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2. Project control should not be entirely in the hands of the user department. The users' ignorance of computer and computer graphics technology make it very difficult for them to appreciate the full po tential of automation as applied to their activi ties . 3. A small committee - having at most, say, five mem bers - should be formed, with roughly equal repre sentation from the users' departments and the DP/ MIS group. This committee should be charged with producing a system design. The system design should be as detailed and formal as possible, with heavy management participation and "signed-off" documents at the end of each design phase. The design process should begin with the users educating the DP/MIS people regarding their needs, and should proceed with the computer group educating the users in ap plicable aspects of computer technology. Only after the educational phase should an initial system de sign be attempted. Provision should be made for the design process to be iterative. That is, at each stage of its deve lopment, the design should be submitted to a review cycle that includes both user and DP/MIS management. The final design should be agreed upon and accepted by all parties at a meeting of top-level management, to insure proper initial support for the project. If the recommended process seems cumbersome, remember that it has evolved as the result of experience. Before attempting short-cuts in the interests of saving time, remember, "There's never time to do it right, but there's always time to do it over!" is a saying that has come into currency because of the human tendency to want to finish things as quickly as possible, often with no re gard for long-term consequences. I'll risk a homily: "An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure." There is no formula that can guarantee the success of any project - because formulas must be followed in order to work, and people are not always totally dependable fol lowers. However, my experiences since I adopted these guidelines have borne out their usefulness. I trust that they will be useful to you, the reader, as well. 194
EXPLORATION AND UTILITY SYSTEMS SESSION Introduction ................. 196 Automated Mapping and Facilities Management .................. 197 Henry A. Emery CADAE: Computer Aided Design and Engineering ............... 205 Donald R. Johnston 'Landform 1 Land Analysis and Display for Mining .............. 213 Richard O. Mahan Engineering Applications of Digital Terrain Mapping ........... 219 Douglas M. Isbell and William H. Young Topological Models for Architectural and Engineering Projects ........... 223 James Corbett 195
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'/1UTO QIRTO IV Proceedings of the
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SPONSORED BY: Proceedings of the Vo
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FOREWORD This is the fourth confere
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PREFACE The technical articles cont
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The Use of Computer Generated Maps
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Interactive Computer Mapping ......
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A Formal Model of a Cartographic In
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PHOTOGRAMMETRY SESSIONS Introductio
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William 0. Lucoff of Cal. State at
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widths may be varied at random from
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command codes to the minicomputer a
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Figure 2 Computer Controller EXPOSU
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— 1 X 0 u_ ABCDE M X ^ ^j to C£
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Figure 12 Portion of 48"X60" Chart
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3. THE GAS SYSTEM Chicago Aerial Su
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mode and guides the operator throug
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Figure 1 - Input Edit Figure 2 - Li
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Figure 7 - illegal Elevations Figur
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L Figure 11-Matching Between Models
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1. Street trees are defined as any
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exists between the calculated data
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Trom a conversation with Robert Lee
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II. The Alternatives Various conven
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With error correction as the final
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1. Introduction PRACTICAL EXPERIENC
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instruments with digital mapping te
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the patterns and stores the digital
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o Provides the capability to conver
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II.System Description Figure 1 is a
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Status signals are located on the m
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which have been digitized and recor
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Figure 4 Digitized/Recorded Image C
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IMAGE PROCESSING The Image Processi
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II. Background The work reported in
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coordinates from topographic maps.
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polation techniques are available i
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egistrations. In all areas where re
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THE INTERACTIVE IMAGE SYSTEM FOR TH
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The operator may type in commands w
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input, each request being terminate
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The language elements invoke indepe
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IMAGE PROCESSING AND NAVIGATION FOR
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4. Image Acquisition and Amplitude
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disc); - the satellite spin-speed w
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line start. These parameters are se
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PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS FOR DIGITAL
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need for early warning of impending
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In order to manipulate classes of f
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depends mainly on the density of fe
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A DATA STRUCTURE FOR A RASTER MAP D
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FIG. 2. A border with indicated max
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pointers associated with the max-po
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y-max 1 z \7 'x-min \x-max 3 x-min
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DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS SESSIONS Int
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Their programs have been developed
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that the purpose of the digital ter
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equirement for such a program is th
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equivalent to locating the lines of
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Brassel, K.,1974,"A Model of Americ
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It is not the intention of this pap
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One feature in this should be empha
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neighbouring data points to estimat
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Lawson, C.L., 1977. Software for C-
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EDIT SYSTEM HARDWARE The IPIN Edit
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Each edit terminal will also contai
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FIGURE 2. PLOT OF GEOMORPHIC DATA 1
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a 0° 0 0 + 0 o 0 FIGURE 4. SELECTE
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FIGURE 5. CONTOUR PLOT OF INTERPOLA
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absorbed in the merger if the diffe
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To an every-increasing degree, the
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potential storage volumes of depres
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Soil type sand, Vegetation trees -^
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References Brnjac, M; Carlsen, L; M
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is particularly important to allow
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(b) If Z-coordinate of the vertex B
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Figure 3a. TIN DTM Projection Figur
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URBAN MAPPING SESSIONS Introduction
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Norfolk, and Hampton Virginia. Part
Page 159 and 160: MAPPING SERVICES IN FAIRFAX COUNTY,
Page 161 and 162: If errors are detected they are res
Page 163 and 164: Some are only printed as the stocks
Page 165 and 166: URBAN MAPPING AND RELATED AUTOMATED
Page 167 and 168: tersection matching program was wri
Page 169 and 170: The selection of coding schemes wil
Page 171 and 172: cartography and are firmly committe
Page 173 and 174: main purpose of this paper. Five of
Page 175 and 176: The project was undertaken specific
Page 177 and 178: play and analysis. By breaking from
Page 179 and 180: The operating system environment is
Page 181 and 182: INTERACTIVE COMPUTER MAPPING* Thoma
Page 183 and 184: - By displaying variables in map fo
Page 185 and 186: with a start - head- and an end -ta
Page 187 and 188: Rovner, P.D and Feldman, J.A., 1968
Page 189 and 190: eading this complex type of map, (2
Page 191 and 192: y a law pertaining to persons 65 an
Page 193 and 194: So far the analysis has been concer
Page 195 and 196: enta separation to the family age g
Page 197 and 198: Mortality maps have been widely use
Page 199 and 200: 1970 population values, growth rate
Page 201 and 202: CANCER MORTALITY BY CENSUS TRACT 19
Page 203 and 204: References Burbank, F., Epidemiolog
Page 205 and 206: Computer graphics is changing all t
Page 207 and 208: time to define the uses to which th
Page 209: tually complete - we had a meeting
Page 213 and 214: AUTOMATED MAPPING AND FACILITIES MA
Page 215 and 216: turned out to be a boon for automat
Page 217 and 218: As an example, one utility had five
Page 219 and 220: suburb of Denver, is a group of eng
Page 221 and 222: Introduction CADAE * (COMPUTER AIDE
Page 223 and 224: using CADAE, but the convenience an
Page 225 and 226: fractions of an inch to 1/64 or in
Page 227 and 228: Now that the viability of CADAE has
Page 229 and 230: "LANDFORM" LAND ANALYSIS AND DISPLA
Page 231 and 232: (2) Information Display (3) Design
Page 233 and 234: scales, and perspective views can b
Page 235 and 236: ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL
Page 237 and 238: Once the Map Grids are complete, th
Page 239 and 240: TOPOLOGICAL MODELS FOR ARCHITECTURA
Page 241 and 242: dimension, may be oriented in two w
Page 243 and 244: 1-cells, and the 0-cells on the bou
Page 245 and 246: IX. One and two-dimensional structu
Page 247 and 248: looking from c^ to c9 near side far
Page 249 and 250: Figure 4 File Layout for Model of a
Page 251 and 252: DATA BASES, SMALL SYSTEMS There wer
Page 253 and 254: The consistency requirements are se
Page 255 and 256: A 0-cell is A 1-cell is a A 2-cell
Page 257 and 258: is a 2-ditnensional surface, and pr
Page 259 and 260: Our Algorithm From the topological
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(a) graph \ (b) disk: node 5 lO (c)
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as earthquake damage assessment, lo
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data is relatively simple. Problems
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In theory, the structure of such a
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BASIS resides on a minicomputer ope
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DATA BASES, LARGE SYSTEMS SESSIONS
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Robert Haralick and Linda Shapiro o
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COMPUTER-ASSISTED ENVIRONMENTAL DAT
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System (GRIDS) and Calma Mapping Sy
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Results Space does not permit the r
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encoded data appear to be very sign
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NATIONAL OCEAN SURVEY—AUTOMATED I
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centered at NOS Headquarters, but r
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separately. There are also five of
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graphic, chart base, and labels may
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Introduction GEOMODEL - INTEGRATED
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ace, income, miles of bus-lines, or
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phrase pointer Figure Ib. 1-cell Fe
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Implementation The development plan
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ECQBASE OF BRITAIN: status report o
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1. Coastlines (high water mark) inc
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much statistical data, e.g. , from
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Figure 1 Scale of digitisation of p
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I. Introduction A DATA STRUCTURE FO
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One obvious division of the state i
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Figure 2 illustrates this structure
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Raster or grid form is another form
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For each type of spatial data struc
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The following questions are possibl
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4. Freeman, H., "Computer Processin
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also be generalized to remove exces
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Figure I. On the left, a map of zon
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The other important role the error
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REFERENCES Corbett, J. (1975). "Top
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The fundamental building block of a
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discussed previously are of the COD
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[2] Bonczek, R. H.; Holsapple, C. W
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REFERENCE BASE REFERENCE LINES NAP
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Polygon data, in contrast, results
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An alternative to grid resampling i
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Should this table already contain a
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Murray, F. W. (1968) A_ Method of O
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ships between units, and thereby fe
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ture, encode, reduce, edit, format,
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could be assigned to each 40-acre g
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more on chain encoding rather than
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RIDS-CURRENT TECHNOLOGY IN RESOURCE
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The RID system is designed to overl
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Data Input Once the relevant data h
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Data Manipulation Timber Contour Cu
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NATIONAL SMALL
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III. The National Small-Scale Data
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cally-structured data base is under
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Appendix A: HAWAII: Hydrography U>
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INTERACTIVE CARTOGRAPHY, SMALL SYST
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options but it also extends our res
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sis techniques) information not pre
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media forming input to the system i
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D. CIS Data Base Limitations There
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input space into a set of 8 x 8 sub
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esolution of the system and the num
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impractical to use this terminal fo
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and heat from power plants into wat
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The present and future Low-resoluti
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Development of GIMMAP at the Kansas
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The second area of development is a
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GROUP Fig. 1
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MOVING INTERACTIVE THEMATIC MAPPING
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directives. Both map and data files
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Parameters are commonly of the form
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7. Conclusions In the s:!x months C
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INTERACTIVE CARTOGRAPHY, LARGE SYST
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developed at LBL has been particula
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printed at a common scale and forma
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
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V. Production Sequence The most imp
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1. Introduction MULTIPLE SYSTEM INT
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measurements during map compilation
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Photogrammetric —— > Digitizer/
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intersections. These are a few exam
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Introduction ENERGY ANALYSIS BY MEA
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enabled us to undertake runs consit
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Cost (k $) (D CD M M
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which seek to incorporate powerful
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ELECTRON BEAM RECORDERS FOR AUTOMAT
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data files are supplied as an 8 Bit
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signals representative of map featu
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composite photograph prepared to sh
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Figure 5 16 AAIPS Approach Charts R
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Figure 8 - LANDSAT Image Recorded i
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AUTO-CARTO IV STAFF AND COMMITTEES
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University of Kansas Mike Hogben A'
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Efi Arazi, President Sci-Tex Corp.,
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Peter F. Bermel Chief, Eastern Mapp
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Sherry K. Brown Princeton Universit
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Steven D. Clark Petroleum Informati
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Richard Davis NOAA, NOS 6001 Execut
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John Durkin Suiranagraphics 35 Bren
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E. Porrest A-E-C Automation Newslet
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Barry J. Glick Middlebury College M
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Jim Hargis M & S Computing Co. 14 I
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Howard C. Hopps Dept. of Pathology
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Lee P. Johnston GeoGraphic Decision
Page 467 and 468:
Herbert Kressler Defense Mapping Sc
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D. Richard Lycan Center for Pop. Re
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Robert K. McKinney Weyerhaeuser Co.
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Joel L. Morrison Dept. of Geography
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David Osiecki 83 Gerber Rd. South W
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A.D. Poole Phillips Petroleum Co. 2
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Dirck L. Rotty USDA Forest Service
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Craig L. Shafer NFS 18 & C Street,
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Bobby Staudt M & S Computing 406 Au
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Laure Thompson George Mason Univers
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D.J. Walker Image Graphics 107 Ardm
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Alberta Auringer Wood Chairperson,
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AUTHOR INDEX - VOLUME II Allam, M.
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Schmidt, Warren E. ...............
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