changes in protein profiles in bortezomib applied multiple myeloma ...

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1.2.6.1. The Durie-Salmon Staging System The Durie-Salmon Staging System was developed in the mid-1970s and most commonly used staging system for patient with MM (Jacobson et al., 2003). This system is basically depends on four factors ; The amount of abnormal monoclonal immunoglobulin in the blood or urine, The amount of calcium in the blood, The amount of hemoglobin in the blood, The severity of bone damage based on x-rays. Table 1.4. Durie-Salmon Staging System in MM (Source : Durie and Salmon, 1975) Stage Criteria Hemoglobin level > 10 g / 100 ml, (Hemoglobin level is slightly under the normal level) I Calcium levels in blood ≤ 12 mg / 100 ml, (Normal calcium levels in blood) Normal bone structure, (Bone x-ray results either appear normal or indicate that I only one area of bone damage) Relatively low monoclonal immunoglobulin rates in blood or urine ; IgG value < 5 g / 100 ml IgA value < 3 g / 100 ml Urine light chain monoclonal immunoglobulin on electrophoresis < 4 g / 24 hours. II A moderate number of malignant plasma cells are present. Features of this stage are between stage I and III. III Hemoglobin level > 8.5 g / 100 ml, (Low hemoglobin level) Calcium levels in blood > 12 mg / 100 ml, (High calcium levels in blood) Advanced lytic bone lesions (Bone x-ray results indicate that three or more areas of bone) High monoclonal immunoglobulin rates in blood or urine ; IgG value > 7 g / 100 ml IgA value > 5 g / 100 ml Urine light chain monoclonal immunoglobulin on electrophoresis > 12 g / 24 hours. 17
By using the system introduced by Durie and Salmon (Durie and Salmon) in 1975, MM has been divided myeloma into three stages. According to this system, the risk of MM increases from Stage I to Stage III. Thus, Stage I indicates the smallest amount of tumor and stage III indicates the largest amount of tumor. Large amounts of abnormal monoclonal immunoglobulin is an indicator of many malignant plasma cells and advanced MM. The amount of calcium in the blood is directly related to bone destruction. Because, bones normally include lots of calcium. With the bone damage in MM, calcium in the bones are released into the blood. Multiple areas of bone damage seen on x-rays indicate an advanced stage of multiple myeloma. Hemoglobin level is another important factor to stage MM. It is mainly responsible for carrying oxygen and the substance of red blood cells. In MM, malignant plasma cells occupy much of the bone marrow, in connection with this, the normal bone marrow cells have not enough space to produce red blood cells adaquately. Therefore, low hemoglobin level is equal to advanced MM. 1.2.6.2. The International Staging System The International Staging System is similar to Durie-Salmon Staging System in that it also divides MM into three stages. System is based only on the Serum β-2 Microglobulin and Serum Albumin Levels. Table 1.5. International Staging System in MM (Source : Greipp et al., 2005) Stage Criteria I II Serum β-2 Microglobulin Level < 3.5 mg / L, Serum Albumin ≥ 3.5 g / 100 ml, Serum β-2 Microglobulin Level < 3.5 mg / L but Serum Albumin < 3.5 g / 100 ml or 3.5 mg / L < Serum β-2 Microglobulin Level < 5.5 mg / L (with any Serum Albumin level) III Serum β-2 Microglobulin Level > 5.5 mg / L 18
Page 1 and 2: CHANGES IN PROTEIN PROFILES IN BORT
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, with
Page 5 and 6: ÖZET BORTEZOMĠB UYGULANAN MULTĠP
Page 7 and 8: 2.1.4.1.2. Two-Dimensional Gel Elec
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page Figure
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 1.1
Page 13 and 14: When normal cells in the body begin
Page 15 and 16: Figure 1.2. Development of Cancer S
Page 17 and 18: the myeloma cells does not help fig
Page 19 and 20: A rare form of MM called Nonsecreto
Page 21 and 22: 1.2.3. Risk Factors for MM A risk f
Page 23 and 24: of the mineralizations by adjusting
Page 25 and 26: To measure the levels of red cells,
Page 27: The levels of blood urea nitrogen (
Page 31 and 32: 1.2.7.2. Biology of The Proteasome
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1.10. Ubiquitin-Proteasome P
Page 35 and 36: Figure 1.12. Effect of Bortezomib o
Page 37 and 38: encompasses the investigation of pr
Page 39 and 40: of modification. Ubiquitin is a sma
Page 41 and 42: the given cells. On the other hand,
Page 43 and 44: is-acrylamide (N,N'-methylene-bisac
Page 45 and 46: 2.1.4.2. Detection of Protein Spots
Page 47 and 48: ange of 600-2500 Da. This is the id
Page 49 and 50: ions resolved by the mass analyzer
Page 51 and 52: 2.1.4.5.2. Mass Analyzers Figure 2.
Page 53 and 54: There is no doubt that different ma
Page 55 and 56: mask low-quantity proteins that may
Page 57 and 58: 3.1. Materials 3.1.1. Medias CHAPTE
Page 59 and 60: 3.2.5. Cell Proliferation Assay Ant
Page 61 and 62: After 72 hour incubation period at
Page 63 and 64: eceptors of the Tumor Necrosis Fact
Page 65 and 66: The preparation of stock BSA Standa
Page 67 and 68: 3.2.6.3. Detection of the Loss of M
Page 69 and 70: centrifugation, the supernatant was
Page 71 and 72: selected symmetrically to load the
Page 73 and 74: approximately 35 ml, the volume of
Page 75 and 76: After electrophoresis was finished,
Page 77 and 78: 7 Day Two: Reduction, Alkylation, a
Page 79 and 80:
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.
Page 81 and 82:
% Changes in Cytoplasmic/Mitochondr
Page 83 and 84:
Table 4.1. Magnified Segments of Di
Page 85 and 86:
Table 4.1. Magnified Segments of Di
Page 87 and 88:
After labeling, black and red color
Page 89 and 90:
78 7 8 Y2S Y3S Table 4.2. Results o
Page 91 and 92:
80 12 S4Ca Table 4.2. Results of Di
Page 93 and 94:
82 27 Y5S Table 4.2. Results of Dif
Page 95 and 96:
Spot 4, Ubiquitin-conjugating enzym
Page 97 and 98:
is a transcriptional repressor, but
Page 99 and 100:
activity and loss of mitochondrial
Page 101 and 102:
distributed, but correlate with nat
Page 103 and 104:
DeMartino, G. N. and Slaughter, C.
Page 105 and 106:
proteomic analyses of a systematica
Page 107 and 108:
Mahindraa, A., Hideshimab, T. and A
Page 109 and 110:
Richardson, P. G., Hideshima, T. an
Page 111 and 112:
Terpos, E. 2008. Bortezomib Directl
Page 113 and 114:
A.1. RPMI-1640 Growth Medium APPEND
Page 115 and 116:
Table B.1. Chemicals and Reagents U
Page 117 and 118:
B.4.3. Standard Curve for BSA Table
Page 119 and 120:
Urea (8M) 4.8 g CHAPS (%2) 0.2 g DT
Page 121 and 122:
E. F. G. STOCK REAGENT PREPARATION
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