230:
"LANDFORM" LAND ANALYSIS AND DISPLA
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(2) Information Display (3) Design
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scales, and perspective views can b
Page 235 and 236:
ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL
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Once the Map Grids are complete, th
Page 239 and 240:
TOPOLOGICAL MODELS FOR ARCHITECTURA
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dimension, may be oriented in two w
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1-cells, and the 0-cells on the bou
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IX. One and two-dimensional structu
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looking from c^ to c9 near side far
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Figure 4 File Layout for Model of a
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DATA BASES, SMALL SYSTEMS There wer
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The consistency requirements are se
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A 0-cell is A 1-cell is a A 2-cell
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is a 2-ditnensional surface, and pr
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Our Algorithm From the topological
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(a) graph \ (b) disk: node 5 lO (c)
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as earthquake damage assessment, lo
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data is relatively simple. Problems
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In theory, the structure of such a
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BASIS resides on a minicomputer ope
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DATA BASES, LARGE SYSTEMS SESSIONS
Page 273 and 274:
Robert Haralick and Linda Shapiro o
Page 275 and 276:
COMPUTER-ASSISTED ENVIRONMENTAL DAT
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System (GRIDS) and Calma Mapping Sy
Page 279 and 280:
Results Space does not permit the r
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encoded data appear to be very sign
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NATIONAL OCEAN SURVEY—AUTOMATED I
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centered at NOS Headquarters, but r
Page 287 and 288:
separately. There are also five of
Page 289 and 290:
graphic, chart base, and labels may
Page 291 and 292:
Introduction GEOMODEL - INTEGRATED
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ace, income, miles of bus-lines, or
Page 295 and 296:
phrase pointer Figure Ib. 1-cell Fe
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Implementation The development plan
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ECQBASE OF BRITAIN: status report o
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1. Coastlines (high water mark) inc
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much statistical data, e.g. , from
Page 305 and 306:
Figure 1 Scale of digitisation of p
Page 307 and 308:
I. Introduction A DATA STRUCTURE FO
Page 309 and 310:
One obvious division of the state i
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Figure 2 illustrates this structure
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Raster or grid form is another form
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For each type of spatial data struc
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The following questions are possibl
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4. Freeman, H., "Computer Processin
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also be generalized to remove exces
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Figure I. On the left, a map of zon
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The other important role the error
Page 327 and 328:
REFERENCES Corbett, J. (1975). "Top
Page 329 and 330:
The fundamental building block of a
Page 331 and 332:
discussed previously are of the COD
Page 333 and 334:
[2] Bonczek, R. H.; Holsapple, C. W
Page 335 and 336:
REFERENCE BASE REFERENCE LINES NAP
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Polygon data, in contrast, results
Page 339 and 340:
An alternative to grid resampling i
Page 341 and 342:
Should this table already contain a
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Murray, F. W. (1968) A_ Method of O
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ships between units, and thereby fe
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ture, encode, reduce, edit, format,
Page 349 and 350:
could be assigned to each 40-acre g
Page 351 and 352:
more on chain encoding rather than
Page 353 and 354:
RIDS-CURRENT TECHNOLOGY IN RESOURCE
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The RID system is designed to overl
Page 357 and 358:
Data Input Once the relevant data h
Page 359 and 360:
Data Manipulation Timber Contour Cu
Page 361 and 362:
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NATIONAL SMALL
Page 363 and 364:
III. The National Small-Scale Data
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cally-structured data base is under
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Appendix A: HAWAII: Hydrography U>
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INTERACTIVE CARTOGRAPHY, SMALL SYST
Page 371 and 372:
options but it also extends our res
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sis techniques) information not pre
Page 375 and 376:
media forming input to the system i
Page 377 and 378:
D. CIS Data Base Limitations There
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input space into a set of 8 x 8 sub
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esolution of the system and the num
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impractical to use this terminal fo
Page 385 and 386:
and heat from power plants into wat
Page 387 and 388:
The present and future Low-resoluti
Page 389 and 390:
Development of GIMMAP at the Kansas
Page 391 and 392:
The second area of development is a
Page 393 and 394:
GROUP Fig. 1
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MOVING INTERACTIVE THEMATIC MAPPING
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directives. Both map and data files
Page 399 and 400:
Parameters are commonly of the form
Page 401 and 402:
7. Conclusions In the s:!x months C
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INTERACTIVE CARTOGRAPHY, LARGE SYST
Page 405 and 406:
developed at LBL has been particula
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printed at a common scale and forma
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
Page 411 and 412:
V. Production Sequence The most imp
Page 413 and 414:
1. Introduction MULTIPLE SYSTEM INT
Page 415 and 416:
measurements during map compilation
Page 417 and 418:
Photogrammetric —— > Digitizer/
Page 419 and 420:
intersections. These are a few exam
Page 421 and 422:
Introduction ENERGY ANALYSIS BY MEA
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enabled us to undertake runs consit
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Cost (k $) (D CD M M
Page 427 and 428:
which seek to incorporate powerful
Page 429 and 430:
ELECTRON BEAM RECORDERS FOR AUTOMAT
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data files are supplied as an 8 Bit
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signals representative of map featu
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composite photograph prepared to sh
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Figure 5 16 AAIPS Approach Charts R
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Figure 8 - LANDSAT Image Recorded i
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AUTO-CARTO IV STAFF AND COMMITTEES
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University of Kansas Mike Hogben A'
Page 445 and 446:
Efi Arazi, President Sci-Tex Corp.,
Page 447 and 448:
Peter F. Bermel Chief, Eastern Mapp
Page 449 and 450:
Sherry K. Brown Princeton Universit
Page 451 and 452:
Steven D. Clark Petroleum Informati
Page 453 and 454:
Richard Davis NOAA, NOS 6001 Execut
Page 455 and 456:
John Durkin Suiranagraphics 35 Bren
Page 457 and 458:
E. Porrest A-E-C Automation Newslet
Page 459 and 460:
Barry J. Glick Middlebury College M
Page 461 and 462:
Jim Hargis M & S Computing Co. 14 I
Page 463 and 464:
Howard C. Hopps Dept. of Pathology
Page 465 and 466:
Lee P. Johnston GeoGraphic Decision
Page 467 and 468:
Herbert Kressler Defense Mapping Sc
Page 469 and 470:
D. Richard Lycan Center for Pop. Re
Page 471 and 472:
Robert K. McKinney Weyerhaeuser Co.
Page 473 and 474:
Joel L. Morrison Dept. of Geography
Page 475 and 476:
David Osiecki 83 Gerber Rd. South W
Page 477 and 478:
A.D. Poole Phillips Petroleum Co. 2
Page 479 and 480:
Dirck L. Rotty USDA Forest Service
Page 481 and 482:
Craig L. Shafer NFS 18 & C Street,
Page 483 and 484:
Bobby Staudt M & S Computing 406 Au
Page 485 and 486:
Laure Thompson George Mason Univers
Page 487 and 488:
D.J. Walker Image Graphics 107 Ardm
Page 489 and 490:
Alberta Auringer Wood Chairperson,
Page 491 and 492:
AUTHOR INDEX - VOLUME II Allam, M.
Page 493:
Schmidt, Warren E. ...............
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