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DIGITAL TERRAIN SERVICES AT CHICAGO AERIAL SURVEY 1. INTRODUCTION Jerry W. Robinson President The concept of computer generating contour lines from X, Y, Z coordinate data has been studied for many years, and a number of government agencies have been computer producing contour lines from coordinate data for a considerable period of time. In the process of evaluating the introduction of computer generated contours at Chicago Aerial Survey, we determined that several deficiencies in existing systems would have to be overcome in order to use the technique for commercial applications. 2. DEFICIENCIES IN EXISTING SYSTEMS Until now, most existing systems have not proven to be practical for commercial applications for one or several of the following reasons: Processing Cost. The design of the software required that computer processing be performed on large computers. Since large computers are expensive to operate, the cost of data processing usually exceeded the cost of manually producing contours on stereo instruments. Accuracy. Most programs were not designed to produce data of the accuracy required to meet civil engineering needs. Edit Capability. In general, there was limited capability to edit the input and/or output data. Therefore, confidence in the computer generated contours was limited. Non-Intelligent Input. Many systems required the input of hundreds of thousands of coordinate points. This approach was generally accomplished using image correlators which automatically produced a large volume of data. This required significant edit effort and still did not usually produce the results required for engineering needs. 14
3. THE GAS SYSTEM Chicago Aerial Survey (CAS) has implemented technology which makes the computer generation of topographic mapping and engineering cross sections a practical production tool. At CAS, we refer to the services as, "DIGITAL TERRAIN SERVICES". Significantly, the system in use today at CAS overcomes the deficiencies which existed with most previous systems. Specifically, the CAS system has the following advantages: Minicomputer Processing. All computer processing is performed on a minicomputer which helps make the technique cost effective. Accuracy. The system is designed to produce contours which meet U.S. National Map Accuracy Standards. Edit Capability. The system incorporates excellent abilities to edit (numerically and graphically) the input data, intermediate data, and final output data. The graphic data is edited at CAS on an M&S Interactive Graphics System. Intelligent Input. Rather than generate hundreds of thousands of input coordinate points (many of which can be in error), the CAS system provides for intelligent selection of only those points which are required to accurately represent the terrain. Accurate Input. Data input at CAS is performed on a Zeiss C-100 Planicomp Analytical Stereo Instrument and/or on analogue stereo instruments which are directly interfaced to the computer. The software is designed to also accept random field survey information. Multiple Outputs. In addition to computer generating specified contour maps, the CAS system allows for producing other outputs from the input data. Other outputs include different contour intervals and map scales, digital data formatted to Client requirements, and computer generated engineering cross sections. We are also working on producing other outputs. 4. INPUT DATA The CAS system allows for the input of four distinct types of information. Each type of information is coded to assure proper utilization in the computer processing operations. The four types of input information consist of the following: General Terrain Data is input which consists of X, Y, Z coordinates in a generalized pattern covering the entire area of the stereo model. At CAS, we input evenly spaced profiles of the entire stereo model. The 15
Page 1 and 2: '/1UTO QIRTO IV Proceedings of the
Page 3 and 4: SPONSORED BY: Proceedings of the Vo
Page 5 and 6: FOREWORD This is the fourth confere
Page 7: PREFACE The technical articles cont
Page 10 and 11: The Use of Computer Generated Maps
Page 12 and 13: Interactive Computer Mapping ......
Page 14 and 15: A Formal Model of a Cartographic In
Page 17 and 18: PHOTOGRAMMETRY SESSIONS Introductio
Page 19 and 20: William 0. Lucoff of Cal. State at
Page 21 and 22: widths may be varied at random from
Page 23 and 24: command codes to the minicomputer a
Page 25 and 26: Figure 2 Computer Controller EXPOSU
Page 27 and 28: — 1 X 0 u_ ABCDE M X ^ ^j to C£
Page 29: Figure 12 Portion of 48"X60" Chart
Page 33 and 34: mode and guides the operator throug
Page 35 and 36: Figure 1 - Input Edit Figure 2 - Li
Page 37 and 38: Figure 7 - illegal Elevations Figur
Page 39 and 40: L Figure 11-Matching Between Models
Page 41 and 42: 1. Street trees are defined as any
Page 43 and 44: exists between the calculated data
Page 45 and 46: Trom a conversation with Robert Lee
Page 47 and 48: II. The Alternatives Various conven
Page 49 and 50: With error correction as the final
Page 51 and 52: 1. Introduction PRACTICAL EXPERIENC
Page 53 and 54: instruments with digital mapping te
Page 55 and 56: the patterns and stores the digital
Page 57 and 58: o Provides the capability to conver
Page 59 and 60: II.System Description Figure 1 is a
Page 61 and 62: Status signals are located on the m
Page 63 and 64: which have been digitized and recor
Page 65 and 66: Figure 4 Digitized/Recorded Image C
Page 67 and 68: IMAGE PROCESSING The Image Processi
Page 69 and 70: II. Background The work reported in
Page 71 and 72: coordinates from topographic maps.
Page 73 and 74: polation techniques are available i
Page 75 and 76: egistrations. In all areas where re
Page 77 and 78: THE INTERACTIVE IMAGE SYSTEM FOR TH
Page 79 and 80: The operator may type in commands w
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input, each request being terminate
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The language elements invoke indepe
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IMAGE PROCESSING AND NAVIGATION FOR
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4. Image Acquisition and Amplitude
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disc); - the satellite spin-speed w
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line start. These parameters are se
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PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS FOR DIGITAL
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need for early warning of impending
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In order to manipulate classes of f
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depends mainly on the density of fe
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A DATA STRUCTURE FOR A RASTER MAP D
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FIG. 2. A border with indicated max
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pointers associated with the max-po
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y-max 1 z \7 'x-min \x-max 3 x-min
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DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS SESSIONS Int
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Their programs have been developed
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that the purpose of the digital ter
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equirement for such a program is th
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equivalent to locating the lines of
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Brassel, K.,1974,"A Model of Americ
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It is not the intention of this pap
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One feature in this should be empha
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neighbouring data points to estimat
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Lawson, C.L., 1977. Software for C-
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EDIT SYSTEM HARDWARE The IPIN Edit
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Each edit terminal will also contai
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FIGURE 2. PLOT OF GEOMORPHIC DATA 1
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a 0° 0 0 + 0 o 0 FIGURE 4. SELECTE
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FIGURE 5. CONTOUR PLOT OF INTERPOLA
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absorbed in the merger if the diffe
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To an every-increasing degree, the
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potential storage volumes of depres
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Soil type sand, Vegetation trees -^
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References Brnjac, M; Carlsen, L; M
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is particularly important to allow
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(b) If Z-coordinate of the vertex B
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Figure 3a. TIN DTM Projection Figur
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URBAN MAPPING SESSIONS Introduction
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Norfolk, and Hampton Virginia. Part
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MAPPING SERVICES IN FAIRFAX COUNTY,
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If errors are detected they are res
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Some are only printed as the stocks
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URBAN MAPPING AND RELATED AUTOMATED
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tersection matching program was wri
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The selection of coding schemes wil
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cartography and are firmly committe
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main purpose of this paper. Five of
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The project was undertaken specific
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play and analysis. By breaking from
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The operating system environment is
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INTERACTIVE COMPUTER MAPPING* Thoma
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- By displaying variables in map fo
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with a start - head- and an end -ta
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Rovner, P.D and Feldman, J.A., 1968
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eading this complex type of map, (2
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y a law pertaining to persons 65 an
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So far the analysis has been concer
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enta separation to the family age g
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Mortality maps have been widely use
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1970 population values, growth rate
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CANCER MORTALITY BY CENSUS TRACT 19
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References Burbank, F., Epidemiolog
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Computer graphics is changing all t
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time to define the uses to which th
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tually complete - we had a meeting
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EXPLORATION AND UTILITY SYSTEMS SES
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AUTOMATED MAPPING AND FACILITIES MA
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turned out to be a boon for automat
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As an example, one utility had five
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suburb of Denver, is a group of eng
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Introduction CADAE * (COMPUTER AIDE
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using CADAE, but the convenience an
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fractions of an inch to 1/64 or in
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Now that the viability of CADAE has
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"LANDFORM" LAND ANALYSIS AND DISPLA
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(2) Information Display (3) Design
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scales, and perspective views can b
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ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL
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Once the Map Grids are complete, th
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TOPOLOGICAL MODELS FOR ARCHITECTURA
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dimension, may be oriented in two w
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1-cells, and the 0-cells on the bou
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IX. One and two-dimensional structu
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looking from c^ to c9 near side far
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Figure 4 File Layout for Model of a
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DATA BASES, SMALL SYSTEMS There wer
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The consistency requirements are se
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A 0-cell is A 1-cell is a A 2-cell
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is a 2-ditnensional surface, and pr
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Our Algorithm From the topological
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(a) graph \ (b) disk: node 5 lO (c)
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as earthquake damage assessment, lo
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data is relatively simple. Problems
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In theory, the structure of such a
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BASIS resides on a minicomputer ope
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DATA BASES, LARGE SYSTEMS SESSIONS
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Robert Haralick and Linda Shapiro o
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COMPUTER-ASSISTED ENVIRONMENTAL DAT
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System (GRIDS) and Calma Mapping Sy
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Results Space does not permit the r
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encoded data appear to be very sign
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NATIONAL OCEAN SURVEY—AUTOMATED I
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centered at NOS Headquarters, but r
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separately. There are also five of
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graphic, chart base, and labels may
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Introduction GEOMODEL - INTEGRATED
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ace, income, miles of bus-lines, or
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phrase pointer Figure Ib. 1-cell Fe
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Implementation The development plan
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ECQBASE OF BRITAIN: status report o
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1. Coastlines (high water mark) inc
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much statistical data, e.g. , from
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Figure 1 Scale of digitisation of p
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I. Introduction A DATA STRUCTURE FO
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One obvious division of the state i
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Figure 2 illustrates this structure
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Raster or grid form is another form
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For each type of spatial data struc
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The following questions are possibl
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4. Freeman, H., "Computer Processin
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also be generalized to remove exces
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Figure I. On the left, a map of zon
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The other important role the error
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REFERENCES Corbett, J. (1975). "Top
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The fundamental building block of a
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discussed previously are of the COD
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[2] Bonczek, R. H.; Holsapple, C. W
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REFERENCE BASE REFERENCE LINES NAP
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Polygon data, in contrast, results
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An alternative to grid resampling i
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Should this table already contain a
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Murray, F. W. (1968) A_ Method of O
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ships between units, and thereby fe
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ture, encode, reduce, edit, format,
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could be assigned to each 40-acre g
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more on chain encoding rather than
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RIDS-CURRENT TECHNOLOGY IN RESOURCE
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The RID system is designed to overl
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Data Input Once the relevant data h
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Data Manipulation Timber Contour Cu
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NATIONAL SMALL
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III. The National Small-Scale Data
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cally-structured data base is under
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Appendix A: HAWAII: Hydrography U>
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INTERACTIVE CARTOGRAPHY, SMALL SYST
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options but it also extends our res
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sis techniques) information not pre
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media forming input to the system i
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D. CIS Data Base Limitations There
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input space into a set of 8 x 8 sub
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esolution of the system and the num
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impractical to use this terminal fo
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and heat from power plants into wat
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The present and future Low-resoluti
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Development of GIMMAP at the Kansas
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The second area of development is a
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GROUP Fig. 1
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MOVING INTERACTIVE THEMATIC MAPPING
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directives. Both map and data files
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Parameters are commonly of the form
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7. Conclusions In the s:!x months C
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INTERACTIVE CARTOGRAPHY, LARGE SYST
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developed at LBL has been particula
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printed at a common scale and forma
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
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V. Production Sequence The most imp
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1. Introduction MULTIPLE SYSTEM INT
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measurements during map compilation
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Photogrammetric —— > Digitizer/
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intersections. These are a few exam
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Introduction ENERGY ANALYSIS BY MEA
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enabled us to undertake runs consit
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Cost (k $) (D CD M M
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which seek to incorporate powerful
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ELECTRON BEAM RECORDERS FOR AUTOMAT
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data files are supplied as an 8 Bit
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signals representative of map featu
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composite photograph prepared to sh
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Figure 5 16 AAIPS Approach Charts R
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Figure 8 - LANDSAT Image Recorded i
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AUTO-CARTO IV STAFF AND COMMITTEES
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University of Kansas Mike Hogben A'
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Efi Arazi, President Sci-Tex Corp.,
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Peter F. Bermel Chief, Eastern Mapp
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Sherry K. Brown Princeton Universit
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Steven D. Clark Petroleum Informati
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Richard Davis NOAA, NOS 6001 Execut
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John Durkin Suiranagraphics 35 Bren
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E. Porrest A-E-C Automation Newslet
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Barry J. Glick Middlebury College M
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Jim Hargis M & S Computing Co. 14 I
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Howard C. Hopps Dept. of Pathology
Page 465 and 466:
Lee P. Johnston GeoGraphic Decision
Page 467 and 468:
Herbert Kressler Defense Mapping Sc
Page 469 and 470:
D. Richard Lycan Center for Pop. Re
Page 471 and 472:
Robert K. McKinney Weyerhaeuser Co.
Page 473 and 474:
Joel L. Morrison Dept. of Geography
Page 475 and 476:
David Osiecki 83 Gerber Rd. South W
Page 477 and 478:
A.D. Poole Phillips Petroleum Co. 2
Page 479 and 480:
Dirck L. Rotty USDA Forest Service
Page 481 and 482:
Craig L. Shafer NFS 18 & C Street,
Page 483 and 484:
Bobby Staudt M & S Computing 406 Au
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Laure Thompson George Mason Univers
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D.J. Walker Image Graphics 107 Ardm
Page 489 and 490:
Alberta Auringer Wood Chairperson,
Page 491 and 492:
AUTHOR INDEX - VOLUME II Allam, M.
Page 493:
Schmidt, Warren E. ...............
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