the production of thymoquinone from thymol and carvacrol

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Figure 7.7. TGA and DT/TGA curves of the NaY, CrNaY and Cr (salpn)-NaY catalyst ....................................................................................................................... 49 Figure 7.8. The percentage of carvacrol conversion (reaction conditions: carvacrol/H2O2 molar ratio=3, 0.1 g catalyst, 60 ºC)................................................. 54 Figure 7.9. The percentage of carvacrol conversion (reaction conditions: carvacrol/H2O2 molar ratio=1, 0.1 g catalyst, 60 ºC)................................................. 54 Figure 7.10. Typical HPLC chromotograms of oxidation of carvacrol reaction recorded for before and after for low and high conversions................................ 55 Figure 7.11. The percentage of carvacrol conversion (reaction conditions: carvacrol/H2O2 molar ratio=3, 0.1 g catalyst, 60 ºC, hot filtration at 30 min ............................................................................................................................. 58 Figure 7.12. Cr (salpn) complex ................................................................................................ 59 Figure 7.13. Carvacrol conversion (wt. %) vs number of recycle ................................................. 60 Figure 7.14. Structure of (a) Thymol and (b) Carvacrol ................................................................ 64 Figure 7.15. The percentage of thymol and carvacrol conversion (reaction conditions: thymol or carvacrol/H2O2 molar ratio=1, 0.2 g Cr (salpn)-NaY catalyst, 60 ºC) ......................................................................................................................... 65 Figure 7.16. HPLC chromatograms of thyme essential oil before and after oxidation reaction (reaction conditions: 0.2 g Cr (salpn)-NaY catalyst, 60 ºC) ........................ 66 Figure B.1. Calibration curve of carvacrol ................................................................................... 73 Figure B.2. Calibration curve of thymoquinone ................................................................ 73 x
LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 2.1. Catalytic zeolites ……………..................................................................... 6 Table 3.1. Electronic configuration of the free atoms of the first row transition elements…………………………………………………………………... 13 Table 3.2. Known oxidation numbers of first row transition elements ……………… 14 Table 4.1. Data on heterogeneous catalysts used in oxidation reactions...................... 22 Table 5.1. Chemical composition of the essential oils (% total peak area)………...... 26 Table 5.2. Data on heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts used in monoterpene and essential oil oxidation reaction……………………………………….. 28 Table 7.1 Metal content of encapsulated catalysts ……………………………..…… 38 Table 7.2. IR spectral data of ligand, its neat and encapsulated complexes…………. 46 Table 7.3. Surface area and micropore volume analysis …………………………….. 47 Table 7.4. Total amount of weight loss up to 800 o C for NaY, CrNaY, Cr(salpn)- NaY ............................................................................................................. 48 Table 7.5. Percentage decomposition of hydrogen peroxide after 1 and 2 h of contact time at ambient temperature……………………………………… 50 Table 7.6. Conversion and yield in the oxidation of carvacrol reactions…. ……........ 53 Table 7.7. Values of parameters …………………………………………………....... 61 Table 7.8. Oxidation of carvacrol by Cr (salpn)- NaY catalyst under different reaction conditions....................................................................................... 63 xi
Page 1 and 2: THE PRODUCTION OF THYMOQUINONE FROM
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to ac
Page 5 and 6: ÖZET Bu tezde, genel esnek ligand
Page 7 and 8: 5.4. Catalytic Monoterpene Oxidatio
Page 9: LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page Figure
Page 13 and 14: of thymoquinone are limited only to
Page 15 and 16: advantages compared to homogeneous
Page 17 and 18: NH4 +2 generates the acid sides. Ca
Page 19 and 20: homogeneous internal structures whi
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER 3 TRANSITION METALS AND COO
Page 23 and 24: not determined by orbital energy al
Page 25 and 26: 3.3.1. Oxidation State The transiti
Page 27 and 28: it surrounds the metal, forms very
Page 29 and 30: metal complexes catalyze the reacti
Page 31 and 32: Figure 4.1. Flexible ligand method:
Page 33 and 34: included in the synthesis mixture.
Page 35 and 36: CHAPTER 5 OXIDATION OF MONOTERPENES
Page 37 and 38: In the GC-MS analysis of the oil of
Page 39 and 40: There are few studies on monoterpen
Page 41 and 42: Homolytic Pathways: Heterolytic Pat
Page 43 and 44: 6.1. Materials CHAPTER 6 EXPERIMENT
Page 45 and 46: inductively coupled plasma spectrom
Page 47 and 48: These tests were performed in detai
Page 49 and 50: Table 7.1. Metal content of encapsu
Page 51 and 52: 7.1.3. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Anal
Page 53 and 54: Figure 7.2 (cont.) 42
Page 55 and 56: ands observed in the region 1200-16
Page 57 and 58: Figure 7.5. IR spectra ligand (H2 s
Page 59 and 60: Figure 7.6. DSC analysis result sho
Page 61 and 62:
7.2. Catalytic Activities 7.2.1. De
Page 63 and 64:
eaction products, among which TQ wa
Page 65 and 66:
carvacrol conversion (%) 16 14 12 1
Page 67 and 68:
e 11.6% with a small amount of THQ.
Page 69 and 70:
during the oxidation process and th
Page 71 and 72:
leaching of Cr (salpn) complexes fr
Page 73 and 74:
7.3.2. Effect of Temperature Four d
Page 75 and 76:
7.4. Oxidation of Thymol Carvacrol
Page 77 and 78:
at 60 o C. Essentail oil contained
Page 79 and 80:
REFERENCES Anthony, F., 1999. Advan
Page 81 and 82:
Martin, R.R.L., Neves, G. 2001. “
Page 83 and 84:
APPENDIX A DETERMINATION OF HYDROGE
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