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DIRECT PLOTS OF E COBASE Figure 2(a) At 1:2.000.000 Showing coast major rivers and lochs as digitised at 1:50.000 Area of. figs 2(b) and 2(c) indicated. Figure 2(b) At 1:250.000 Showing coast & three out of four (width) categories of rivers,lochs etc Figure 2(c) At 1:250 OOP Showing coast all rivers and lochs as digitised at 1:50 000 290
I. Introduction A DATA STRUCTURE FOR A SPATIAL INFORMATION SYSTEM Robert M. Haralick Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Computer Science Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 and Linda G. Shapiro Department of Computer Science Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 We consider maps to be a visual representation of spatial data. We call the formal organizational structure by which we may represent spatial data in the computer a spatial data structure. In this paper we give a definition of spatial data structure and some examples illustrating its use in raster format data, in vector format data, and in procedures which do inferential reasoning with spatial data. The structure is rich, flexible, and efficient enough to logically store any of the spatial information in maps, line drawings, region adjacency graphs, and other geographic entities that we might desire to represent. II. A Spatial Data Structure An atom is a unit of data that will not be further broken down. Integers and character strings are common 291
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'/1UTO QIRTO IV Proceedings of the
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SPONSORED BY: Proceedings of the Vo
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FOREWORD This is the fourth confere
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PREFACE The technical articles cont
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The Use of Computer Generated Maps
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Interactive Computer Mapping ......
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A Formal Model of a Cartographic In
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PHOTOGRAMMETRY SESSIONS Introductio
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William 0. Lucoff of Cal. State at
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widths may be varied at random from
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command codes to the minicomputer a
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Figure 2 Computer Controller EXPOSU
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— 1 X 0 u_ ABCDE M X ^ ^j to C£
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Figure 12 Portion of 48"X60" Chart
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3. THE GAS SYSTEM Chicago Aerial Su
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mode and guides the operator throug
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Figure 1 - Input Edit Figure 2 - Li
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Figure 7 - illegal Elevations Figur
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L Figure 11-Matching Between Models
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1. Street trees are defined as any
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exists between the calculated data
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Trom a conversation with Robert Lee
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II. The Alternatives Various conven
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With error correction as the final
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1. Introduction PRACTICAL EXPERIENC
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instruments with digital mapping te
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the patterns and stores the digital
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o Provides the capability to conver
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II.System Description Figure 1 is a
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Status signals are located on the m
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which have been digitized and recor
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Figure 4 Digitized/Recorded Image C
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IMAGE PROCESSING The Image Processi
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II. Background The work reported in
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coordinates from topographic maps.
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polation techniques are available i
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egistrations. In all areas where re
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THE INTERACTIVE IMAGE SYSTEM FOR TH
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The operator may type in commands w
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input, each request being terminate
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The language elements invoke indepe
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IMAGE PROCESSING AND NAVIGATION FOR
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4. Image Acquisition and Amplitude
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disc); - the satellite spin-speed w
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line start. These parameters are se
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PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS FOR DIGITAL
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need for early warning of impending
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In order to manipulate classes of f
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depends mainly on the density of fe
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A DATA STRUCTURE FOR A RASTER MAP D
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FIG. 2. A border with indicated max
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pointers associated with the max-po
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y-max 1 z \7 'x-min \x-max 3 x-min
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DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS SESSIONS Int
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Their programs have been developed
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that the purpose of the digital ter
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equirement for such a program is th
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equivalent to locating the lines of
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Brassel, K.,1974,"A Model of Americ
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It is not the intention of this pap
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One feature in this should be empha
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neighbouring data points to estimat
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Lawson, C.L., 1977. Software for C-
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EDIT SYSTEM HARDWARE The IPIN Edit
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Each edit terminal will also contai
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FIGURE 2. PLOT OF GEOMORPHIC DATA 1
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a 0° 0 0 + 0 o 0 FIGURE 4. SELECTE
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FIGURE 5. CONTOUR PLOT OF INTERPOLA
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absorbed in the merger if the diffe
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To an every-increasing degree, the
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potential storage volumes of depres
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Soil type sand, Vegetation trees -^
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References Brnjac, M; Carlsen, L; M
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is particularly important to allow
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(b) If Z-coordinate of the vertex B
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Figure 3a. TIN DTM Projection Figur
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URBAN MAPPING SESSIONS Introduction
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Norfolk, and Hampton Virginia. Part
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MAPPING SERVICES IN FAIRFAX COUNTY,
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If errors are detected they are res
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Some are only printed as the stocks
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URBAN MAPPING AND RELATED AUTOMATED
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tersection matching program was wri
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The selection of coding schemes wil
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cartography and are firmly committe
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main purpose of this paper. Five of
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The project was undertaken specific
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play and analysis. By breaking from
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The operating system environment is
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INTERACTIVE COMPUTER MAPPING* Thoma
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- By displaying variables in map fo
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with a start - head- and an end -ta
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Rovner, P.D and Feldman, J.A., 1968
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eading this complex type of map, (2
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y a law pertaining to persons 65 an
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So far the analysis has been concer
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enta separation to the family age g
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Mortality maps have been widely use
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1970 population values, growth rate
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CANCER MORTALITY BY CENSUS TRACT 19
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References Burbank, F., Epidemiolog
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Computer graphics is changing all t
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time to define the uses to which th
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tually complete - we had a meeting
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EXPLORATION AND UTILITY SYSTEMS SES
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AUTOMATED MAPPING AND FACILITIES MA
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turned out to be a boon for automat
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As an example, one utility had five
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suburb of Denver, is a group of eng
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Introduction CADAE * (COMPUTER AIDE
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using CADAE, but the convenience an
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fractions of an inch to 1/64 or in
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Now that the viability of CADAE has
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"LANDFORM" LAND ANALYSIS AND DISPLA
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(2) Information Display (3) Design
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scales, and perspective views can b
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ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL
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Once the Map Grids are complete, th
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TOPOLOGICAL MODELS FOR ARCHITECTURA
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dimension, may be oriented in two w
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1-cells, and the 0-cells on the bou
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IX. One and two-dimensional structu
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looking from c^ to c9 near side far
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Figure 4 File Layout for Model of a
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DATA BASES, SMALL SYSTEMS There wer
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The consistency requirements are se
Page 255 and 256: A 0-cell is A 1-cell is a A 2-cell
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Page 259 and 260: Our Algorithm From the topological
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Page 263 and 264: as earthquake damage assessment, lo
Page 265 and 266: data is relatively simple. Problems
Page 267 and 268: In theory, the structure of such a
Page 269 and 270: BASIS resides on a minicomputer ope
Page 271 and 272: DATA BASES, LARGE SYSTEMS SESSIONS
Page 273 and 274: Robert Haralick and Linda Shapiro o
Page 275 and 276: COMPUTER-ASSISTED ENVIRONMENTAL DAT
Page 277 and 278: System (GRIDS) and Calma Mapping Sy
Page 279 and 280: Results Space does not permit the r
Page 281 and 282: encoded data appear to be very sign
Page 283 and 284: NATIONAL OCEAN SURVEY—AUTOMATED I
Page 285 and 286: centered at NOS Headquarters, but r
Page 287 and 288: separately. There are also five of
Page 289 and 290: graphic, chart base, and labels may
Page 291 and 292: Introduction GEOMODEL - INTEGRATED
Page 293 and 294: ace, income, miles of bus-lines, or
Page 295 and 296: phrase pointer Figure Ib. 1-cell Fe
Page 297 and 298: Implementation The development plan
Page 299 and 300: ECQBASE OF BRITAIN: status report o
Page 301 and 302: 1. Coastlines (high water mark) inc
Page 303 and 304: much statistical data, e.g. , from
Page 305: Figure 1 Scale of digitisation of p
Page 309 and 310: One obvious division of the state i
Page 311 and 312: Figure 2 illustrates this structure
Page 313 and 314: Raster or grid form is another form
Page 315 and 316: For each type of spatial data struc
Page 317 and 318: The following questions are possibl
Page 319 and 320: 4. Freeman, H., "Computer Processin
Page 321 and 322: also be generalized to remove exces
Page 323 and 324: Figure I. On the left, a map of zon
Page 325 and 326: The other important role the error
Page 327 and 328: REFERENCES Corbett, J. (1975). "Top
Page 329 and 330: The fundamental building block of a
Page 331 and 332: discussed previously are of the COD
Page 333 and 334: [2] Bonczek, R. H.; Holsapple, C. W
Page 335 and 336: REFERENCE BASE REFERENCE LINES NAP
Page 337 and 338: Polygon data, in contrast, results
Page 339 and 340: An alternative to grid resampling i
Page 341 and 342: Should this table already contain a
Page 343 and 344: Murray, F. W. (1968) A_ Method of O
Page 345 and 346: ships between units, and thereby fe
Page 347 and 348: ture, encode, reduce, edit, format,
Page 349 and 350: could be assigned to each 40-acre g
Page 351 and 352: more on chain encoding rather than
Page 353 and 354: RIDS-CURRENT TECHNOLOGY IN RESOURCE
Page 355 and 356: The RID system is designed to overl
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Data Input Once the relevant data h
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Data Manipulation Timber Contour Cu
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NATIONAL SMALL
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III. The National Small-Scale Data
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cally-structured data base is under
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Appendix A: HAWAII: Hydrography U>
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INTERACTIVE CARTOGRAPHY, SMALL SYST
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options but it also extends our res
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sis techniques) information not pre
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media forming input to the system i
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D. CIS Data Base Limitations There
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input space into a set of 8 x 8 sub
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esolution of the system and the num
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impractical to use this terminal fo
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and heat from power plants into wat
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The present and future Low-resoluti
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Development of GIMMAP at the Kansas
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The second area of development is a
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GROUP Fig. 1
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MOVING INTERACTIVE THEMATIC MAPPING
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directives. Both map and data files
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Parameters are commonly of the form
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7. Conclusions In the s:!x months C
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INTERACTIVE CARTOGRAPHY, LARGE SYST
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developed at LBL has been particula
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printed at a common scale and forma
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
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V. Production Sequence The most imp
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1. Introduction MULTIPLE SYSTEM INT
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measurements during map compilation
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Photogrammetric —— > Digitizer/
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intersections. These are a few exam
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Introduction ENERGY ANALYSIS BY MEA
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enabled us to undertake runs consit
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Cost (k $) (D CD M M
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which seek to incorporate powerful
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ELECTRON BEAM RECORDERS FOR AUTOMAT
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data files are supplied as an 8 Bit
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signals representative of map featu
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composite photograph prepared to sh
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Figure 5 16 AAIPS Approach Charts R
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Figure 8 - LANDSAT Image Recorded i
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AUTO-CARTO IV STAFF AND COMMITTEES
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University of Kansas Mike Hogben A'
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Efi Arazi, President Sci-Tex Corp.,
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Peter F. Bermel Chief, Eastern Mapp
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Sherry K. Brown Princeton Universit
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Steven D. Clark Petroleum Informati
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Richard Davis NOAA, NOS 6001 Execut
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John Durkin Suiranagraphics 35 Bren
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E. Porrest A-E-C Automation Newslet
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Barry J. Glick Middlebury College M
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Jim Hargis M & S Computing Co. 14 I
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Howard C. Hopps Dept. of Pathology
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Lee P. Johnston GeoGraphic Decision
Page 467 and 468:
Herbert Kressler Defense Mapping Sc
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D. Richard Lycan Center for Pop. Re
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Robert K. McKinney Weyerhaeuser Co.
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Joel L. Morrison Dept. of Geography
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David Osiecki 83 Gerber Rd. South W
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A.D. Poole Phillips Petroleum Co. 2
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Dirck L. Rotty USDA Forest Service
Page 481 and 482:
Craig L. Shafer NFS 18 & C Street,
Page 483 and 484:
Bobby Staudt M & S Computing 406 Au
Page 485 and 486:
Laure Thompson George Mason Univers
Page 487 and 488:
D.J. Walker Image Graphics 107 Ardm
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Alberta Auringer Wood Chairperson,
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AUTHOR INDEX - VOLUME II Allam, M.
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Schmidt, Warren E. ...............
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