BIOSORPTION OF Pb2+, Cd2+, & Ni2+ FROM WATERS BY ...

TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................................ix
LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................xii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................1
1.1. Environmental Considerations..........................................................1
1.2. Heavy Metals...................................................................................1
1.2.1. Lead.........................................................................................2
1.2.2. Cadmium .................................................................................3
1.2.3. Nickel ......................................................................................4
1.3. Heavy Metal Pollution .....................................................................5
1.3.1. Heavy Metal Determination Techniques...................................6
1.3.2. Removal of Heavy Metals ........................................................7
1.4. Biosorption ......................................................................................9
1.4.1. Biosorption Mechanisms ..........................................................9
1.4.2. Factors Affecting Biosorption ................................................11
1.4.3. Advantages of Biosorption .....................................................12
1.5. Algae .............................................................................................14
1.5.1. Dunaliella salina....................................................................16
1.5.2. Oocystis sp. ............................................................................17
1.5.3. Porphyridium cruentum..........................................................17
1.5.4. Scenedesmus protuberans.......................................................17
1.6. Use of Immobilized Biomass in Biosorption ..................................18
1.6.1. Immobilization Techniques ....................................................18
1.6.1.1. Adsorption on Inert Supports .........................................19
1.6.1.2. Entrapment in Polymeric Matrices .................................20
1.6.1.3. Covalent Bonds to Vector Compounds...........................20
1.6.1.4. Cross-Linking ................................................................20
1.7. Aim of this Study...........................................................................20
CHAPTER 2. EXPERIMENTAL............................................................................22
2.1. Preparation of Biosorbents .............................................................22
2.2. Chemicals and Reagents................................................................. 22
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