BIOSORPTION OF Pb2+, Cd2+, & Ni2+ FROM WATERS BY ...

2.3. Instrumentation and Apparatus.......................................................25
2.4. Biosorption Studies........................................................................25
2.5. Desorption Studies .........................................................................26
2.6. Immobilization Studies ..................................................................27
2.6.1. Immobilization of Biosorbents into Sodium-Silicate...............27
2.6.2. Immobilization of Biosorbents into Agarose........................... 28
2.7. Sorption Isotherm Models ..............................................................29
CHAPTER 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION........................................................32
3.1. Characterization of Biosorbents......................................................32
3.1.1. SEM Results ..........................................................................32
3.1.2. FTIR Results..........................................................................33
3.1.3. Elemental Analysis.................................................................34
3.1.4. Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) .....................................36
3.2. Parameters Affecting Biosorption of Pb 2+ , Cd 2+ , and Ni 2+ ..............38
3.2.1. Effect of Solution pH .............................................................38
3.2.2. Effect of Shaking Time ..........................................................40
3.2.3. Effect of Initial Metal Ion Concentration ................................40
3.2.4. Effect of Biomass Amount .....................................................45
3.3. Desorption Studies for Oocystis sp. and Scenedesmus protuberans. 48
3.4. Competitive Biosorption: Three-Metal Ion System......................... 50
3.5. Successive Loading........................................................................52
3.6. Immobilization Studies ..................................................................55
3.6.1. Immobilization of Oocystis sp. and Scenedesmus protuberans
into Sodium-Silicate.........................................................................56
3.6.2. Immobilization of Oocystis sp. and Scenedesmus protuberans
into Agarose..................................................................................... 57
3.7. Sorption Isotherm Results ..............................................................58
CHAPTER 4. CONCLUSION................................................................................. 76
REFERENCES........................................................................................................ 78
APPENDIX A.........................................................................................................83
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