Chapter 22

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A PEOPLE and A NATION EIGHTH EDITION Norton • Katzman • Blight • Chudacoff • Paterson • Tuttle • Escott • Bailey • Logevall Chapter 22: The Quest for Empire, 1865–1914

A PEOPLE and A

NATION

EIGHTH EDITION

Norton • Katzman • Blight •

Chudacoff • Paterson • Tuttle •

Escott • Bailey • Logevall

Chapter 22: The

Quest for Empire,

1865–1914

Ch. 22: The Quest for Empire,

1865–1914

• Growing US interaction with world

• USA expand economy, military power, &

cultural influence (religion, politics)

• USA build empire in Latin America &

Pacific

• Some Americans reject imperialism

• Foreign nationalists resist US

empire/ways

• Change others; USA change (world

power)

I. Foreign Policy Elite

• Small, cosmopolitan group shape foreign

policy (same people guide economy)

• Argue US prosperity & security require

expansion overseas & global activity

• Assert foreign trade & investments = profit

• Relieve farm/factory overproduction

(1890s depression)

II. Foreign Trade Expansion

• Key factor in post-1865 economic growth

• Exports & investments abroad surge (Figure

22.1)

• USA achieve favorable balance of trade (1874)

• Most US exports to England, Europe, Canada

• Trade with Latin America & Asia also increase

• Farmers & some manufacturers (Singer)

depend on exports

• 1913: factory exports surpass farm exports for

1st time, & USA surpass other nations (Figure

22.2)

III. Race Thinking & Male Ethos

• Many intertwined ideas encourage empire

• Exceptionalism, nationalism, capitalism,

social Darwinism, & prejudice

• Imperialists assert racial hierarchy with

Anglo-Saxons on top

• Also celebrate overseas action as “manly”

• Depict foreign peoples with image of

submissive female to rationalize US

control

III. Race Thinking & Male Ethos

(cont.)

• Strong’s Our Country (1885) celebrate

divine Anglo-Saxon mission to lead world

• National Geographic (1888) stereotype

foreign peoples as uncivilized; same with

fairs

• Ethnocentrism/paternalism shape

imperialism

• US culture superior; dark-skinned foreigners

= “children”

• Such ideas rationalize domination of others

IV. Immigrants to USA;

US Missionaries Abroad

• US racism promote restriction of

immigrants

• 1882: USA suspend Chinese immigration

• 1907: restrict # of Japanese immigrants

• Motivated by religion, 10,000

missionaries (many of them women)

overseas by 1915

• Many racist & ethnocentric; others come

to appreciate foreigners (L. Moon)

• Spread US culture/power abroad

V. The “Civilizing Impulse”

• Imperialists mix self-interest & idealism

• Empire good for USA and for foreign

peoples

• USA will “uplift” natives to adopt superior

US economy, culture, & politics

VI. Secretary Seward’s Quest for

Empire (1861–69)

• Adamant on large empire, but not by war

• Trade will facilitate gravitation to USA

• Domestic critics prevent purchase of

Virgin Islands (1867) & Dominican

Republic (1870)

• Intervene in Mexico (1866)

• Buy AK & lay claim to Midway Islands

(1867)

• Telegraph lines to Europe, Latin

America, & Asia shrink globe along with

steamships

VII. USA-Europe Relations;

• USA negotiate as equal with Europe

• England & USA settle Civil War claims

(1871)

• US, England, Germany compete over

Samoa

• Share islands (1889); then divide them

(1899)

VIII. Mahan and Navalism

• Major proponent of imperial/“blue water”

navy to protect foreign trade

• Claim navy need foreign bases to protect

trade

• His linkage of trade/navy/colonies shape

other imperialists (T. Roosevelt, HC

Lodge)

• 1880s: USA build new steel & steam navy

IX. Annexation of Hawai‘i

• US missionaries, businessmen, & navy

see Hawai‘i as base for profit & expansion

• By 1890s, white American elite dominate

economy and undermine native

government

• 1890 tariff hurt sugar exports to USA

• Elite want USA to annex Hawai‘i

• Stage coup (’93) with help from US

diplomats/ navy

• McKinley maneuver annexation in 1898

X. Venezuelan Boundary Dispute

(1895)

• Quarrel with England over important

border area

• USA intervene

• Tell England & world, because of Monroe

Doctrine USA = “master” of hemisphere

• Fearing competition with Germany,

England retreat

• USA & England settle border without

consulting Venezuela (1896)

XI. Revolution in Cuba (1895)

• Cubans (e.g., Marti) want freedom from

Spain

• Migration link Cuba & USA (baseball)

• US investments dominate Cuba (sugar)

• Most Cuban trade with USA, esp. FL

• 1894 US tariff create economic crisis

• Marti launch guerrilla war; many die &

much destruction of US property, but

weaken Spain

• Americans sympathize with rebels

XII.McKinley’s Ultimatum and War

Decision (1898)

• McKinley support empire

• Order Maine to Havana to show US interest in

end to war

• Explosion (Feb., 1898) increase pressure on

McKinley to intervene further against Spain

• McKinley send ultimatum

• Despite concessions, choose war to oust Spain

• Motives: humanitarian, secure US

property/trade, opportunity for US

expansion/empire

XIII. Spanish-American War

• Nationalism, sensationalism, & desire to

protect US interests further explain entry

• Only 379 of 5462 US deaths from combat

• Most die from yellow fever/typhoid in USA

• 1 st US victory in Philippines via new navy

• Imperialists see islands as key to US

expansion in Pacific/Asia

• Spain, already weak, is defeated quickly

XIV. Treaty of Paris (1898)

• Cuba gain independence

• Teller Amendment (in war declaration)

block US annexation of Cuba

• McKinley assume Cuba need US tutelage

• USA get Puerto Rico, Guam, &

Philippines from Spain

• USA also annex Hawai’i, Wake Island,

Samoa

• Gain colonies/bases throughout Pacific

• Senate debate treaty & empire (1899)

XV. Anti-Imperialist Arguments

• For empire, both formal (annexation) &

informal (economic control) methods

• Some assert empire violate US principles

• Fear power of president & desire for war

will increase with empire

• Some use racist arguments (fear

nonwhite immigration); labor unions fear

competition

• Anti-Imperialists never form unified group

(domestic issues divide them)

XVI. Imperialist Arguments

• Imperialists (Beveridge) argue taking

Philippines will boost US trade w/ China

• Fear: if USA not take islands, then

competitors (Germany, Japan) will

• Assert empire part of America’s “white

man’s burden” (Kipling)

• Imperialists win in Senate (1899)

• McKinley praise empire in 1900 reelection

XVII. Philippine Insurrection and

Pacification

• Nationalists (Aguinaldo) feel betrayed by

Treaty and continue fight for independence

• Vicious war develop; USA crush most

resistance by 1902, but war continue in south

• Combat deaths: > 4000 Americans & 20,000

Filipinos (+600,000 from starvation/disease)

• Control Philippines via education, censorship,

economic links

• Also promise (1916) eventual independence

XVIII. China & the Open Door Policy

• Imperialist powers (Europe/Japan) carve

weak China into “spheres of influence”

• US missionaries & businessmen fear

being shut out of China; lobby US Gov’t

• USA lack power to make Europe/Japan

stop

• McKinley & Secretary Hay decide to

proclaim US policy goals in China

• 1899 note call for equal trade opportunity

XVIII. China & the Open

Door Policy (cont.)

• US participate (1900) in suppressing

China’s Boxer Rebellion against foreigners

• Second note (1900) call for preserving

China’s territorial integrity

• Open Door notes settle little at time

• Become key tenets of US policy in Asia &

elsewhere to help US expand economically

• Assume US economy must have foreign

trade

XIX. TR’s World

• Adamant imperialist

• Relish power & violence

• Racist & ethnocentric

• Realize limits to US power

• Centralize policy-making in White House

XX. Latin America

• USA = dominate economic/military power

• Enable USA or US corporations (United

Fruit) to manipulate governments

• USA dominate Cuba with Platt

Amendment, 1903

• Control Cuban foreign policy

• Authorize US military intervention

• Puerto Ricans debate response to US

control and racism

XX. Latin America (cont.)

• TR foment revolution in Panama

• Create dependent nation with US control of

canal

• Canal (1914) expand US economy/power

• Roosevelt Corollary (1904) proclaim “police

power”

• Map 22.2: frequent US military interventions

and political control

• Mexican Revolution (1910) reflect

resistance to US economic domination;

Wilson send troops

XXI. Peacemaking in East Asia

• Japan emerge as major Asian power/rival

• To protect possessions & Open Door,

USA accommodate Japan & expand navy

• Taft-Katsura (1905): USA accept Japan

in Korea in exchange for USA in

Philippines

• Root-Takahira (1908): USA accept Japan

in Manchuria for endorsement of Open

Door

• Roosevelt send “Great White Fleet”

(1907)

XXI. Peacemaking in East Asia

(con’t)

• Taft try Dollar Diplomacy to restrain

Japan

• US corporations loan money for Chinese

railways

• Japan issue 21 Demands (1915) to

dominate China

• USA protest, but lack power to block

Japan completely

XXII. Anglo-American

Rapprochement

• In response to US actions in Latin

America, Europeans accept US

hegemony there

• USA try to preserve its traditional noninvolvement

in European conflicts

• Anglo-American rapprochement develop

• Trade links increase; both fear Germany

• Like other peoples, British debate

response to expansion of US culture

around globe

Summary: Discuss Links to the

World & Legacy

• National Geographic (1888) as new link w/ world?

• Increase knowledge of global geography, but how did

magazine rely heavily on certain types of photos while

avoiding controversial issues?

• US base @ Guantanamo Bay as legacy of US foreign

activity, early 1900s?

• Source of continuing tension with Cuba?

• “Gitmo” & current debate over treatment of large

numbers of “unlawful enemy combatants?”

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