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46 M. Craeynest et al. / Eating Behaviors 9 (2008) 41–51 3.3. Mean evolution in implicit and self-reported attitudes during treatment 3.3.1. Implicit attitudes Physical activity. A 3 (time: T1 vs. T2 vs. T3) ×3 (word category: sedentary activities vs. moderate intense PA vs. high intense PA) ×2 (extrinsic response valence: positive vs. negative) Repeated Measures ANOVA only revealed a main effect of time on the reaction times, F(2, 17)=10.22, pb.01, indicating that the participants reacted faster on the persecuting test moments (respectively T1: M=858 ms, SD=47 ms; T2: M=733 ms, SD=34 ms; T3: M=674 ms, SD=29 ms). No effects were found for word category, all Fsb1.82, and extrinsic response valence, all Fsb2.56. This indicated that the participants remained neutral towards sedentary activities, moderate and intense PA. The same 3×3×2 ANOVA performed on the percentages of errors, showed no significant effects, all Fsb1.35. Food. Using a 3 (time: T1 vs. T2 vs. T3)×2 (word category: unhealthy vs. healthy food) ×2 (extrinsic response valence: positive vs. negative) Repeated Measures ANOVA, the results only revealed a main effect for time, F(2, 17)= 416.88, pb.001. This indicated that the participants react faster on the persecuting test moments (respectively T1: M=868 ms, SD=59 ms; T2: M=724 ms, SD=38 ms; T3: M=694 ms, SD=23 ms). No effects were found for word category and extrinsic response valence, all Fsb3.23. The same 4×2×2 ANOVA was conducted on the percentages of errors, however no significant effects were found, all Fsb2.10. Implicit food and physical activity associations are presented in Table 1. 3.3.2. Self-reported attitudes Physical activity. A 3 (time: T1 vs. T2 vs. T3)×3 (word category: sedentary activities vs. moderate intense vs. high intense PA) Repeated Measures ANOVA showed a main effect of time, F(2, 17)=5.93, pb.05, indicating that the participants became more positive on the successive measure moments (T1: M=1.47, SD=0.14; T2: M=1.81, SD=0.14; T3: M=2.01, SD=0.11). Also the main effect of word category was significant, F(2, 17)=8.16, pb.01. Post hoc paired t-tests revealed that in general, moderate intense PA (M=2.09, SD=0.50) was rated more positive than sedentary activities (M=1.68, SD=0.40), t(18) =3.59, pb.01, and than high intense PA (M=1.52, SD=0.77), t(18) = 2.78, p b.05. Sedentary activities and high intense PA were rated equally, tb1. The interaction effect of time and word category was not significant, Fb1. Food. A 3 (time: T1 vs. T2 vs. T3) ×2 (word category: unhealthy vs. healthy food) ANOVAwith Repeated Measures showed a main effect of word category, F(1, 17)=6.46, pb.05. A post hoc paired t-test revealed that, in general, the participants were more positive towards healthy (M=1.97, SD=0.69) than towards unhealthy food (M=0.91, SD=1.51), t(18)=2.38, pb.05. The main effect of time and the interaction effect of time and word category were not significant, both Fsb1. Table 2 describes the mean self-reported attitudes for the persecuting test moments. 3.4. Prediction of ABMI change during treatment by attitudinal change during treatment To investigate whether attitudinal changes could explain the variance in ABMI change, we conducted standard multiple regression analyses. Because of the small sample size, the predictive power of the several attitudinal change variables on ABMI change was examined separately for implicit and self-reported attitudes and for food and physical activity, resulting in four different models. In each model, baseline ABMI, age and sex (entered as a dummy variable: girl=0; boy=1) were entered as covariates. ABMI and attitudinal change during treatment were calculated by respectively subtracting the ABMI and attitudinal scores at T1 from T2. 3.4.1. Implicit attitudes towards physical activity In a first model, ABMI change during treatment was the dependent variable, and the change in attitude towards sedentary activity (RT), towards moderate intense PA (RT), towards high intense PA (RT), towards sedentary activity (PE), towards moderate intense PA (PE), towards high intense PA (PE), baseline ABMI, age and sex were entered as independent variables. The model accounted for 73% of the variance, F(9, 18)=6.51, pb.01. Attitudinal change towards high intense PA (RT) was a significant predictor, adjusted for age, sex and baseline ABMI, β=.51; t(18) =2.91, pb.05. Remarkably, this indicated that a decrease in overweight was related to a more negative attitude towards high intense PA at the end of the treatment. Further, also baseline ABMI, β = −.57; t(18)=4.03, p b.01, and sex, β =.64; t(18)=4.12, p b.01, were significant predictors. The first indicated that decrease in overweight was related to a higher baseline ABMI, and the latter indicated that girls had a higher probability to decrease in overweight than
Table 3 Regression analyses predicting AMBI change during treatment from implicit attitudinal change towards PA and food during treatment Adj. R 2 boys. Age was a marginal significant predictor, β =.35; t(18)=2.14, p =.06, indicating that decrease in overweight was related to a younger age (see Table 3). 3.4.2. Implicit attitudes towards food In a second model, ABMI change during treatment was the dependent variable, and the change in attitude towards unhealthy food (RT), towards healthy food (RT), towards unhealthy food (PE), towards healthy food (PE), baseline ABMI, age and sex were entered as independent variables. The model accounted for 69% of the variance, F(7, 18)= 6.75, pb.01. Attitudinal change towards healthy food (PE), was a significant predictor, β=.39; t(18)=2.49, pb.05, indicating that decrease in overweight was related to a more positive attitude towards healthy food at the end of the treatment, adjusted for age, sex and baseline ABMI. Further, again baseline ABMI, β=−.62; t(18) =4.59, pb.01, and sex, β =.49; t(18)=3.62, p b.01, were significant predictors, and age was a marginal significant predictor, β =.30; t(18)=2.07, p =.06 (see Table 3). 3.4.3. Self-reported attitudes towards physical activity. In a third model, ABMI change during treatment was the dependent variable, and the change in attitude towards sedentary activity, towards moderate intense PA, towards high intense PA, baseline ABMI, age and sex were entered as independent variables. The model accounted for 49% of the variance, F(6, 18)=3.88, pb.05. Only baseline ABMI and sex were significant predictors, respectively β=−.64; t(18) =3.06, pb.05 and β=.49; t(18) =2.65, pb.05 (see Table 4). Table 4 Regression analyses predicting AMBI change during treatment from self-reported attitudinal change towards PA and food during treatment Adj. R 2 Significant correlates M. Craeynest et al. / Eating Behaviors 9 (2008) 41–51 Significant correlates Standard coefficient beta Standard coefficient beta Adj. R 2 Significant correlates PA Food Total model: .49 Total model: .61 F(6, 18)=3.88⁎ F(5, 18)= 6.73⁎⁎ Sex .49⁎ Sex .53⁎⁎ Age .21 Age .30 Baseline ABMI −.64⁎ Baseline ABMI −.72⁎⁎ Sedentary activity −.03 Unhealthy food .17 Mod. intense PA .09 Healthy food .30 High intense PA −.02 ⁎pb.05; ⁎⁎pb.01. Adj. R 2 Significant correlates PA Food Total model: .73 Total model: .69 F(9, 18)=6.51⁎⁎ F(7, 18)=6.75⁎⁎ Sex .64⁎⁎ Sex .49⁎⁎ Age .35 Age .30 Baseline ABMI −.57⁎⁎ Baseline ABMI −.62⁎⁎ Sedentary activity (RT) −.02 Unhealthy food (RT) −.14 Mod. intense PA (RT) −.26 Healthy food (RT) −.03 High intense PA (RT) .51⁎ Sedentary activity (PE) .06 Unhealthy food (PE) −.01 Mod. intense PA (PE) −.06 Healthy food (PE) .39⁎ High intense PA (PE) .13 ⁎ pb.05; ⁎⁎ pb.01. 47 Standard coefficient beta Standard coefficient beta
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