JP 3-50 National Search and Rescue Manual Vol I - US Navy

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APPENDIX C. EMERGENCY SIGNALS By tradition and international agreement, certain signs and signals indicate distress or emergency. Common signals are listed in this appendix; however, this list is not all-inclusive. Other internationally accepted emergency signals are contained in the International Code of Signals (Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic Topographic Center Pub 102). That publication also contains a color plate of the international flags and pennants. SRUs in maritime areas should carry a copy of that publication. A. VISUAL/AURAL DISTRESS SIGNALS 1. Certain signals normally indicate distress. a. A gun, or other explosive signal, fired at intervals of about a minute. Tracer bullets have been detected as far away as 6 miles, but it is difficult to pinpoint survivor location from that distance. b. A continuous sounding with any fog-signaling apparatus. c. Rockets or shells, throwing red stars, fired one at a time at short intervals. d. The International Code signal of distress indicated by the code group NC. See the International Code of Signals (Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic Topographic Center Pub 102) for other code groups with emergency significance. e. A square flag having above or below it a ball or anything resembling a ball. f. Flames on a vessel, as from a burning oil barrel. Fires are probably the most effective nighttime signal survivors may use. Fires have been sighted as far away as 50 miles, with the average range varying with the size of the fire and the absence of other light sources. g. A rocket parachute flare or a hand flare showing a red light. Flares, star shells, and rockets have been sighted as far away as 35 miles, with an average of 10 miles. Pyrotechnic flares are effective at night, but during daylight their detectability ranges are reduced by 90 percent. h. Orange smoke-generating signals. These have been sighted as far away as 12 miles, with an average distance of 8 miles. Smoke signals are most effective in calm wind conditions or open terrain. Effectiveness is reduced with wind speeds above 10 knots. i. Slowly and repeatedly raising and lowering arms
outstretched to each side. j. Inverted United States flag (marine craft). k. Flashes from a signal mirror. Mirror signals have been detected as far away as 45 miles and from as high as 16,000 feet, although the average detection distance is 5 miles. l. Dye-stained water or snow, normally green or red. Fluorescent seadye markers have been sighted as far away as 10 miles, although the average detection distance is 3 miles. 2. The following pyrotechnic signals have specific meanings: One red, or a succession of reds ....... I am in distress and require immediate assistance. If from a submarine ...... Attempting emergency surfacing, keep clear. If by pararescue ......... Impossible to proceed as planned. Two red By pararescue ............ Survivor injured, need doctor and medical kit. One red, one green By pararescue ............ Radio inoperative, drop another. One green By aircraft (used near airport) ............ Request permission to land. By submarine ............. Have fired exercise torpedo. By pararescue ............ (Initial notification) all is well. C-1
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JOINT PUB 3-50 NATIONAL SEARCH AND
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e. Update of information and graph
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PREFACE Volume I: National Search a
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. Joint Pub 3-50.1/COMDTINST M16120
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ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS A Search Are
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COSPAS Cosmicheskaya Sistyema Poisk
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FIS Flight Information Service FIXe
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MAC Military Airlift Command MARAD
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PMC Parallel Multiunit Circle PMN P
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TFR Temporary Flight Restriction TL
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CHAPTER 1. SAR SYSTEM AND ORGANIZAT
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consolidates the information needed
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} Figure 1-2. United States Search
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Commander, 9th Coast Guard District
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131 The SAR Coordinator SC | SMC |
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1. The shore station nearest the re
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(3) Determine the mission-ready sta
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. A Wreckage Locator File with all
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directories, SMC planning and docum
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on scene conditions advising the SM
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lifeboats or liferafts, oil slicks,
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CHAPTER 2. SAR ORGANIZATIONS, AGENC
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Ship SAR Manual (MERSAR) contains p
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messages addressed to CIRM Roma. 2.
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for SAR. 1. National Oceanic and At
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snowmobiles, scuba teams, and track
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surface SRUs can arrive. a. SAR hel
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3. Maneuverability is necessary for
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has an ailing seaman, and can rescu
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manning and configuration. Larger v
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physical training, skill in communi
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special qualifications desirable in
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Overseas Region the Alaskan CAP Win
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platform. Also of use for SAR are c
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3130.16 series. The SMC should de-a
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continental U.S. and at offshore lo
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the potential for recording data wi
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other craft or radio stations: 1. A
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EPIRBs. 9. 27.065 kHz (Citizens Ban
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vessels) will be required to carry
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. Non-compliance with FCC Rules and
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9. SART. 10. MF DSC, used to initia
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4. FAA Domestic Teletype Networks,
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3023 kHz (USB), 123.1 MHz, and 282.
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3. 2638 kHz, all areas. 4. 2738 kHz
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SRUs and agencies. A search action
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2. Rescue Area f. SRUs on scene a.
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extended time, a Notice to Mariners
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The receiving and recording of info
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case. The SMC is often automaticall
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any source. b. There is suspicion t
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The craft's float or flight plan is
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Figure 4-1. Water Chill Without Ant
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s Figure 4-2. Wind Chill Graph - Eq
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445 Weather A. Weather may limit SA
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451 Uncertainty Phase An Emergency
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471 PRECOM A. PRECOM search contact
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the objective during their normal o
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effective search plan. The plan may
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D. Other SAR planning models, such
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1. The aircraft glide area shown in
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Figure 5-3. Vector Plots of Surface
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TABLE 5-1. Parachute Drift Distance
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the search object has, the greater
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B. Sea Current (SC) is the residual
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Figure 5-6A. Wind Current - North L
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large lake can vary with season, we
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5. Other on scene observations can
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520 SEARCH AREA Figure 5-8. Minimax
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Figure 5-9. Drift Error by Minimax
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DRe to determine SRU error (Y = Fix
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Figure 5-11. Search Areas - Moving
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E. When only a datum area exists, s
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SRUs are dispatched next. Supplemen
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B. POD can be increased by decreasi
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C. Visual sweep widths are determin
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TABLE 5-6. Visual Sweep Width Estim
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9. Fatigue. Degradation of detectio
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Table 5-8. Height of Eye vs. Horizo
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6. Sweep widths for Side-Looking Ai
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TABLE 5-11a. Sweep Widths for Forwa
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Sweep widths should be approximated
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TABLE 5-14. Environmental Limitatio
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Figure 5-19. Maritime Probability o
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again, unless it is determined furt
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c. This track spacing may exceed th
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a. E-7 corners 23 15N 74 35W to 23
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E. Orienting Search Areas Search pa
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Figure 5-21. Typical Assignments fo
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The major pattern characteristic is
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Figure 5-26. Figure 5-27. 3. Parall
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Figure 5-31. Figure 5-32. D. Creepi
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area, they must fly their individua
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for large objects in well-defined s
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I. Homing Patterns (H) are used to
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completed, the initial area, not th
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Pattern Name SRU required Remarks T
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560 PLANNING OF ON SCENE COORDINATI
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NOTAM for non-SAR aircraft to remai
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described as previously discussed,
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procedures for aircraft SRUs should
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1. Where sea current, tidal current
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eturn to base. E. Continuous attent
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to minimize clutter. While this is
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642 Aircraft Search A. Overwater Se
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one leg to the next without the nee
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everses course. The course on which
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645 Scanning Figure 6-5. Search for
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Figure 6-6. Marine SRU Crossleg Fig
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a. The effects of time on task vary
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Figure 6-9. Range Estimation 6-12
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5. Scanners forced to look into the
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645 Search Target This effect can b
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Figure 6-12. Effects of Altitude on
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Figure 6-16. Factors in Radar Detec
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C. Multisensor search is either mul
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Figure 6-18. INS Pattern for Reloca
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1. Initial sighting--Drop smoke and
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altitude to make the sighting repor
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lue and white checkered flag), or s
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Rescue planning involves dispatchin
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pararescue teams can place medicall
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Speed and ability to sustain surviv
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1. Sustaining life. Immediately upo
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other factors affecting rescue. 742
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Figure 7-2. Helicopter Racetrack Es
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2. Rations packs - concentrated or
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753 Rescue by Ship diverting or dis
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than 6 feet (2 meters) apart, inter
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800 General 810 Aircraft Searches 8
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TABLE 8-1. Inland Probability of De
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strength of the wind and steepness
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the area of greatest turbulence, an
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823 Air/Ground Coordination An SMC,
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2. A team leader is responsible for
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Figure 8-4. PM Search Pattern for L
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the track spacing would be 100 feet
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1. Scale 1:24,000 is the best for l
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Figure 8-6. Ground Search Area Plot
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unlaundered carefully preserved sce
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5. As indicated previously, it is i
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debriefing, transport to a delivery
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complete mental collapse due to the
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medical training, qualifications, a
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1000 General 1010 Mission Suspensio
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accept that the search cannot conti
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used for statistical analysis, syst
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Each RCC maintains a chronological
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aircraft that they are near the sce
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(day or night), date, search area a
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1200 General 1210 Domestic Framewor
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G. 46 USC 2304 requires a master or
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differing requirements of each coun
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RCC, which will plan the search and
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commander and the Department of Sta
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1240 PRIVATE PROPERTY 1241 Entering
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CHAPTER 13. SAR MISSION PUBLIC RELA
Page 315 and 316: equests for information, and use ne
Page 317 and 318: 1323 News and Photograph Pool A new
Page 319 and 320: GLOSSARY A-probability: Percentage
Page 321 and 322: Awareness Range: Distance at which
Page 323 and 324: 3. Ratio of sweep width to track sp
Page 325 and 326: Recorded data is retained for 15 da
Page 327 and 328: Inadvertent Alarm Rate: Ratio of in
Page 329 and 330: Military Assistance to Safety and T
Page 331 and 332: Probability of Detection (POD): The
Page 333 and 334: Search Action Plan: Message, normal
Page 335 and 336: SRU Error (Y): Search craft error b
Page 337 and 338: composed of significant assigned co
Page 339 and 340: Hydrographic Office. H.O. Pub 100.
Page 341 and 342: Emergency Response Institute. Helic
Page 343 and 344: University of Hawaii. Studies on Hu
Page 345 and 346: List of Ship Stations. Geneva, Swit
Page 347 and 348: 1. POLICY APPENDIX A. NATIONAL SEAR
Page 349 and 350: use of wire and radio facilities fo
Page 351 and 352: Area for the advantageous execution
Page 353 and 354: maintain liaison with and support e
Page 355 and 356: Figure A-1. United States Search an
Page 357 and 358: air SAR units, and provide guidance
Page 359 and 360: far as possible, afford adequate me
Page 361 and 362: which shall act in close and contin
Page 363 and 364: established by the Convention on In
Page 365: December 12, 1986 Agreement Concern
Page 369 and 370: Black or white smoke bursts, 10 sec
Page 371 and 372: Figure C-2. Surface-Air Visual Sign
Page 373 and 374: Figure C-5. Panel Signals C-5
Page 375 and 376: to the 26-foot sailboat row to obta
Page 377 and 378: straightaway length (x) of the cros
Page 379 and 380: These patterns are variations of th
Page 381 and 382: c. In the CSR pattern, the actual c
Page 383 and 384: adjacent to it, are the following:
Page 385 and 386: d. If the shaded portions of Figure
Page 387 and 388: 3. Relative motion pattern solution
Page 389 and 390: through the tail of the ship's vect
Page 391 and 392: Request the aircraft to report amou
Page 393 and 394: information, TACAN/DME ranging disp
Page 395 and 396: APPENDIX F. TEMPORARY FLIGHT RESTRI
Page 397 and 398: 4. Normally, incidents in an aircra
Page 399 and 400: LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES Subject Mat
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