changes in protein profiles in bortezomib applied multiple myeloma ...
changes in protein profiles in bortezomib applied multiple myeloma ...
changes in protein profiles in bortezomib applied multiple myeloma ...
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The levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creat<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>e levels <strong>in</strong> blood is<br />
related with the kidney function. The <strong>in</strong>creased levels of them mean that kidney<br />
function is impaired. Similarly, low levels of Album<strong>in</strong> and high levels of Calcium <strong>in</strong><br />
the blood can be a cue of advanced <strong>myeloma</strong> (Bataille et al., 1992; Jacobson et al.,<br />
2003).<br />
Bone marrow biopsy is of great importance <strong>in</strong> terms of check<strong>in</strong>g the bone<br />
marrow. Because, <strong>in</strong> MM, patients have too many plasma cells <strong>in</strong> their bone marrow<br />
(Smith et al., 2006).<br />
With the progression of technology <strong>in</strong> imag<strong>in</strong>g area, these types of studies beg<strong>in</strong><br />
to occupy a great place. One of these types of study is Bone x-rays. By the help of<br />
method, bone destruction caused by the <strong>myeloma</strong> cells can be detected (Ozaki, 2007).<br />
The computed tomography (CT or CAT) scan can be used as an improved x-ray<br />
procedure to take the detailed cross-sectional images of patient’s body to determ<strong>in</strong>e the<br />
damaged bones (Schreiman et al., 1985; Kyle et al., 1985; W<strong>in</strong>terbottom and Shaw,<br />
2009). One another imag<strong>in</strong>g methos is magnetic resonance (MRI). It can be also useful<br />
<strong>in</strong> look<strong>in</strong>g at bones. It differs from the x-rays and CT <strong>in</strong> that it utilizes radio waves<br />
<strong>in</strong>stead of x-rays. Firstly, this energy is absorbed and then released <strong>in</strong> a pattern<br />
produced by the type of tissue. Next, the pattern of radio waves given off by the tissues<br />
are translated <strong>in</strong>to detailed image of the body (Joffe et al., 1988; Lecouvet et al., 2001).<br />
To make a diagnosis of MM, results obta<strong>in</strong>ed any s<strong>in</strong>gle test are not sufficient.<br />
1.2.6. Stages of MM<br />
Stag<strong>in</strong>g process is very significant <strong>in</strong> that it is the sign of cancer progress.<br />
Importance of this process stems from determ<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the appropriate treatment options<br />
and prognosis.<br />
MM has been staged with two systems up to now. One of them is Durie-Salmon<br />
Stag<strong>in</strong>g System and the other one is International Stag<strong>in</strong>g System. Although some<br />
doctors still use this system, its value is becom<strong>in</strong>g restricted due to newer diagnostic<br />
methods. Recently, International Stag<strong>in</strong>g System for MM has been developed.<br />
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