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-*• Figure 2. Repositioning boundary points (indicated by "*") produces a map similar to the original. Mathematical Character of a Map A map may be regarded as an assembly of elements of dimension 0,1 and 2. This is a combinatorial view of maps. The elements are points, called 0-cells, line segments, called 1-cells, and areas, called 2-cells (Figure 3) . 238
A 0-cell is A 1-cell is a A 2-cell is a a point line stretched disk stretched and formed, but and formed, but not crossing not torn or itself folded Figure 3. 0-, 1-, and 2-cells The Algebra of Maps An algebra of maps is obtained from the elements of a map, the 0-, 1-, and 2-cells with coefficients from the field of integers. The interrelations among the dimensions is expressed in the boundary and coboundary operators. A chain of 1-cells is written formally as where c(i) is a coefficient and b(i) is a 1-cell. The boundary of 2-cell A in Figure 4 is: The boundary of B is: £B=d+f+g-c, the -1 coefficient indicates negative orientation, i.e., opposite to the the direction of the arrows. Chains of 2-cells can be similarly expressed. The sum of A and B is just A + B. Notice that the boundary $(A+B) = S A + S B is just the boundary of AUB. $ A + $B = a + b.+ c + d + f+g-c = a + b + d + f + g = $ (AU B) 239
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'/1UTO QIRTO IV Proceedings of the
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SPONSORED BY: Proceedings of the Vo
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FOREWORD This is the fourth confere
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PREFACE The technical articles cont
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The Use of Computer Generated Maps
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Interactive Computer Mapping ......
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A Formal Model of a Cartographic In
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PHOTOGRAMMETRY SESSIONS Introductio
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William 0. Lucoff of Cal. State at
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widths may be varied at random from
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command codes to the minicomputer a
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Figure 2 Computer Controller EXPOSU
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— 1 X 0 u_ ABCDE M X ^ ^j to C£
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Figure 12 Portion of 48"X60" Chart
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3. THE GAS SYSTEM Chicago Aerial Su
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mode and guides the operator throug
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Figure 1 - Input Edit Figure 2 - Li
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Figure 7 - illegal Elevations Figur
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L Figure 11-Matching Between Models
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1. Street trees are defined as any
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exists between the calculated data
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Trom a conversation with Robert Lee
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II. The Alternatives Various conven
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With error correction as the final
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1. Introduction PRACTICAL EXPERIENC
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instruments with digital mapping te
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the patterns and stores the digital
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o Provides the capability to conver
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II.System Description Figure 1 is a
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Status signals are located on the m
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which have been digitized and recor
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Figure 4 Digitized/Recorded Image C
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IMAGE PROCESSING The Image Processi
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II. Background The work reported in
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coordinates from topographic maps.
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polation techniques are available i
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egistrations. In all areas where re
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THE INTERACTIVE IMAGE SYSTEM FOR TH
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The operator may type in commands w
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input, each request being terminate
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The language elements invoke indepe
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IMAGE PROCESSING AND NAVIGATION FOR
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4. Image Acquisition and Amplitude
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disc); - the satellite spin-speed w
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line start. These parameters are se
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PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS FOR DIGITAL
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need for early warning of impending
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In order to manipulate classes of f
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depends mainly on the density of fe
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A DATA STRUCTURE FOR A RASTER MAP D
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FIG. 2. A border with indicated max
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pointers associated with the max-po
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y-max 1 z \7 'x-min \x-max 3 x-min
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DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS SESSIONS Int
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Their programs have been developed
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that the purpose of the digital ter
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equirement for such a program is th
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equivalent to locating the lines of
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Brassel, K.,1974,"A Model of Americ
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It is not the intention of this pap
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One feature in this should be empha
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neighbouring data points to estimat
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Lawson, C.L., 1977. Software for C-
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EDIT SYSTEM HARDWARE The IPIN Edit
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Each edit terminal will also contai
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FIGURE 2. PLOT OF GEOMORPHIC DATA 1
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a 0° 0 0 + 0 o 0 FIGURE 4. SELECTE
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FIGURE 5. CONTOUR PLOT OF INTERPOLA
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absorbed in the merger if the diffe
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To an every-increasing degree, the
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potential storage volumes of depres
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Soil type sand, Vegetation trees -^
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References Brnjac, M; Carlsen, L; M
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is particularly important to allow
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(b) If Z-coordinate of the vertex B
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Figure 3a. TIN DTM Projection Figur
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URBAN MAPPING SESSIONS Introduction
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Norfolk, and Hampton Virginia. Part
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MAPPING SERVICES IN FAIRFAX COUNTY,
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If errors are detected they are res
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Some are only printed as the stocks
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URBAN MAPPING AND RELATED AUTOMATED
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tersection matching program was wri
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The selection of coding schemes wil
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cartography and are firmly committe
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main purpose of this paper. Five of
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The project was undertaken specific
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play and analysis. By breaking from
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The operating system environment is
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INTERACTIVE COMPUTER MAPPING* Thoma
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- By displaying variables in map fo
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with a start - head- and an end -ta
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Rovner, P.D and Feldman, J.A., 1968
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eading this complex type of map, (2
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y a law pertaining to persons 65 an
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So far the analysis has been concer
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enta separation to the family age g
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Mortality maps have been widely use
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1970 population values, growth rate
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CANCER MORTALITY BY CENSUS TRACT 19
Page 203 and 204: References Burbank, F., Epidemiolog
Page 205 and 206: Computer graphics is changing all t
Page 207 and 208: time to define the uses to which th
Page 209 and 210: tually complete - we had a meeting
Page 211 and 212: EXPLORATION AND UTILITY SYSTEMS SES
Page 213 and 214: AUTOMATED MAPPING AND FACILITIES MA
Page 215 and 216: turned out to be a boon for automat
Page 217 and 218: As an example, one utility had five
Page 219 and 220: suburb of Denver, is a group of eng
Page 221 and 222: Introduction CADAE * (COMPUTER AIDE
Page 223 and 224: using CADAE, but the convenience an
Page 225 and 226: fractions of an inch to 1/64 or in
Page 227 and 228: Now that the viability of CADAE has
Page 229 and 230: "LANDFORM" LAND ANALYSIS AND DISPLA
Page 231 and 232: (2) Information Display (3) Design
Page 233 and 234: scales, and perspective views can b
Page 235 and 236: ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL
Page 237 and 238: Once the Map Grids are complete, th
Page 239 and 240: TOPOLOGICAL MODELS FOR ARCHITECTURA
Page 241 and 242: dimension, may be oriented in two w
Page 243 and 244: 1-cells, and the 0-cells on the bou
Page 245 and 246: IX. One and two-dimensional structu
Page 247 and 248: looking from c^ to c9 near side far
Page 249 and 250: Figure 4 File Layout for Model of a
Page 251 and 252: DATA BASES, SMALL SYSTEMS There wer
Page 253: The consistency requirements are se
Page 257 and 258: is a 2-ditnensional surface, and pr
Page 259 and 260: Our Algorithm From the topological
Page 261 and 262: (a) graph \ (b) disk: node 5 lO (c)
Page 263 and 264: as earthquake damage assessment, lo
Page 265 and 266: data is relatively simple. Problems
Page 267 and 268: In theory, the structure of such a
Page 269 and 270: BASIS resides on a minicomputer ope
Page 271 and 272: DATA BASES, LARGE SYSTEMS SESSIONS
Page 273 and 274: Robert Haralick and Linda Shapiro o
Page 275 and 276: COMPUTER-ASSISTED ENVIRONMENTAL DAT
Page 277 and 278: System (GRIDS) and Calma Mapping Sy
Page 279 and 280: Results Space does not permit the r
Page 281 and 282: encoded data appear to be very sign
Page 283 and 284: NATIONAL OCEAN SURVEY—AUTOMATED I
Page 285 and 286: centered at NOS Headquarters, but r
Page 287 and 288: separately. There are also five of
Page 289 and 290: graphic, chart base, and labels may
Page 291 and 292: Introduction GEOMODEL - INTEGRATED
Page 293 and 294: ace, income, miles of bus-lines, or
Page 295 and 296: phrase pointer Figure Ib. 1-cell Fe
Page 297 and 298: Implementation The development plan
Page 299 and 300: ECQBASE OF BRITAIN: status report o
Page 301 and 302: 1. Coastlines (high water mark) inc
Page 303 and 304: much statistical data, e.g. , from
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Figure 1 Scale of digitisation of p
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I. Introduction A DATA STRUCTURE FO
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One obvious division of the state i
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Figure 2 illustrates this structure
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Raster or grid form is another form
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For each type of spatial data struc
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The following questions are possibl
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4. Freeman, H., "Computer Processin
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also be generalized to remove exces
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Figure I. On the left, a map of zon
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The other important role the error
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REFERENCES Corbett, J. (1975). "Top
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The fundamental building block of a
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discussed previously are of the COD
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[2] Bonczek, R. H.; Holsapple, C. W
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REFERENCE BASE REFERENCE LINES NAP
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Polygon data, in contrast, results
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An alternative to grid resampling i
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Should this table already contain a
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Murray, F. W. (1968) A_ Method of O
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ships between units, and thereby fe
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ture, encode, reduce, edit, format,
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could be assigned to each 40-acre g
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more on chain encoding rather than
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RIDS-CURRENT TECHNOLOGY IN RESOURCE
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The RID system is designed to overl
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Data Input Once the relevant data h
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Data Manipulation Timber Contour Cu
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NATIONAL SMALL
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III. The National Small-Scale Data
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cally-structured data base is under
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Appendix A: HAWAII: Hydrography U>
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INTERACTIVE CARTOGRAPHY, SMALL SYST
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options but it also extends our res
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sis techniques) information not pre
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media forming input to the system i
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D. CIS Data Base Limitations There
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input space into a set of 8 x 8 sub
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esolution of the system and the num
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impractical to use this terminal fo
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and heat from power plants into wat
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The present and future Low-resoluti
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Development of GIMMAP at the Kansas
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The second area of development is a
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GROUP Fig. 1
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MOVING INTERACTIVE THEMATIC MAPPING
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directives. Both map and data files
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Parameters are commonly of the form
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7. Conclusions In the s:!x months C
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INTERACTIVE CARTOGRAPHY, LARGE SYST
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developed at LBL has been particula
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printed at a common scale and forma
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
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V. Production Sequence The most imp
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1. Introduction MULTIPLE SYSTEM INT
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measurements during map compilation
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Photogrammetric —— > Digitizer/
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intersections. These are a few exam
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Introduction ENERGY ANALYSIS BY MEA
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enabled us to undertake runs consit
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Cost (k $) (D CD M M
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which seek to incorporate powerful
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ELECTRON BEAM RECORDERS FOR AUTOMAT
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data files are supplied as an 8 Bit
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signals representative of map featu
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composite photograph prepared to sh
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Figure 5 16 AAIPS Approach Charts R
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Figure 8 - LANDSAT Image Recorded i
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AUTO-CARTO IV STAFF AND COMMITTEES
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University of Kansas Mike Hogben A'
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Efi Arazi, President Sci-Tex Corp.,
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Peter F. Bermel Chief, Eastern Mapp
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Sherry K. Brown Princeton Universit
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Steven D. Clark Petroleum Informati
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Richard Davis NOAA, NOS 6001 Execut
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John Durkin Suiranagraphics 35 Bren
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E. Porrest A-E-C Automation Newslet
Page 459 and 460:
Barry J. Glick Middlebury College M
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Jim Hargis M & S Computing Co. 14 I
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Howard C. Hopps Dept. of Pathology
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Lee P. Johnston GeoGraphic Decision
Page 467 and 468:
Herbert Kressler Defense Mapping Sc
Page 469 and 470:
D. Richard Lycan Center for Pop. Re
Page 471 and 472:
Robert K. McKinney Weyerhaeuser Co.
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Joel L. Morrison Dept. of Geography
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David Osiecki 83 Gerber Rd. South W
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A.D. Poole Phillips Petroleum Co. 2
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Dirck L. Rotty USDA Forest Service
Page 481 and 482:
Craig L. Shafer NFS 18 & C Street,
Page 483 and 484:
Bobby Staudt M & S Computing 406 Au
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Laure Thompson George Mason Univers
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D.J. Walker Image Graphics 107 Ardm
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Alberta Auringer Wood Chairperson,
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AUTHOR INDEX - VOLUME II Allam, M.
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Schmidt, Warren E. ...............
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