JP 3-50 National Search and Rescue Manual Vol I - US Navy

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3. Trackline patterns are executed by one or more searches along a trail or track suspected of having been followed by a lost person. When three or more persons are assigned for a trackline search, a team leader and two flankers should be designated by the SMC, IC or OSC. Normally a "V" searchline is used, with the team leader following the center of the suspected path, and an equal number of searchers on either side of the track. C. Track Spacing. In executing a ground search pattern, constant distance is maintained between searchers. Land search track spacing is determined by the distance a person can effectively search while keeping adjacent searchers in visual or audible contact. For example, if each searcher could effectively search 50 feet on each side of their track, 8-8
the track spacing would be 100 feet, and searchers would be spaced at 100-foot intervals. If searchers were unable to see adjacent searchers from 100 feet away, then track spacing would have to be reduced. 1. In jungle or thick underbrush, both visual and vocal contact must be maintained between adjacent searchers. This ensures full area coverage and protection for inexperienced searchers. Whenever contact with a lineman is lost, the team leader must be immediately notified. The searchline will then stop until complete team contact is reestablished. If the searchline is more open, only adjacent visual contact must be maintained, though vocal contact is usually also maintained. 2. The team leader always makes the final determination of track spacing. Generally, track spacing depends on target characteristics, weather, and terrain. 3. Track spacing for lost persons is typically between 15 and 25 feet, with search progress through wooded areas conducted at a slow gait, and each thicket and depression checked. About one square mile of woods can be searched by a land SRU of 20-25 persons in slightly less than 4 hours. D. Searchline. Searchers may proceed in a straight line abreast, a "V" formation, or a right or left slanting formation. "V" and slanting searchlines are more efficient than line-abreast searchlines because it is easier for each searcher to keep only the searcher ahead in visual contact. The team leader takes position in the center of a straight line-abreast or "V" formation, or as the leading searcher in a right or left slanting searchline. The "dress" of the searchline is on the team leader. Two flankers are needed for line-abreast or "V" searchlines, while only one flanker is needed for a slanting searchline (see Figure 8-5). Flankers also assist in maintaining searchline dress. Both the team leader and flanker must continuously check their compasses, marked base lines, or topographical lineup features to ensure correct searchlegs are maintained. 825 Recording Search Coverage A. To accurately plot positions of various finds, a large-scale grid plot of the search area should be made. As the search progresses, search sweeps are shown on the plot, providing an exact position of each sweep. Forward distances may be estimated by pacing off forward movement of the searchers. Exact locations of finds may then be shown, as the relative position is known both forward and across each search sweep or searchleg. These findings may be transcribed from the largescale to a smaller scale chart as necessary. When search of an area is completed, the team leader should cross-hatch the areas searched, note areas not searched, and report these areas to the OSC, IC or SMC, along with the search results, weather, and other debriefing information. B. U.S. Geological Survey Charts are best for executing land searches.
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JOINT PUB 3-50 NATIONAL SEARCH AND
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e. Update of information and graph
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PREFACE Volume I: National Search a
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. Joint Pub 3-50.1/COMDTINST M16120
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ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS A Search Are
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COSPAS Cosmicheskaya Sistyema Poisk
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FIS Flight Information Service FIXe
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MAC Military Airlift Command MARAD
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PMC Parallel Multiunit Circle PMN P
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TFR Temporary Flight Restriction TL
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CHAPTER 1. SAR SYSTEM AND ORGANIZAT
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consolidates the information needed
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} Figure 1-2. United States Search
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Commander, 9th Coast Guard District
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131 The SAR Coordinator SC | SMC |
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1. The shore station nearest the re
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(3) Determine the mission-ready sta
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. A Wreckage Locator File with all
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directories, SMC planning and docum
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on scene conditions advising the SM
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lifeboats or liferafts, oil slicks,
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CHAPTER 2. SAR ORGANIZATIONS, AGENC
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Ship SAR Manual (MERSAR) contains p
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messages addressed to CIRM Roma. 2.
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for SAR. 1. National Oceanic and At
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snowmobiles, scuba teams, and track
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surface SRUs can arrive. a. SAR hel
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3. Maneuverability is necessary for
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has an ailing seaman, and can rescu
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manning and configuration. Larger v
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physical training, skill in communi
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special qualifications desirable in
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Overseas Region the Alaskan CAP Win
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platform. Also of use for SAR are c
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3130.16 series. The SMC should de-a
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continental U.S. and at offshore lo
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the potential for recording data wi
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other craft or radio stations: 1. A
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EPIRBs. 9. 27.065 kHz (Citizens Ban
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vessels) will be required to carry
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. Non-compliance with FCC Rules and
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9. SART. 10. MF DSC, used to initia
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4. FAA Domestic Teletype Networks,
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3023 kHz (USB), 123.1 MHz, and 282.
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3. 2638 kHz, all areas. 4. 2738 kHz
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SRUs and agencies. A search action
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2. Rescue Area f. SRUs on scene a.
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extended time, a Notice to Mariners
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The receiving and recording of info
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case. The SMC is often automaticall
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any source. b. There is suspicion t
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The craft's float or flight plan is
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Figure 4-1. Water Chill Without Ant
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s Figure 4-2. Wind Chill Graph - Eq
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445 Weather A. Weather may limit SA
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451 Uncertainty Phase An Emergency
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471 PRECOM A. PRECOM search contact
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the objective during their normal o
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effective search plan. The plan may
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D. Other SAR planning models, such
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1. The aircraft glide area shown in
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Figure 5-3. Vector Plots of Surface
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TABLE 5-1. Parachute Drift Distance
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the search object has, the greater
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B. Sea Current (SC) is the residual
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Figure 5-6A. Wind Current - North L
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large lake can vary with season, we
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5. Other on scene observations can
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520 SEARCH AREA Figure 5-8. Minimax
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Figure 5-9. Drift Error by Minimax
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DRe to determine SRU error (Y = Fix
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Figure 5-11. Search Areas - Moving
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E. When only a datum area exists, s
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SRUs are dispatched next. Supplemen
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B. POD can be increased by decreasi
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C. Visual sweep widths are determin
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TABLE 5-6. Visual Sweep Width Estim
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9. Fatigue. Degradation of detectio
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Table 5-8. Height of Eye vs. Horizo
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6. Sweep widths for Side-Looking Ai
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TABLE 5-11a. Sweep Widths for Forwa
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Sweep widths should be approximated
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TABLE 5-14. Environmental Limitatio
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Figure 5-19. Maritime Probability o
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again, unless it is determined furt
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c. This track spacing may exceed th
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a. E-7 corners 23 15N 74 35W to 23
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E. Orienting Search Areas Search pa
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Figure 5-21. Typical Assignments fo
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The major pattern characteristic is
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Figure 5-26. Figure 5-27. 3. Parall
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Figure 5-31. Figure 5-32. D. Creepi
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area, they must fly their individua
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for large objects in well-defined s
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I. Homing Patterns (H) are used to
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completed, the initial area, not th
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Pattern Name SRU required Remarks T
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560 PLANNING OF ON SCENE COORDINATI
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NOTAM for non-SAR aircraft to remai
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described as previously discussed,
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procedures for aircraft SRUs should
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1. Where sea current, tidal current
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eturn to base. E. Continuous attent
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to minimize clutter. While this is
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642 Aircraft Search A. Overwater Se
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one leg to the next without the nee
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everses course. The course on which
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645 Scanning Figure 6-5. Search for
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Figure 6-6. Marine SRU Crossleg Fig
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a. The effects of time on task vary
Page 221 and 222: Figure 6-9. Range Estimation 6-12
Page 223 and 224: 5. Scanners forced to look into the
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Page 227 and 228: Figure 6-12. Effects of Altitude on
Page 229 and 230: Figure 6-16. Factors in Radar Detec
Page 231 and 232: C. Multisensor search is either mul
Page 233 and 234: Figure 6-18. INS Pattern for Reloca
Page 235 and 236: 1. Initial sighting--Drop smoke and
Page 237 and 238: altitude to make the sighting repor
Page 239 and 240: lue and white checkered flag), or s
Page 241 and 242: Rescue planning involves dispatchin
Page 243 and 244: pararescue teams can place medicall
Page 245 and 246: Speed and ability to sustain surviv
Page 247 and 248: 1. Sustaining life. Immediately upo
Page 249 and 250: other factors affecting rescue. 742
Page 251 and 252: Figure 7-2. Helicopter Racetrack Es
Page 253 and 254: 2. Rations packs - concentrated or
Page 255 and 256: 753 Rescue by Ship diverting or dis
Page 257 and 258: than 6 feet (2 meters) apart, inter
Page 259 and 260: 800 General 810 Aircraft Searches 8
Page 261 and 262: TABLE 8-1. Inland Probability of De
Page 263 and 264: strength of the wind and steepness
Page 265 and 266: the area of greatest turbulence, an
Page 267 and 268: 823 Air/Ground Coordination An SMC,
Page 269 and 270: 2. A team leader is responsible for
Page 271: Figure 8-4. PM Search Pattern for L
Page 275 and 276: 1. Scale 1:24,000 is the best for l
Page 277 and 278: Figure 8-6. Ground Search Area Plot
Page 279 and 280: unlaundered carefully preserved sce
Page 281 and 282: 5. As indicated previously, it is i
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Page 289 and 290: 1000 General 1010 Mission Suspensio
Page 291 and 292: accept that the search cannot conti
Page 293 and 294: used for statistical analysis, syst
Page 295 and 296: Each RCC maintains a chronological
Page 297 and 298: aircraft that they are near the sce
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Page 301 and 302: 1200 General 1210 Domestic Framewor
Page 303 and 304: G. 46 USC 2304 requires a master or
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Page 309 and 310: commander and the Department of Sta
Page 311 and 312: 1240 PRIVATE PROPERTY 1241 Entering
Page 313 and 314: CHAPTER 13. SAR MISSION PUBLIC RELA
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Page 317 and 318: 1323 News and Photograph Pool A new
Page 319 and 320: GLOSSARY A-probability: Percentage
Page 321 and 322: Awareness Range: Distance at which
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3. Ratio of sweep width to track sp
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Recorded data is retained for 15 da
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Inadvertent Alarm Rate: Ratio of in
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Military Assistance to Safety and T
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Probability of Detection (POD): The
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Search Action Plan: Message, normal
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SRU Error (Y): Search craft error b
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composed of significant assigned co
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Hydrographic Office. H.O. Pub 100.
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Emergency Response Institute. Helic
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University of Hawaii. Studies on Hu
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List of Ship Stations. Geneva, Swit
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1. POLICY APPENDIX A. NATIONAL SEAR
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use of wire and radio facilities fo
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Area for the advantageous execution
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maintain liaison with and support e
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Figure A-1. United States Search an
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air SAR units, and provide guidance
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far as possible, afford adequate me
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which shall act in close and contin
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established by the Convention on In
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December 12, 1986 Agreement Concern
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outstretched to each side. j. Inver
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Black or white smoke bursts, 10 sec
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Figure C-2. Surface-Air Visual Sign
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Figure C-5. Panel Signals C-5
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to the 26-foot sailboat row to obta
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straightaway length (x) of the cros
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These patterns are variations of th
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c. In the CSR pattern, the actual c
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adjacent to it, are the following:
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d. If the shaded portions of Figure
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3. Relative motion pattern solution
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through the tail of the ship's vect
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Request the aircraft to report amou
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information, TACAN/DME ranging disp
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APPENDIX F. TEMPORARY FLIGHT RESTRI
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4. Normally, incidents in an aircra
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LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES Subject Mat
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JP 3-50 National Search and Rescue Manual Vol I - US Navy

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