changes in protein profiles in bortezomib applied multiple myeloma ...
changes in protein profiles in bortezomib applied multiple myeloma ...
changes in protein profiles in bortezomib applied multiple myeloma ...
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1.1. Cancer<br />
CHAPTER 1<br />
INTRODUCTION TO MULTIPLE MYELOM<br />
Cancer is one of the most frightn<strong>in</strong>g health problems of our age on account of<br />
higher death rate. It is known that the number of research groups deal<strong>in</strong>g with the<br />
biological basis of cancer formation, progression and new treatment options <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong><br />
number with the expansion of the knowledge <strong>in</strong> the field of cancer research, but,<br />
unfortunately, cancer still rema<strong>in</strong>s one of the lead<strong>in</strong>g causes of death after the<br />
cardiovascular diseases <strong>in</strong> the world (Jemal et al., 2007). Accord<strong>in</strong>g to GLOBOCAN<br />
2008 data, nowadays, approximately 12 million people worldwide caught this disease<br />
each year, about 7 million of these patients (~60%) are dy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the same year and it is<br />
estimated that 25 million cancer patients are still alive (Bilir, 2008; Jemal et al., 2011).<br />
Furthermore, considerable number of scientific studies on cancer statistics show that<br />
both the rate of cancer is <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g day by day and diagnosis and treatment options of it<br />
require the co-operation of many specialized fields (Park<strong>in</strong> et al., 2005; Boyle and<br />
Lev<strong>in</strong>, 2008; Jemal et al., 2011 respectively).<br />
The term cancer applies to a set of diseases characterized by unregulated,<br />
abnormal cell growth lead<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>in</strong>vasion of surround<strong>in</strong>g tissues from its po<strong>in</strong>t of orig<strong>in</strong><br />
and spreads to other parts of the body where they establish secondary areas of growth<br />
(K<strong>in</strong>g and Rob<strong>in</strong>s, 2006; Lieberman and Marks, 2009). A brief def<strong>in</strong>ition for cancer<br />
would be a group of diseases <strong>in</strong> which cells no longer respond to normal restra<strong>in</strong>ts on<br />
growth. In other words, cancer orig<strong>in</strong>ates from the loss of normal growth control.<br />
The body is made up of hundreds of millions of liv<strong>in</strong>g cells. Normal body cells<br />
grow, divide and die <strong>in</strong> an orderly fashion. Dur<strong>in</strong>g the early years of a person's life,<br />
normal cells divide faster to allow the person to grow. After the person becomes an<br />
adult, most of the cells divide only to replace worn-out or dy<strong>in</strong>g cells or to repair<br />
<strong>in</strong>juries and the rates of new cell growth and old cell death are kept <strong>in</strong> balance. On the<br />
contrary, cancer cell growth is very different from normal cell growth. Instead of dy<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
cancer cells cont<strong>in</strong>ue to grow and form new, anomalous cells.<br />
1