References

References
71

1. Blanchard A, Ohanian V, Critchley D. (1989) The structure and function of
alpha-actinin. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 10:280-289.
2. Bonavia A, Zelus BD, Wentworth DE, Talbot PJ, Holmes KV. (2003) Identification
of a receptor-binding domain of the spike glycoprotein of human coronavirus
HCoV-229E. J Virol. 77:2530-2538.
3. Bos EC, Luytjes W, Spaan WJ. (1997) The function of the spike protein of mouse
hepatitis virus strain A59 can be studied on virus-like particles: cleavage is not
required for infectivity. J Virol 71:9427-9433.
4. Bosch BJ, van der Zee R, de Haan CA, Rottier PJ. (2003) The coronavirus spike
protein is a class I virus fusion protein: structural and functional characterization of
the fusion core complex. J Virol. 77:8801-8811.
5. Bűttner J. Evaluation of the diagnostic value of laboratory investigations. (1977) J
Clin Chem Clin Biochem 15:1-12.
6. Capetanaki Y, Milner DJ. (1998) Desmin cytoskeleton in muscle integrity and
function. Subcell Biochem 31:463-495.
7. Cavanagh D. (1983) Coronavirus IBV: structural characterization of the spike
protein. J Gen Virol 64:2577-2583.
8. CDC SARS Investigative Team, Fleischauer AT. (2003) Outbreak of severe acute
respiratory syndrome – worldwide. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52:226-228.
9. CDC. (2003) Outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome – Worldwide.
MMWR 52:226-228.
10. CDC. (2003) Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - Singapore, 2003. MMWR 52:
405-11. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5218a1.htm
11. Chan HL, Tsui SK, Sung JJ. (2003) Coronavirus in severe acute respiratory
syndrome (SARS). Trends Mol Med. 9:323-5.
72

12. Corapi WV, Darteil RJ, Audonnet JC, Chappuis GE. (1995) Localization of
antigenic sites of the S glycoprotein of feline infectious peritonitis virus involved
in neutralization and antibody-dependent enhancement. J Virol 69:2858-2862.
13. Costa ML, Escaleira RC, Rodrigues VB, Manasfi M, Mermelstein CS. (2002)
Some distinctive features of zebrafish myogenesis based on unexpected
distributions of the muscle cytoskeletal proteins actin, myosin, desmin,
alpha-actinin, troponin and titin. Mech Dev 116:95-104.
14. Cumulative number of SARS probable cases in Taiwan, SARS online information
center, Center for Disease Control, Taiwan. (2003) Available from: URL:
http://www.cdc.gov.tw/sarsen.
15. Daniel C, Anderson R, Buchmeier MJ, Fleming JO, Spaan WJ, Wege H, Talbot PJ.
(1993) Identification of an immunodominant linear neutralization domain on the
S2 portion of the murine coronavirus spike glycoprotein and evidence that it forms
part of complex tridimensional structure. J Virol 67:1185-1194.
16. Daniel C, Talbot PJ. (1990) Protection from lethal coronavirus infection by
affinity-purified spike glycoprotein of murine hepatitis virus, strain A59. Virology
174:87-94.
17. de Arriba ML, Carvajal A, Pozo J, Rubio P. (2002) Mucosal and systemic
isotype-specific antibody responses and protection in conventional pigs exposed to
virulent or attenuated porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus. Vet Immunol
Immunopathol 85:85-97.
18. Delmas B, Gelfi J, L'Haridon R, Vogel LK, Sjostrom H, Noren O, Laude H. (1992 )
Aminopeptidase N is a major receptor for the entero-pathogenic coronavirus TGEV.
Nature 357:417-420.
19. Delmas B, Laude H. (1990) Assembly of coronavirus spike protein into trimers and
73

its role in epitope expression. J Virol 64:5367-5375.
20. Dooley K, Zon LI. (2000) Zebrafish: a model system for the study of human
disease. Curr Opin Genet Dev 10:252-256.
21. Drosten C, Gunther S, Preiser W, van der Werf S, Brodt HR, Becker S, Rabenau H,
Panning M, Kolesnikova L, Fouchier RA, Berger A, Burguiere AM, Cinatl J,
Eickmann M, Escriou N, Grywna K, Kramme S, Manuguerra JC, Muller S,
Rickerts V, Sturmer M, Vieth S, Klenk HD, Osterhaus AD, Schmitz H, Doerr HW.
(2003) Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute
respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 348:1967-1976.
22. Elia G, Fiermonte G, Pratelli A, Martella V, Camero M, Cirone F, Buonavoglia C.
(2003) Recombinant M protein-based ELISA test for detection of antibodies to
canine coronavirus. J Virol Methods 109:139-142.
23. Enserink M. (2003) Clues to the animal origins of SARS. Science 300:1351.
24. Fouchier RA, Kuiken T, Schutten M, van Amerongen G, van Doornum GJ, van den
Hoogen BG, Peiris M, Lim W, Stohr K, Osterhaus AD. (2003) Koch's postulates
fulfilled for SARS virus. Nature 423: 240.
25. Godet M, L'Haridon R, Vautherot JF, Laude H. (1992) TGEV corona virus ORF4
encodes a membrane protein that is incorporated into virions. Virology
188:666-675.
26. Gregorio CC, Granzier H, Sorimachi H, Labeit S. (1999) Muscle assembly: a
titanic achievement? Curr Opin Cell Biol 11:18-25.
27. Haffter P, Granato M, Brand M, Mullins MC, Hammerschmidt M, Kane DA,
Odenthal J, van Eeden FJ, Jiang YJ, Heisenberg CP, Kelsh RN, Furutani-Seiki M,
Vogelsang E, Beuchle D, Schach U, Fabian C, Nusslein-Volhard C. (1996) The
identification of genes with unique and essential functions in the development of
74

the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Development 123:1-36.
28. Higashijima S, Okamoto H, Ueno N, Hotta Y, Eguchi G.. (1997) High-frequency
generation of transgenic zebrafish which reliably express GFP in whole muscles or
the whole body by using promoters of zebrafish origin. Dev Biol 192:289-299.
29. Holmes KV, Enjuanes L. (2003) The SARS coronavirus: a postgenomic era.
Science 300: 1377-1378.
30. Hong TS, Chen ST, Tang TK, Wang SC, and Chang TH. (1989) The production of
polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies in mice using novel immunization methods,
J Immunol Methods 120:151–157.
31. Kida K, Hohdatsu T, Fujii K, Koyama H. (1999) Selection of antigenic variants of
the S glycoprotein of feline infectious peritonitis virus and analysis of antigenic
sites involved in neutralization. J Vet Med Sci 61:935-938.
32. Koolen MJ, Borst M-MAJ, Horzinek MC, Spaan WJM. (1990) Immunogenic
peptide comprising a mouse hepatitis virus A59 B-cell epitope and an influenza
virus T-cell epitope protects against lethal infection. J Virol 64:6270-6273.
33. Krokhin O, Li Y, Andonov A, Feldmann H, Flick R, Jones S, Stroeher U, Bastien N,
Dasuri KV, Cheng K, Simonsen JN, Perreault H, Wilkins J, Ens W, Plummer F,
Standing KG. (2003) Mass spectrometric characterization of proteins from the
SARS virus: a preliminary report. Mol Cell Proteomics 2:346-356.
34. Ksiazek TG, Erdman D, Goldsmith CS, Zaki SR, Peret T, Emery S, Tong S, Urbani
C, Comer JA, Lim W, Rollin PE, Dowell SF, Ling AE, Humphrey CD, Shieh WJ,
Guarner J, Paddock CD, Rota P, Fields B, DeRisi J, Yang JY, Cox N, Hughes JM,
LeDuc JW, Bellini WJ, Anderson LJ; SARS Working Group. (2003) A novel
coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med
348:1953-966.
75

35. Lee ML, Chen CJ, Su IJ, Chen KT, Yeh CC, King CC, Chang HL, Wu YC, Ho MS,
Jiang DD, D Wong. (2003) Severe acute respiratory syndrome - Taiwan, 2003.
Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52:461-466.
36. Lee N, Hui D, Wu A, Chan P, Cameron P, Joynt GM, Ahuja A, Yung MY, Leung
CB, To KF, Lui SF, Szeto CC, Chung S, Sung JJ. (2003) A major outbreak of
severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. N Engl J Med 348:1986-1994.
37. Li W, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, Sui J, Wong SK, Berne MA, Somasundaran M,
Sullivan JL, Luzuriaga K, Greenough TC, Choe H, Farzan M. (2003)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS
coronavirus. Nature 426:450-454.
38. Loa CC, Lin TL, Wu CC, Bryan T, Hooper T, Schrader D. (2002) Specific mucosal
IgA immunity in turkey poults infected with turkey coronavirus. Vet Immunol
Immunopathol 88:57-64.
39. Makela MJ, Puhakka T, Ruuskanen O, Leinonen M, Saikku P, Kimpimaki M,
Blomqvist S, Hyypia T, Arstila P. (1998) Viruses and bacteria in the etiology of the
common cold. J Clin Microbiol 36:539-542.
40. Marra MA, Jones SJ, Astell CR, Holt RA, Brooks-Wilson A, Butterfield YS,
Khattra J, Asano JK, Barber SA, Chan SY, Cloutier A, Coughlin SM, Freeman D,
Girn N, Griffith OL, Leach SR, Mayo M, McDonald H, Montgomery SB, Pandoh
PK, Petrescu AS, Robertson AG, Schein JE, Siddiqui A, Smailus DE, Stott JM,
Yang GS, Plummer F, Andonov A, Artsob H, Bastien N, Bernard K, Booth TF,
Bowness D, Czub M, Drebot M, Fernando L, Flick R, Garbutt M, Gray M, Grolla
A, Jones S, Feldmann H, Meyers A, Kabani A, Li Y, Normand S, Stroher U,
Tipples GA, Tyler S, Vogrig R, Ward D, Watson B, Brunham RC, Krajden M,
Petric M, Skowronski DM, Upton C, Roper RL. (2003) The Genome sequence of
76

the SARS-associated coronavirus. Science 300:1399-1404.
41. McIntosh K. (2003) The SARS coronavirus: rapid diagnostics in the limelight. Clin
Chem 49:845-846.
42. Narayanan K, Maeda A, Maeda J, Makino S. (2000) Characterization of the
coronavirus M protein and nucleocapsid interaction in infected cells. J Virol
74:8127-8134.
43. Naslund K, Traven M, Larsson B, Silvan A, Linde N. (2002) Capture ELISA
systems for the detection of bovine coronavirus- specific IgA and IgM antibodies
in milk and serum. Vet Microb 72:183-206.
44. Ontiveros E, Kim TS, Gallagher TM, Perlman S. (2003) Enhanced virulence
mediated by the murine coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus strain JHM, is
associated with a glycine at residue 310 of the spike glycoprotein.
J Virol 77:10260-10269.
45. Opstelten DJ, Raamsman MJ, Wolfs K, Horzinek MC, Rottier PJ. (1995)
Coexpression and association of the spike protein and the membrane protein of
mouse hepatitis virus. Adv Exp Med Biol 380:291-297.
46. Peiris JS, Chu CM, Cheng VC, Chan KS, Hung IF, Poon LL, Law KI, Tang BS,
Hon TY, Chan CS, Chan KH, Ng JS, Zheng BJ, Ng WL, Lai RW, Guan Y, Yuen
KY; HKU/UCH SARS Study Group. (2003) Clinical progression and viral load in
a community outbreak of coronavirus-associated SARS pneumonia: a prospective
study. Lancet 361:1767-1772.
47. Peiris JS, Lai ST, Poon LL, Guan Y, Yam LY, Lim W, Nicholls J, Yee WK, Yan
WW, Cheung MT, Cheng VC, Chan KH, Tsang DN, Yung RW, Ng TK, Yuen KY;
SARS study group. (2003) Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute
respiratory syndrome. Lancet 361:1319-1325.
77

48. Poon LL, Wong OK, Luk W, Yuen KY, Peiris JS, Guan Y. (2003) Rapid diagnosis
of a coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Clin
Chem 49:953-955.
49. Raamsman MJ, Locker JK, de Hooge A, de Vries AA, Griffiths G, Vennema H,
Rottier PJ. (2003) Characterization of the coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus strain
A59 small membrane protein E J Virol 74:2333-2342.
50. Riley S, Fraser C, Donnelly CA, Ghani AC, Abu-Raddad LJ, Hedley AJ, Leung
GM, Ho LM, Lam TH, Thach TQ, Chau P, Chan KP, Lo SV, Leung PY, Tsang T,
Ho W, Lee KH, Lau EM, Ferguson NM, Anderson RM. (2003) Transmission
dynamics of the etiological agent of SARS in Hong Kong: impact of public health
interventions. Science 300:1961-1966.
51. Rota PA, Oberste MS, Monroe SS, Nix WA, Campagnoli R, Icenogle JP,
Penaranda S, Bankamp B, Maher K, Chen MH, Tong S, Tamin A, Lowe L, Frace
M, DeRisi JL, Chen Q, Wang D, Erdman DD, Peret TC, Burns C, Ksiazek TG,
Rollin PE, Sanchez A, Liffick S, Holloway B, Limor J, McCaustland K,
Olsen-Rasmussen M, Fouchier R, Gunther S, Osterhaus AD, Drosten C, Pallansch
MA, Anderson LJ, Bellini WJ. (2003) Characterization of a novel coronavirus
associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Science 300:1394-1399.
52. Routledge E, Stauber R, Pfleiderer M, Siddell SG. (1991) Analysis of murine
coronavirus surface glycoprotein functions by using monoclonal antibodies. J Virol
65:254-262.
53. Sampathkumar P, Temesgen Z, Smith TF, Thompson RL. (2003) SARS:
epidemiology, clinical presentation, management, and infection control measures.
Mayo Clin Proc 78:882-890.
54. Sanchez CM, Izeta A, Sanchez-Morgado JM, Alonso S, Sola I, Balasch M,
78

Plana-Duran J, Enjuanes L. (1999) Targeted recombination demonstrates that the
spike gene of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus is a determinant of its
enteric tropism and virulence. J Virol 73:7607-7618.
55. Seto WH, Tsang D, Yung RW, Ching TY, Ng TK, Ho M, Ho LM, Peiris JS. (2003)
Effectiveness of precautions against droplets and contact in prevention of
nosocomial transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Lancet
361:1519-1520.
56. Siddell S, Wege H, ter Meulen V. (1983) The biology of coronaviruses. J Gen
Virol 64 (Pt 4):761-776.
57. Sizun J, Yu MW, Talbot PJ. (2000) Survival of human coronaviruses 229E and
OC43 in suspension after drying on surfaces: a possible source of hospital-acquired
infections. J Hosp Infect 46:55-60.
58. Skosyrev VS, Rudenko NV, Yakhnin AV, Zagranichny VE, Popova LI, Zakharov
MV, Gorokhovatsky AY, Vinokurov LM. (2003) EGFP as a fusion partner for the
expression and organic extraction of small polypeptides. Protein Exp Purif
27:55-62.
59. Sturman LS, Ricard CS, Holmes KV. (1985) Proteolytic cleavage of the E2
glycoprotein of murine coronavirus: activation of cell-fusing activity of virions by
trypsin and separation of two different 90K cleavage fragments. J Virol
56:904-911.
60. Takase-Yoden S, Kikuchi T, Siddell SG, Taguchi F. (1991) Localization of major
neutralizing epitopes on the S1 polypeptide of the murine coronavirus peplomer
glycoprotein. Virus Res 18:99-107.
61. Talbot PJ, Dionne G, Lacroix M. (1988) Vaccination against lethal
coronavirus-induced encephalitis with a synthetic decapeptide homologous to a
79

domain in the predicted peplomer stalk. J Virol 62:3032-3036.
62. Twu SJ, Chen TJ, Chen CJ, Olsen SJ, Lee LT, Fisk T, Hsu KH, Chang SC, Chen
KT, Chiang IH, Wu YC, Wu JS, Dowell SF. (2003) Control Measures for Severe
Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in Taiwan. Emerg Infect Dis 9:718-720.
63. van den Hoogen BG, de Jong JC, Groen J, Kuiken T, de Groot R, Fouchier RA,
Osterhaus AD. (2001) A newly discovered human pneumovirus isolated from
young children with respiratory tract disease. Nat Med 7:719-724.
64. van Ginkel FW, Nguyen HH, McGhee JR. (2000) Vaccines for mucosal immunity
to combat emerging infectious diseases. Emerg Infect Dis 6:123-132.
65. Vennema H, Godeke GJ, Rossen JW, Voorhout WF, Horzinek MC, Opstelten DJ,
Rottier PJ. (1996) Nucleocapsid-independent assembly of coronavirus-like
particles by co-expression of viral envelope protein genes. EMBO J 15:2020-2028.
66. Westerfield, M., (1995), The Zebrafish Book, 3rd ed., University of Oregn Press,
Eugen,OR, USA
67. WHO multicentre collaborative networks for severe acute respiratory syndrome
(SARS) diagnosis. (2003) A multicentre collaboration to investigate the cause of
severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet 36:1730-1733.
68. WHO Update 64. (2003) Situation in Toronto, detection of SARS-like virus in
wild animals. http://www.who.int/csr/sarsarchive/2003_05_23/en/
69. WHO, WER 11/2003. (2003) Acute respiratory syndrome – China, Hong Kong
Special Administrative Region of China, and Viet Nam. Wkly Epidemiol Record
78:73-74.
70. WHO, WER 9/2003. (2003) Acute respiratory syndrome, China – Update. Wkly
Epidemiol Record 78:57.
71. WHO. (2003) Acute respiratory syndrome in China - update 2. February 14.
80

http://www.who.int/csr/don/2003_02_14/en/
72. WHO. (2003) Acute respiratory syndrome in China - update. February 12.
http://www.who.int/csr/don/2003_02_12/en/
73. WHO. (2003) Acute respiratory syndrome in China. February 11.
http://www.who.int/csr/don/2003_02_11/en/
74. WHO. (2003) Acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong Special Administrative
Region of China/Viet Nam. March 12.
http://www.who.int/csr/don/2003_03_12/en/
75. WHO. (2003) Acute respiratory syndrome, China – Update. Wkly Epidemiol
Record 78:57. http://www.who.int/csr/don/2003_03_12/en/
76. WHO. (2003) Cumulative number of SARS probable cases. Available from: URL:
http://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/2003_06_25 /en/.
77. WHO. (2003) Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)- multi-country outbreak.
March 15. http://www.who.int/csr/don/2003_03_15/en/
78. WHO. (2003) Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): Status of the outbreak
and lessons for the immediate future. http://www.who.int/csr/media/sars_wha.pdf
79. WHO. (2003) Use of laboratory methods for SARS diagnosis. Available from:
URL: http://www.who.int/csr/sars/labmethods/en/
80. WHO. (2003) WHO multicentre collaborative networks for severe acute
respiratory syndrome (SARS) diagnosis. Wkly Epidemiol Record 78:121-122.
81. Wu HS, Hsieh YC, Su IJ, Lin TH, Chiu SC, Hsu YF, Lin JH, Wang MC, Chen JY,
Hsiao PW, Chang GD, Wang Andrew HJ, Ting HW, Chou CM, and Hwang CJ.
(2003-a) Early detection of antibodies against various structural proteins of the
SARS-associated coronavirus in SARS patients. J Biomed Sci Accepted for
publication.
81

82. Wu HS, Chiu SC, Tseng TC, Lin SF, Lin JH, Hsu YF, Wang MC, Lin TL, Yang WZ,
Ferng TL, Huang KH, Hsu LC, Lee LL, Yang JY, Chen HY, Su SP, Yang SY, Lin
TH, Su IJ. (2003-b) A comparative study of different serological and molecular
biological methods for SARS-associated coronavirus infection in Taiwan. Emerg
Infect Dis Accepted for publication.
83. Yeager CL, Ashmun RA, Williams RK, Cardellichio CB, Shapiro LH, Look AT,
Holmes KV. (1992) Human aminopeptidase N is a receptor for human coronavirus
229E. Nature 357:420-422.
82