a critical evaluation on the concept of justice in planning process
a critical evaluation on the concept of justice in planning process
a critical evaluation on the concept of justice in planning process
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First stage rights and liberties base <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> negative def<strong>in</strong>iti<strong>on</strong> 23 <strong>of</strong> liberty and so<br />
<strong>in</strong> public law <strong>the</strong>y are called as “negative status” rights. Because outer <strong>in</strong>terference<br />
aim<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> liberty <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividual fundamentally comes from <strong>the</strong> state (because<br />
<strong>in</strong>terference <strong>of</strong> <strong>on</strong>e <strong>in</strong>dividual to ano<strong>the</strong>r <strong>on</strong>e is a crime), first stage rights and liberties<br />
determ<strong>in</strong>es <strong>the</strong> life space <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividuals stay<strong>in</strong>g outside <strong>the</strong> state <strong>in</strong>terference ( aylan,<br />
1990, 56).<br />
From <strong>the</strong> viewpo<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> liberal discourse, <strong>the</strong> important po<strong>in</strong>t is that people are<br />
equal <strong>in</strong> fr<strong>on</strong>t <strong>of</strong> law and <strong>in</strong> market relati<strong>on</strong>s. However, people are not equal <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>telligence, skills and natural talents and this <strong>in</strong>equality will <strong>in</strong>crease with<strong>in</strong> market<br />
mechanism. These <strong>in</strong>equalities are def<strong>in</strong>ed as right, just and ethic and so <strong>the</strong>y oppose to<br />
<strong>the</strong> idea <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>terfer<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> market ( aylan, 1990, 56-57). Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> period when this<br />
approach developed, <strong>in</strong> ec<strong>on</strong>omic field, liberties <strong>in</strong> market mechanisms were accepted<br />
as a base caus<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> rules <strong>of</strong> free market ec<strong>on</strong>omy to be current. However, <strong>the</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t<br />
where <strong>the</strong> social <strong>in</strong>equalities reached and functi<strong>on</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> market mechanisms had to <strong>the</strong><br />
criticism <strong>of</strong> Marxist approach and social groups.<br />
Marxist criticism directed to this approach bases <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> idea that basic rights and<br />
liberties are rights to be lived for every pers<strong>on</strong>. It is emphasized that it is not ethic to<br />
<strong>in</strong>dicate that a pers<strong>on</strong> who can benefit from all <strong>the</strong> opportunities <strong>of</strong> medical science has<br />
<strong>the</strong> same basic rights and freedoms with a pers<strong>on</strong> who can benefit from this opportunity<br />
at marg<strong>in</strong>al level. It is not true to say that <strong>the</strong>se two <strong>in</strong>dividuals have <strong>the</strong> right to live at<br />
<strong>the</strong> same level because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> great <strong>in</strong>equalities emerg<strong>in</strong>g socially and ec<strong>on</strong>omically<br />
( aylan, 1990, 57; Göze, 1980).<br />
These arguments br<strong>in</strong>g forth a new dimensi<strong>on</strong> <strong>of</strong> liberty. “Positive liberties”<br />
c<strong>on</strong>cept and sec<strong>on</strong>d stage rights and liberties are developed bas<strong>in</strong>g <strong>on</strong> this new liberty<br />
def<strong>in</strong>iti<strong>on</strong>. This structur<strong>in</strong>g that overcame <strong>the</strong> great crisis <strong>of</strong> capitalism <strong>in</strong> 1920’s is<br />
realized over <strong>the</strong> sec<strong>on</strong>d stage rights and liberties and democracy as <strong>the</strong> result <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m<br />
( aylan, 1990, 59).<br />
23 The negative def<strong>in</strong>iti<strong>on</strong> <strong>of</strong> freedom (freedom from) is a pers<strong>on</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g whatever he wants or at least act<br />
as he wants without any outer limitati<strong>on</strong> or <strong>in</strong>terventi<strong>on</strong>. The negative def<strong>in</strong>iti<strong>on</strong> <strong>of</strong> freedom <strong>in</strong> this frame<br />
necessities <strong>the</strong> absence <strong>of</strong> outer <strong>in</strong>terventi<strong>on</strong> orient<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividual or at least stay<strong>in</strong>g at <strong>the</strong> m<strong>in</strong>imum<br />
level.<br />
38