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technology have been available to do the graphics but data other than for small test areas has not been avail able for practical applications. The next year will see many parcel level urban mapping applications emerge. In two years from now, it will reach a production mode level and a real time graphics capability will follow that. Summary Remarks The chronology of local geoprocessing development de monstrates a methodical approach to implementing geo graphic information systems. Each development followed successful applications of previous systems and was in response to a particular need. The complexity of the geographic base files and the applications increased as the level of involvement in geoprocessing escalated. Although the scope of this paper did not allow for the development of specific methodology for building geo graphic base files and developing urban mapping appli cations, a few suggestions based on local experiences can be given. 1) Geographic base files should be designed utilizing data structures that conform to the natural struc ture of the phenomenon that is being represented, that is to say, it should be a virtual map. If the data structure is properly designed, then it can be edited for completeness and consistency; if not, it will have a short and inglorious life. The success of the DIME method lies in the ability to topologi- cally edit a file so encoded. A properly designed data structure stands an excellent chance of being appropriate for applications which will arise in the future. 2) There is no short cut in building a geographic base file which will stand the test of time. Time, ef fort, and considerable resources must be expended to obtain a quality product with long term payoffs. 3) Application software should be written in a modular and generalized fashion so as to be useful in fu ture applications. A glance at the chart provided demonstrates that many applications are listed for more than one base file. Kansas City, Kansas and Wyandotte County have benefit- ted from the technology of geoprocessing and automated 154
cartography and are firmly committed to the utilization of those tools in the implementation of information systems to which they are applicable. NOTES 1 655 sheets cover Wyandotte County at a scale of 1:1200. All planimetric features and two-foot con tour intervals are produced using steriophotogram- metric methods. Kansas plane coordinates are indicated at 500 foot intervals. The maps are pro duced by M.J. Harden Associates of Kansas City, Missouri. 2 Thomas M. Palmerlee and Ronald E. Domsch, "A Parcel Identification and Data System", Papers from the Eleventh __ Annual Conference of URISA, (1973), pp. 393 3 Ronald E. Domsch and Kenneth D. Mai, "Computer Map ping and its Impact on Kansas City, Kansas and Wyandotte County", Proceedings of the International Symposium on Computer-Assisted Cartography (Auto- Carto II), 1975, pp. 469-481. 4 Rick Holloway, "Police Dispatch Reporting and Analy sis System", Papers from the Fourteenth Annual Con ference of URISA, (1976), pp. 115-126. 5 Ronald E. Domsch, "A Topological Encoding of Points in a Cadastral Mapping System", Papers f rom the Fifteenth Annual Conference of URISA, (1977), pp. 176 6 Thomas M. Palmerlee and Jaye Brake, "Sanitary Sewer Computer File", Department of Information and Re search Reports, 19/8. 7 Steve Hall, "The Wyandotte Land Data System - LANDS System Proposal", 1979. 155
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'/1UTO QIRTO IV Proceedings of the
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SPONSORED BY: Proceedings of the Vo
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FOREWORD This is the fourth confere
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PREFACE The technical articles cont
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The Use of Computer Generated Maps
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Interactive Computer Mapping ......
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A Formal Model of a Cartographic In
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PHOTOGRAMMETRY SESSIONS Introductio
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William 0. Lucoff of Cal. State at
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widths may be varied at random from
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command codes to the minicomputer a
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Figure 2 Computer Controller EXPOSU
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— 1 X 0 u_ ABCDE M X ^ ^j to C£
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Figure 12 Portion of 48"X60" Chart
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3. THE GAS SYSTEM Chicago Aerial Su
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mode and guides the operator throug
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Figure 1 - Input Edit Figure 2 - Li
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Figure 7 - illegal Elevations Figur
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L Figure 11-Matching Between Models
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1. Street trees are defined as any
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exists between the calculated data
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Trom a conversation with Robert Lee
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II. The Alternatives Various conven
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With error correction as the final
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1. Introduction PRACTICAL EXPERIENC
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instruments with digital mapping te
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the patterns and stores the digital
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o Provides the capability to conver
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II.System Description Figure 1 is a
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Status signals are located on the m
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which have been digitized and recor
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Figure 4 Digitized/Recorded Image C
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IMAGE PROCESSING The Image Processi
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II. Background The work reported in
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coordinates from topographic maps.
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polation techniques are available i
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egistrations. In all areas where re
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THE INTERACTIVE IMAGE SYSTEM FOR TH
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The operator may type in commands w
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input, each request being terminate
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The language elements invoke indepe
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IMAGE PROCESSING AND NAVIGATION FOR
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4. Image Acquisition and Amplitude
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disc); - the satellite spin-speed w
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line start. These parameters are se
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PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS FOR DIGITAL
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need for early warning of impending
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In order to manipulate classes of f
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depends mainly on the density of fe
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A DATA STRUCTURE FOR A RASTER MAP D
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FIG. 2. A border with indicated max
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pointers associated with the max-po
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y-max 1 z \7 'x-min \x-max 3 x-min
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DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS SESSIONS Int
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Their programs have been developed
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that the purpose of the digital ter
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equirement for such a program is th
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equivalent to locating the lines of
Page 119 and 120: Brassel, K.,1974,"A Model of Americ
Page 121 and 122: It is not the intention of this pap
Page 123 and 124: One feature in this should be empha
Page 125 and 126: neighbouring data points to estimat
Page 127 and 128: Lawson, C.L., 1977. Software for C-
Page 129 and 130: EDIT SYSTEM HARDWARE The IPIN Edit
Page 131 and 132: Each edit terminal will also contai
Page 133 and 134: FIGURE 2. PLOT OF GEOMORPHIC DATA 1
Page 135 and 136: a 0° 0 0 + 0 o 0 FIGURE 4. SELECTE
Page 137 and 138: FIGURE 5. CONTOUR PLOT OF INTERPOLA
Page 139 and 140: absorbed in the merger if the diffe
Page 141 and 142: To an every-increasing degree, the
Page 143 and 144: potential storage volumes of depres
Page 145 and 146: Soil type sand, Vegetation trees -^
Page 147 and 148: References Brnjac, M; Carlsen, L; M
Page 149 and 150: is particularly important to allow
Page 151 and 152: (b) If Z-coordinate of the vertex B
Page 153 and 154: Figure 3a. TIN DTM Projection Figur
Page 155 and 156: URBAN MAPPING SESSIONS Introduction
Page 157 and 158: Norfolk, and Hampton Virginia. Part
Page 159 and 160: MAPPING SERVICES IN FAIRFAX COUNTY,
Page 161 and 162: If errors are detected they are res
Page 163 and 164: Some are only printed as the stocks
Page 165 and 166: URBAN MAPPING AND RELATED AUTOMATED
Page 167 and 168: tersection matching program was wri
Page 169: The selection of coding schemes wil
Page 173 and 174: main purpose of this paper. Five of
Page 175 and 176: The project was undertaken specific
Page 177 and 178: play and analysis. By breaking from
Page 179 and 180: The operating system environment is
Page 181 and 182: INTERACTIVE COMPUTER MAPPING* Thoma
Page 183 and 184: - By displaying variables in map fo
Page 185 and 186: with a start - head- and an end -ta
Page 187 and 188: Rovner, P.D and Feldman, J.A., 1968
Page 189 and 190: eading this complex type of map, (2
Page 191 and 192: y a law pertaining to persons 65 an
Page 193 and 194: So far the analysis has been concer
Page 195 and 196: enta separation to the family age g
Page 197 and 198: Mortality maps have been widely use
Page 199 and 200: 1970 population values, growth rate
Page 201 and 202: CANCER MORTALITY BY CENSUS TRACT 19
Page 203 and 204: References Burbank, F., Epidemiolog
Page 205 and 206: Computer graphics is changing all t
Page 207 and 208: time to define the uses to which th
Page 209 and 210: tually complete - we had a meeting
Page 211 and 212: EXPLORATION AND UTILITY SYSTEMS SES
Page 213 and 214: AUTOMATED MAPPING AND FACILITIES MA
Page 215 and 216: turned out to be a boon for automat
Page 217 and 218: As an example, one utility had five
Page 219 and 220: suburb of Denver, is a group of eng
Page 221 and 222:
Introduction CADAE * (COMPUTER AIDE
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using CADAE, but the convenience an
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fractions of an inch to 1/64 or in
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Now that the viability of CADAE has
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"LANDFORM" LAND ANALYSIS AND DISPLA
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(2) Information Display (3) Design
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scales, and perspective views can b
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ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL
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Once the Map Grids are complete, th
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TOPOLOGICAL MODELS FOR ARCHITECTURA
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dimension, may be oriented in two w
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1-cells, and the 0-cells on the bou
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IX. One and two-dimensional structu
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looking from c^ to c9 near side far
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Figure 4 File Layout for Model of a
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DATA BASES, SMALL SYSTEMS There wer
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The consistency requirements are se
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A 0-cell is A 1-cell is a A 2-cell
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is a 2-ditnensional surface, and pr
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Our Algorithm From the topological
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(a) graph \ (b) disk: node 5 lO (c)
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as earthquake damage assessment, lo
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data is relatively simple. Problems
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In theory, the structure of such a
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BASIS resides on a minicomputer ope
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DATA BASES, LARGE SYSTEMS SESSIONS
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Robert Haralick and Linda Shapiro o
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COMPUTER-ASSISTED ENVIRONMENTAL DAT
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System (GRIDS) and Calma Mapping Sy
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Results Space does not permit the r
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encoded data appear to be very sign
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NATIONAL OCEAN SURVEY—AUTOMATED I
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centered at NOS Headquarters, but r
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separately. There are also five of
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graphic, chart base, and labels may
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Introduction GEOMODEL - INTEGRATED
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ace, income, miles of bus-lines, or
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phrase pointer Figure Ib. 1-cell Fe
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Implementation The development plan
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ECQBASE OF BRITAIN: status report o
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1. Coastlines (high water mark) inc
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much statistical data, e.g. , from
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Figure 1 Scale of digitisation of p
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I. Introduction A DATA STRUCTURE FO
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One obvious division of the state i
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Figure 2 illustrates this structure
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Raster or grid form is another form
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For each type of spatial data struc
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The following questions are possibl
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4. Freeman, H., "Computer Processin
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also be generalized to remove exces
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Figure I. On the left, a map of zon
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The other important role the error
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REFERENCES Corbett, J. (1975). "Top
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The fundamental building block of a
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discussed previously are of the COD
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[2] Bonczek, R. H.; Holsapple, C. W
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REFERENCE BASE REFERENCE LINES NAP
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Polygon data, in contrast, results
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An alternative to grid resampling i
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Should this table already contain a
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Murray, F. W. (1968) A_ Method of O
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ships between units, and thereby fe
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ture, encode, reduce, edit, format,
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could be assigned to each 40-acre g
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more on chain encoding rather than
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RIDS-CURRENT TECHNOLOGY IN RESOURCE
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The RID system is designed to overl
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Data Input Once the relevant data h
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Data Manipulation Timber Contour Cu
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NATIONAL SMALL
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III. The National Small-Scale Data
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cally-structured data base is under
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Appendix A: HAWAII: Hydrography U>
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INTERACTIVE CARTOGRAPHY, SMALL SYST
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options but it also extends our res
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sis techniques) information not pre
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media forming input to the system i
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D. CIS Data Base Limitations There
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input space into a set of 8 x 8 sub
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esolution of the system and the num
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impractical to use this terminal fo
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and heat from power plants into wat
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The present and future Low-resoluti
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Development of GIMMAP at the Kansas
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The second area of development is a
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GROUP Fig. 1
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MOVING INTERACTIVE THEMATIC MAPPING
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directives. Both map and data files
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Parameters are commonly of the form
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7. Conclusions In the s:!x months C
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INTERACTIVE CARTOGRAPHY, LARGE SYST
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developed at LBL has been particula
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printed at a common scale and forma
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
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V. Production Sequence The most imp
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1. Introduction MULTIPLE SYSTEM INT
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measurements during map compilation
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Photogrammetric —— > Digitizer/
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intersections. These are a few exam
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Introduction ENERGY ANALYSIS BY MEA
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enabled us to undertake runs consit
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Cost (k $) (D CD M M
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which seek to incorporate powerful
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ELECTRON BEAM RECORDERS FOR AUTOMAT
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data files are supplied as an 8 Bit
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signals representative of map featu
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composite photograph prepared to sh
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Figure 5 16 AAIPS Approach Charts R
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Figure 8 - LANDSAT Image Recorded i
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AUTO-CARTO IV STAFF AND COMMITTEES
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University of Kansas Mike Hogben A'
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Efi Arazi, President Sci-Tex Corp.,
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Peter F. Bermel Chief, Eastern Mapp
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Sherry K. Brown Princeton Universit
Page 451 and 452:
Steven D. Clark Petroleum Informati
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Richard Davis NOAA, NOS 6001 Execut
Page 455 and 456:
John Durkin Suiranagraphics 35 Bren
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E. Porrest A-E-C Automation Newslet
Page 459 and 460:
Barry J. Glick Middlebury College M
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Jim Hargis M & S Computing Co. 14 I
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Howard C. Hopps Dept. of Pathology
Page 465 and 466:
Lee P. Johnston GeoGraphic Decision
Page 467 and 468:
Herbert Kressler Defense Mapping Sc
Page 469 and 470:
D. Richard Lycan Center for Pop. Re
Page 471 and 472:
Robert K. McKinney Weyerhaeuser Co.
Page 473 and 474:
Joel L. Morrison Dept. of Geography
Page 475 and 476:
David Osiecki 83 Gerber Rd. South W
Page 477 and 478:
A.D. Poole Phillips Petroleum Co. 2
Page 479 and 480:
Dirck L. Rotty USDA Forest Service
Page 481 and 482:
Craig L. Shafer NFS 18 & C Street,
Page 483 and 484:
Bobby Staudt M & S Computing 406 Au
Page 485 and 486:
Laure Thompson George Mason Univers
Page 487 and 488:
D.J. Walker Image Graphics 107 Ardm
Page 489 and 490:
Alberta Auringer Wood Chairperson,
Page 491 and 492:
AUTHOR INDEX - VOLUME II Allam, M.
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Schmidt, Warren E. ...............
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