a critical evaluation on the concept of justice in planning process
a critical evaluation on the concept of justice in planning process
a critical evaluation on the concept of justice in planning process
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Sec<strong>on</strong>d Stage Rights and Liberties; Social, Ec<strong>on</strong>omic and Cultural Rights and<br />
Liberties:<br />
It is realized <strong>in</strong> 20 th century as <strong>the</strong> result <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustrial revoluti<strong>on</strong>; emerge <strong>of</strong> a<br />
work<strong>in</strong>g class and social oppositi<strong>on</strong>s about decreas<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> social poverty. It was<br />
affective <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> socializati<strong>on</strong> <strong>of</strong> liberties and <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> equalities with <strong>the</strong> changes and<br />
developments. Social rights be<strong>in</strong>g recognized by <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>stituti<strong>on</strong>s prevalently and<br />
formati<strong>on</strong> <strong>of</strong> social state, are <strong>the</strong> important characteristics <strong>of</strong> western<br />
c<strong>on</strong>stituti<strong>on</strong>alizati<strong>on</strong> after Sec<strong>on</strong>d World War (Kabo lu, 2002, 44-45).<br />
One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> doctr<strong>in</strong>e that refused liberalism and <strong>in</strong>dividualistic approach is<br />
Marxist socializati<strong>on</strong>. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to “formal liberty” and “real liberty” <strong>of</strong> classic Marxist<br />
analysis, first are <strong>the</strong> values <strong>of</strong> liberal doctr<strong>in</strong>e and are <strong>the</strong>oretical and abstract freedoms<br />
which necessity wealth and materialistic tools. These are, actually, liberties that never<br />
meet <strong>the</strong> basic requirements <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividuals oppos<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>equalities and social exploitati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
These “so-called” liberties never obta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g anyth<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>in</strong>dividuals are unnecessary.<br />
Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, <strong>the</strong>se liberties are ra<strong>the</strong>r dangerous because <strong>the</strong>y mask social and<br />
ec<strong>on</strong>omic <strong>in</strong>equalities and as a result <strong>the</strong>y service and form a support for <strong>the</strong>se<br />
<strong>in</strong>equalities. Marxism puts “real” liberty <strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>trary to <strong>the</strong>se liberties; liberty to have a<br />
job, reach<strong>in</strong>g to suitable liv<strong>in</strong>g c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> and to get a real liberty oppos<strong>in</strong>g social<br />
“alienati<strong>on</strong>” (Kabo lu, 2002, 445-447).<br />
Sec<strong>on</strong>d stage rights and liberties, bases <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> positive def<strong>in</strong>iti<strong>on</strong> <strong>of</strong> liberty. Here<br />
<strong>the</strong> discussi<strong>on</strong> is about putt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> rights and liberties <strong>of</strong> people or <strong>in</strong>dividuals <strong>in</strong>to a<br />
usable situati<strong>on</strong>. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> negative def<strong>in</strong>iti<strong>on</strong> <strong>of</strong> liberty an <strong>in</strong>dividual can realize<br />
<strong>the</strong>se wishes without fac<strong>in</strong>g a power/pressure o<strong>the</strong>r than himself. However, what about<br />
his liberty if he lacks <strong>the</strong> opportunities <strong>in</strong> realiz<strong>in</strong>g his wishes? Accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> positive<br />
def<strong>in</strong>iti<strong>on</strong> <strong>of</strong> liberty an <strong>in</strong>dividual has to have a certa<strong>in</strong> standard <strong>in</strong> order to meet his<br />
requirements and it is possible to obta<strong>in</strong> it with state <strong>in</strong>terventi<strong>on</strong>s 24 . Likewise, state<br />
<strong>in</strong>terventi<strong>on</strong> is necessary for <strong>in</strong>dividuals with <strong>in</strong>adequate ec<strong>on</strong>omic c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s <strong>in</strong> order<br />
for <strong>the</strong>m to have a right <strong>of</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> same life c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s with <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs who live <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> same society ( aylan, 1990, 56). Sec<strong>on</strong>d stage rights and liberties, <strong>in</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r words,<br />
ec<strong>on</strong>omic and social rights and liberties need a very active and <strong>in</strong>fluential state<br />
<strong>in</strong>terventi<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>trary to <strong>the</strong> first stage rights and liberties. Work<strong>in</strong>g, educati<strong>on</strong>, health,<br />
organiz<strong>in</strong>g, collective agreements and strikes, benefit from culture and art are am<strong>on</strong>g<br />
24 This po<strong>in</strong>t is important for discussi<strong>on</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> shelter right <strong>in</strong> an urban habitat who has not any<br />
opportunity to access a house.<br />
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