a critical evaluation on the concept of justice in planning process

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3.1.1. Content of 1982 Dated Turkish Republic Constitution: Rights and Liberties; Interest and Equality 1980’s are the years when legal, administrative transformations occurred in Turkey. New legal arrangements following the Constitution of Turkish Republic changed after 1980 military interference and its affects on spatial and planning discipline came out with these new arrangements, are discussed. Constitution of Turkish Republic was accepted on October 18, 1982 by the Constitutional Assembly and became valid by a referendum on November, 7, 1982 with an acceptance ratio of 92%. Starting with the date it became valid, many articles are changed till today 36 . Constitution of Turkish Republic evaluated below is studied with its last changes done in 2004 37 . 38 In the preamble part of the Constitution (article 3.10.2001-4709/1) it is determined that; “... every Turkish citizen has the right and jurisdiction starting with his birth to have an honorable life within the national culture, civilization and law order by benefiting from the basic rights and liberties on equal and social justice grounds and to develop his physical and moral existence in this way; ... has rights to demand a peaceful life ...” With this definition in the preamble section it is determined and secured that every Turkish citizen has the right and jurisdiction of 1. having an honorable life, 2. Developing his physical and moral existence within a rule of law basing on a social justice and is equal in front of laws. Constitution of Turkish Republic dated 1982 has 7 Main parts apart from preamble section and 177 articles in total. These seven parts are; 1. General Principles, 2. Basic Rights and Duties, 3. Basic Organs of Republic, 4. Financial and Economic Judgements, 5. Various Judgements, 6. Temporary Judgements, 7. Last Judgements. These seven parts are covered under sub-topics and chapters. Articles defining the rights and liberties, interests and equalities forming a base for city planning discipline and their contents within these parts, sub-topics and chapters are quoted below in a list emphasizing the basic points. 36 It can be seen that Constitution dated 1982 changed through the years 1987-2004. Some of these changes can be listed as: Law No.3361-1987; law no 3913-1993; law no.4121-1995; law no 4388-1999; law no 4446-1999; law no 4709-2001; law no 4720-2001; law no 4777-2002; Resource: WEB-1 and WEB-3 37 Resource: WEB-3 and WEB-4 38 The English translation of the Constitution text bases on the text at WEB-5 56
I. Part-In General Principles chapter, articles about the form of the state, properties of republic, integrity of the state, unchangeable judgements, aims and duties of the state, sovereignty, authorities of legislation-execution-jurisdiction, equality before laws and conjunction of the Constitution take place. In this context, it is determined that Republic of Turkey is “a secular, democratic social state governed by the rule that is respectful to human rights and has an understanding to provide peace for the society and with a national solidarity and a justice” (article 2). Main aims and duties of the state is described as “... protecting the republic and democracy, providing the welfare, peace and happiness of people and the society; trying to take off the political economic and social obstacles limiting the basic rights and liberties of people without incompatibility with the social rule of law and justice principles and trying to prepare the necessary conditions for the development of existence of people”. In the state of Turkish Republic where “sovereignty is vested fully and unconditionally in the nation” (article 6), according to separation of powers the legislation authority is given to Turkish Grand National Assembly (article 7); executive power and function is given to the President of the Republic and the Council of Ministers (article 8); judicial power to the independent courts on behalf of the Turkish Nation (article 9). In article 10 which explains equality before law it is told that “all individuals are equal, without any discrimination before law, irrespective of language, race, color, sex, political opinion, philosophical belief, religion and seet or any such considerations”. With the last article of this part, it is decided that “the provisions of the Constitution are fundamental legal rules binding upon legislative, executive and judicial organs and administrative authorities and other institutions and individuals and laws shall not be in conflict with the Constitution” (article 11). As mentioned in article 5 which defines the main aims and duties of the social state are “striving for the removal of political, social and economic obstacles which restrict the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individuals and provide the conditions required for the development of the individual’s material and spiritual existence”. As can be understood from this Constitution defines the state as a formation in responsible of individual-society-state relations and in maximization of the social welfare. With the emphasizes in the Preamble in the individual-society-state relations 57
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A CRITICAL EVALUATION ON THE CONCEP
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
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ÖZET Bu tez, Türkiye ehir planlam
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2.3.2.The Attained Principles and R
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4.3.3.Objections to Demolition Deci
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LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 2.1
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1.1. Aim of the Study CHAPTER 1 INT
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urban space. The considered aspects
Page 17 and 18: e revealed and defended. The practi
Page 19 and 20: questions, of which the answers are
Page 21 and 22: problems in legal process, effects
Page 23 and 24: taken in 1999 regarding the area in
Page 25 and 26: c. Municipalities of Balçova and N
Page 27 and 28: CHAPTER 2 THE FRAMEWORK OF JUSTICE
Page 29 and 30: concepts is the society’s structu
Page 31 and 32: c. how the procedures are explained
Page 33 and 34: society rather than the individual.
Page 35 and 36: economy approaches encounter. As a
Page 37 and 38: 25 Table 2. 1. The Main Emphasize o
Page 39 and 40: equal citizenship are taken as sett
Page 41 and 42: 2.3.2. The Attained Principles and
Page 43 and 44: 2. that the liberties shall be rest
Page 45 and 46: y Rousseau, Locke and Hobbes. Forma
Page 47 and 48: content “rule of law” is descri
Page 49 and 50: 2.4.3. Liberties and Rights in the
Page 51 and 52: Second Stage Rights and Liberties;
Page 53 and 54: sources new arrangements in economi
Page 55 and 56: ack to the limited contents of mini
Page 57 and 58: 2.5. Spatial Considerations Based o
Page 59 and 60: specific in its redistributive aims
Page 61 and 62: giving the heterogenous urban visio
Page 63 and 64: In this approach that is based on a
Page 65 and 66: social and economic rights and in t
Page 67: the state on public space and the c
Page 71 and 72: Land ownership and its utilization
Page 73 and 74: egulations are done with Conservati
Page 75 and 76: account; the efficient use of resou
Page 77 and 78: of law and justice and preparing th
Page 79 and 80: eport among legal regulations enact
Page 81 and 82: financial resources of administrati
Page 83 and 84: installments starting from 150 mill
Page 85 and 86: Table 3. 3. Total Number of Househo
Page 87 and 88: Results of the studies of two impor
Page 89 and 90: public services are among the other
Page 91 and 92: Turkey. Individualistic rights and
Page 93 and 94: a notice hang at the building and o
Page 95 and 96: and give them the statue of being l
Page 97 and 98: important points. First one is shri
Page 99 and 100: applications. Articles 15 and 16 of
Page 101 and 102: gecekondu in this law is made as;
Page 103 and 104: prior subjects in the organizations
Page 105 and 106: establishing a social balance and g
Page 107 and 108: 3.5.2.2. Limitation of Ownership Ri
Page 109 and 110: 3.5.2.3. Individual, Social and Pub
Page 111 and 112: In the legal transformations which
Page 113 and 114: Narlıdere realized in 1992. By thi
Page 115 and 116: Although not making any decisions o
Page 117 and 118: Figure 4.1.A. Detail from Balçova
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107 Derived from the data Planning
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4.2. General Evaluation of Actions
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Table 4. 3. All Administrative and
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4.2.1. General Evaluation of the Ac
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115 115
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Table 4.5. All Administrative and J
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119 119
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121 Table: 4.8. Administrative and
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About Subdivision Plans Proceeded i
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12. Narkent Includes the actions br
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Table 4. 9. Administrative and Juri
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Chamber of Architects) and 1 action
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4.3.1. Actions about Expropriation
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decision of zmir-Çe me Highway and
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In the claim of Municipality of Bal
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monetary/moral difficulties and los
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Table 4. 11. Actions of Nullity Pro
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which are defined in legal process,
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accepted the explanation of “havi
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Plans scaled 1/5000 that include Ma
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4. “Decision Amendment Demand”
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Table 4. 42. Distribution of Demoli
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children’s playgrounds, green zon
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shown as a work site in the impleme
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court decision will be in favor of
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7. Objection against the rejection
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Municipality has repealed its plans
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Expert Report: 1. The purpose of th
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with the scale of 1/1000 was put in
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2. As the result of the reexaminati
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effectiveness of the location of th
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located in between the Mithatpa a R
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purposes, which is the demand of th
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no: 97-98-99 on building block no.6
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lands belong to the Treasury”. On
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party because documents in court fi
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decisions that are passed on the ba
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Figure 4. 6. Spatial Distribution o
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CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 5.1. General C
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5.2. Results of the Transformation
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urban settlers by the urban physica
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5.3. Results of Field Survey In the
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also the legal and legitimacy proce
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etween Özdilek which carries a pri
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career, do not have a common defini
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organization in making the most dis
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Books: REFERENCES Ackerman, B. A. (
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Kele , R. (1994) Yerinden Yönetim
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Articles and Papers: Akkar, M. (199
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Türkçe Sözlük (1974) TDK Yayın
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Lai, C.&Wai, L. (2002) Libertarians
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Sivil taatsizlik (1998), Disiplinle
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APPENDIX A The Extent of Subject Cl
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Personnel Actions for annulment of
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APPENDIX B Examination of Actions B
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demolition decisions are under the
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Explanation of Terms Used in Thesis
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APPENDIX E All Collected Data Inclu
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Conference Papers and Seminar Prese
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