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the production of thymoquinone from thymol and carvacrol

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5.4. Catalytic Monoterpene Oxidation with Hydrogen Peroxide ................ 28<br />

CHAPTER 6. EXPERIMENTAL................................................................................... 32<br />

6.1. Materials ............................................................................................... 32<br />

6.2. Methods ................................................................................................ 32<br />

6.2.1. Catalyst Preparations ...................................................................... 32<br />

6.2.1.1. Preparation <strong>of</strong> Lig<strong>and</strong> (H2Salpn) ........................................... 32<br />

6.2.1.2. Preparation <strong>of</strong> Metal Exchanged Zeolite Y ........................... 33<br />

6.2.1.3. Preparation <strong>of</strong> Encapsulated Complexes ............................... 33<br />

6.2.2. Catalyst Characterization................................................................. 33<br />

6.2.3. Catalytic Activity............................................................................. 34<br />

6.2.3.1. Decomposition <strong>of</strong> Hydrogen Peroxide<br />

6.2.3.2. Oxidation <strong>of</strong> Carvacrol <strong>and</strong> Thymol....................................... 34<br />

6.2.3.3. Heterogeneity Test.................................................................. 35<br />

CHAPTER 7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.............................................................. 37<br />

7.1. Catalyst Characterization...................................................................... 37<br />

7.1.1. Elemental Analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma Analysis....... 37<br />

7.1.2. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis ............................ 38<br />

7.1.3. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis................................................ 40<br />

7.1.4. FTIR Spectroscopy Analysis .......................................................... 43<br />

7.1.5. Pore Volume <strong>and</strong> Surface Area Measurement................................ 47<br />

7.1.6. Thermal Analysis............................................................................ 47<br />

7.1.6.1. Differential Scanning Calorimetric Analysis <strong>of</strong> Lig<strong>and</strong>…….47<br />

7.1.6.2. Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)……........................... 48<br />

7.2. Catalytic Activities ............................................................................... 50<br />

7.2.1. Decomposition <strong>of</strong> Hydrogen Peroxide ........................................... 50<br />

7.2.2. Oxidation <strong>of</strong> Carvacrol ................................................................... 51<br />

7.2.3. Heterogeneity Test.......................................................................... 57<br />

7.2.4. Cr (salpn)-NaY Catalyst Recycle ................................................... 59<br />

7.3. Effect <strong>of</strong> Parameters for Carvacrol Oxidation Reactions with Selected<br />

Cr(Salpn)- NaY Catalyst ..................................................................... 60<br />

7.3.1. Effect <strong>of</strong> Catalyst Amount ............................................................. 61<br />

7.3.2. Effect <strong>of</strong> Temperature.................................................................... 62<br />

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