JP 3-50 National Search and Rescue Manual Vol I - US Navy

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daylight is reduced. Visibility, an entering argument for calculating sweep width, changes after sunset. Also, search target detectability changes. Searching after sunset is restricted to visual detection aids or electronic detection, dictating changes in track spacing to obtain desired POD. 533 SRU Ground Speed SRU ground speed (V) is important when calculating attainable area size. The faster the SRU, the larger the area covered. However, speed may adversely affect endurance and search effectiveness. 534 Track Spacing A. Track spacing (S) is the distance between two adjacent parallel search legs. It directly influences target detectability. See Figure 5-14. Figure 5-14. Track Spacing
B. POD can be increased by decreasing track spacing, but decreased track spacing means that more time is needed to search an area with the same number of SRUs. If extra time is not available, the search area may need to be reduced. Conversely, search area can be expanded by increasing track spacing, but this will decrease POD. Unless an optimum number of SRUs is available, the SMC must choose between the amount of area to be covered and the POD desired. See Figure 5-15. C. The practical limits of SRU turning radii and navigational accuracy limit how much track spacing can be reduced. Optimum track spacing yields maximum POD during the time available, consistent with the economical use of available SRUs. 535 Sweep Width A. Sweep width (W) is the distance on both sides of the SRU where the probability of detecting a target outside of the sweep width is equal to the probability of missing a target inside that distance. It is a measure of detection capability based on target characteristics, weather, and other factors. Sweep width is less than twice the maximum detection range, which is the farthest range at which the target can be detected. See Figure 5-16. It is usually expressed in yards for underwater and ground searches, and in nautical miles for other types of searches. Use of the sweep width concept in any search allows solution of otherwise unworkable problems. B. Sweep width varies with the type of search conducted. Visual searching is used most often. However, sensor searches can be far more efficient than visual and should be considered when it is known, or even suspected, that the distressed craft or persons may be more readily detected by electronic or other nonvisual means. 1. Sensors include radio, radar, magnetic, voltage, radioactive, infrared, ultraviolet, electro-optical, and other electromagnetic signal sensing equipment. Most common in SAR applications are radio and radar, with infrared becoming increasingly available. Detection range information may be available from parent agencies, operating commands, manufacturers, or operators. Chapter 6 has additional information on use of electronic equipment for searches. 2. Each SAR agency should test its specific equipment to develop accurate estimates of sensor sweep width. Output power, reflective capabilities, antennae heights, environmental ambient noise and clutter levels, and other factors that affect the quality of sensor receiving and transmitting may affect sweep width. 5-18
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JOINT PUB 3-50 NATIONAL SEARCH AND
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e. Update of information and graph
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PREFACE Volume I: National Search a
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. Joint Pub 3-50.1/COMDTINST M16120
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ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS A Search Are
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COSPAS Cosmicheskaya Sistyema Poisk
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FIS Flight Information Service FIXe
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MAC Military Airlift Command MARAD
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PMC Parallel Multiunit Circle PMN P
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TFR Temporary Flight Restriction TL
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CHAPTER 1. SAR SYSTEM AND ORGANIZAT
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consolidates the information needed
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} Figure 1-2. United States Search
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Commander, 9th Coast Guard District
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131 The SAR Coordinator SC | SMC |
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1. The shore station nearest the re
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(3) Determine the mission-ready sta
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. A Wreckage Locator File with all
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directories, SMC planning and docum
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on scene conditions advising the SM
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lifeboats or liferafts, oil slicks,
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CHAPTER 2. SAR ORGANIZATIONS, AGENC
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Ship SAR Manual (MERSAR) contains p
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messages addressed to CIRM Roma. 2.
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for SAR. 1. National Oceanic and At
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snowmobiles, scuba teams, and track
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surface SRUs can arrive. a. SAR hel
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3. Maneuverability is necessary for
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has an ailing seaman, and can rescu
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manning and configuration. Larger v
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physical training, skill in communi
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special qualifications desirable in
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Overseas Region the Alaskan CAP Win
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platform. Also of use for SAR are c
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3130.16 series. The SMC should de-a
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continental U.S. and at offshore lo
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the potential for recording data wi
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other craft or radio stations: 1. A
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EPIRBs. 9. 27.065 kHz (Citizens Ban
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vessels) will be required to carry
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. Non-compliance with FCC Rules and
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9. SART. 10. MF DSC, used to initia
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4. FAA Domestic Teletype Networks,
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3023 kHz (USB), 123.1 MHz, and 282.
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3. 2638 kHz, all areas. 4. 2738 kHz
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SRUs and agencies. A search action
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2. Rescue Area f. SRUs on scene a.
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extended time, a Notice to Mariners
Page 97 and 98: The receiving and recording of info
Page 99 and 100: case. The SMC is often automaticall
Page 101 and 102: any source. b. There is suspicion t
Page 103 and 104: The craft's float or flight plan is
Page 105 and 106: Figure 4-1. Water Chill Without Ant
Page 107 and 108: s Figure 4-2. Wind Chill Graph - Eq
Page 109 and 110: 445 Weather A. Weather may limit SA
Page 111 and 112: 451 Uncertainty Phase An Emergency
Page 113 and 114: 471 PRECOM A. PRECOM search contact
Page 115 and 116: the objective during their normal o
Page 117 and 118: effective search plan. The plan may
Page 119 and 120: D. Other SAR planning models, such
Page 121 and 122: 1. The aircraft glide area shown in
Page 123 and 124: Figure 5-3. Vector Plots of Surface
Page 125 and 126: TABLE 5-1. Parachute Drift Distance
Page 127 and 128: the search object has, the greater
Page 129 and 130: B. Sea Current (SC) is the residual
Page 131 and 132: Figure 5-6A. Wind Current - North L
Page 133 and 134: large lake can vary with season, we
Page 135 and 136: 5. Other on scene observations can
Page 137 and 138: 520 SEARCH AREA Figure 5-8. Minimax
Page 139 and 140: Figure 5-9. Drift Error by Minimax
Page 141 and 142: DRe to determine SRU error (Y = Fix
Page 143 and 144: Figure 5-11. Search Areas - Moving
Page 145 and 146: E. When only a datum area exists, s
Page 147: SRUs are dispatched next. Supplemen
Page 151 and 152: C. Visual sweep widths are determin
Page 153 and 154: TABLE 5-6. Visual Sweep Width Estim
Page 155 and 156: 9. Fatigue. Degradation of detectio
Page 157 and 158: Table 5-8. Height of Eye vs. Horizo
Page 159 and 160: 6. Sweep widths for Side-Looking Ai
Page 161 and 162: TABLE 5-11a. Sweep Widths for Forwa
Page 163 and 164: Sweep widths should be approximated
Page 165 and 166: TABLE 5-14. Environmental Limitatio
Page 167 and 168: Figure 5-19. Maritime Probability o
Page 169 and 170: again, unless it is determined furt
Page 171 and 172: c. This track spacing may exceed th
Page 173 and 174: a. E-7 corners 23 15N 74 35W to 23
Page 175 and 176: E. Orienting Search Areas Search pa
Page 177 and 178: Figure 5-21. Typical Assignments fo
Page 179 and 180: The major pattern characteristic is
Page 181 and 182: Figure 5-26. Figure 5-27. 3. Parall
Page 183 and 184: Figure 5-31. Figure 5-32. D. Creepi
Page 185 and 186: area, they must fly their individua
Page 187 and 188: for large objects in well-defined s
Page 189 and 190: I. Homing Patterns (H) are used to
Page 191 and 192: completed, the initial area, not th
Page 193 and 194: Pattern Name SRU required Remarks T
Page 195 and 196: 560 PLANNING OF ON SCENE COORDINATI
Page 197 and 198: NOTAM for non-SAR aircraft to remai
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described as previously discussed,
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procedures for aircraft SRUs should
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1. Where sea current, tidal current
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eturn to base. E. Continuous attent
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to minimize clutter. While this is
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642 Aircraft Search A. Overwater Se
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one leg to the next without the nee
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everses course. The course on which
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645 Scanning Figure 6-5. Search for
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Figure 6-6. Marine SRU Crossleg Fig
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a. The effects of time on task vary
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Figure 6-9. Range Estimation 6-12
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5. Scanners forced to look into the
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645 Search Target This effect can b
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Figure 6-12. Effects of Altitude on
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Figure 6-16. Factors in Radar Detec
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C. Multisensor search is either mul
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Figure 6-18. INS Pattern for Reloca
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1. Initial sighting--Drop smoke and
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altitude to make the sighting repor
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lue and white checkered flag), or s
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Rescue planning involves dispatchin
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pararescue teams can place medicall
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Speed and ability to sustain surviv
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1. Sustaining life. Immediately upo
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other factors affecting rescue. 742
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Figure 7-2. Helicopter Racetrack Es
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2. Rations packs - concentrated or
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753 Rescue by Ship diverting or dis
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than 6 feet (2 meters) apart, inter
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800 General 810 Aircraft Searches 8
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TABLE 8-1. Inland Probability of De
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strength of the wind and steepness
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the area of greatest turbulence, an
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823 Air/Ground Coordination An SMC,
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2. A team leader is responsible for
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Figure 8-4. PM Search Pattern for L
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the track spacing would be 100 feet
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1. Scale 1:24,000 is the best for l
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Figure 8-6. Ground Search Area Plot
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unlaundered carefully preserved sce
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5. As indicated previously, it is i
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debriefing, transport to a delivery
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complete mental collapse due to the
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medical training, qualifications, a
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1000 General 1010 Mission Suspensio
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accept that the search cannot conti
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used for statistical analysis, syst
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Each RCC maintains a chronological
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aircraft that they are near the sce
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(day or night), date, search area a
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1200 General 1210 Domestic Framewor
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G. 46 USC 2304 requires a master or
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differing requirements of each coun
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RCC, which will plan the search and
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commander and the Department of Sta
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1240 PRIVATE PROPERTY 1241 Entering
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CHAPTER 13. SAR MISSION PUBLIC RELA
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equests for information, and use ne
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1323 News and Photograph Pool A new
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GLOSSARY A-probability: Percentage
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Awareness Range: Distance at which
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3. Ratio of sweep width to track sp
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Recorded data is retained for 15 da
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Inadvertent Alarm Rate: Ratio of in
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Military Assistance to Safety and T
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Probability of Detection (POD): The
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Search Action Plan: Message, normal
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SRU Error (Y): Search craft error b
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composed of significant assigned co
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Hydrographic Office. H.O. Pub 100.
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Emergency Response Institute. Helic
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University of Hawaii. Studies on Hu
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List of Ship Stations. Geneva, Swit
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1. POLICY APPENDIX A. NATIONAL SEAR
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use of wire and radio facilities fo
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Area for the advantageous execution
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maintain liaison with and support e
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Figure A-1. United States Search an
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air SAR units, and provide guidance
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far as possible, afford adequate me
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which shall act in close and contin
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established by the Convention on In
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December 12, 1986 Agreement Concern
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outstretched to each side. j. Inver
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Black or white smoke bursts, 10 sec
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Figure C-2. Surface-Air Visual Sign
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Figure C-5. Panel Signals C-5
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to the 26-foot sailboat row to obta
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straightaway length (x) of the cros
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These patterns are variations of th
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c. In the CSR pattern, the actual c
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adjacent to it, are the following:
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d. If the shaded portions of Figure
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3. Relative motion pattern solution
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through the tail of the ship's vect
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Request the aircraft to report amou
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information, TACAN/DME ranging disp
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APPENDIX F. TEMPORARY FLIGHT RESTRI
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4. Normally, incidents in an aircra
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LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES Subject Mat
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