BIOSORPTION OF Pb2+, Cd2+, & Ni2+ FROM WATERS BY ...

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5. Metal recovery possible: Metals can be recovered after being sorbed from the aqueous media by a suitable eluting solution. 6. Competitive performance: It is capable of performace comparable to the most similar techniques. Owing to the aforementioned advantages, biosorption based on organisms or plants could be uitlized as an alternative method to remove heavy metals from industrial wastewaters (Pamukoğlu 2006). Table 1.2. Major binding groups for biosorption (Source:Volesky 2007) Binding group Structural formula pKa HSAB classif. Ligand atom Occurence in selected biomolecules Hydroxyl ―OH 9.5 – 13.0 Hard O PS, UA, SPS, AA Carbonyl (ketone) >C=O - Hard O Peptide bond Carboxyl ―COOH 1.7 - 4.7 Hard O UA, AA Sulfhydryl (thiol) ―SH 8.3 - 10.8 Soft S AA Sulfonate ―SO3 1.3 Hard O SPS Thioether >S - Soft S AA Amine ―NH2 8.0 - 11.0 Intermediate N Cto, AA Secondary amine >NH 13.0 Intermediate N Cti, PG, AA Amide ―C=O ǀ NH2 - Intermediate N AA Imine =NH 11.6 – 2.6 Intermediate N AA Imidazole 6.0 Soft N AA Phosphonate Phospodiester OH ǀ ―P=O ǀ OH >P=O | OH 0.9 – 2.1 6.1 – 6.8 Hard O PL 1.5 Hard O TA, LPS (PS: polysaccharides, UA: uronic acids, SPS: sulfated PS, Cto: chitosan, PG: peptidoglycan, AA: amino acids, TA: teichoic acid, PL: phospholipids: LPS: lipoPS). 13
1.5. Algae Living or dead algal cells are being increasingly used as biosorbents to remove heavy metals from aqueous solutions due to their high sorption uptake and their availibility in practically unlimited quantities in the seas and oceans (Feng and Aldrich 2004). Algae (singular alga) are a large and diverse group of simple, typically autotrophic organisms, ranging from unicellular to multicellular forms (Wikipedia 2008). Seaweeds are the largest and most complex marine forms. They are photosynthetic, like plants, and "simple" because they lack the many of the distinct organs found in land plants. All true algae have a nucleus enclosed within a membrane and chloroplasts bound in one or more membranes. Algae constitute a paraphyletic and polyphyletic group: they do not represent a single evolutionary direction or line, but a level or grade of organization that may have developed several times in the early history of life on Earth. Some organs that are not included in the algae are phyllids and rhizoids in nonvascular plants, or leaves, roots, and other organs that are found in tracheophytes. Since they are photosynthetic, so they are distinguished from protozoa. Even though some groups contain members that are mixotrophic, deriving energy both from photosynthesis and uptake of organic carbon either by osmotrophy, myzotrophy, or phagotrophy, many are photoautotrophic. Some unicellular species rely entirely on external energy sources and have reduced or lost their photosynthetic apparatus. All algae have photosynthetic parts eventually obtained had origin from the cyanobacteria, moreover they produce oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis, unlike other photosynthetic bacteria such as purple and green sulfur bacteria. Algae are most prominent in bodies of water but are also common in terrestrial environments. However, terrestrial algae are usually rather inconspicuous and far more common in moist, tropical regions than dry ones, because algae lack vascular tissues and other adaptations to live on land. Algae are also found in other situations, such as on snow and on exposed rocks in symbiosis with a fungus as lichen. The various sorts of algae play significant roles in aquatic ecology. Microscopic forms that live suspended in the water column (phytoplankton) provide the food base for most marine food chains. Some are used as human food or harvested 14
Page 1 and 2: BIOSORPTION OF AQUEOUS Pb 2+ , Cd 2
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT BIOSORPTION OF AQUEOUS Pb
Page 5 and 6: Anyone who has never made a mistake
Page 7 and 8: 2.3. Instrumentation and Apparatus.
Page 9 and 10: Figure 3.16. Effect of biosorbent a
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 1.1
Page 13 and 14: · or the change of active conforma
Page 15 and 16: possible kidney disease is as a res
Page 17 and 18: 1.3.1. Heavy Metal Determination Te
Page 19 and 20: leads to develop an economical and
Page 21 and 22: cell metabolism. From the other poi
Page 23: 3. The metal removal is influenced
Page 27 and 28: 1.5.1. Dunaliella salina Dunaliella
Page 29 and 30: Scenedesmus exists comonly in the p
Page 31 and 32: 1.6.1.2. Entrapment in Polymeric Ma
Page 33 and 34: 2.1. Preparation of Biosorbents CHA
Page 35 and 36: 24 Table 2.1. The properties of che
Page 37 and 38: temperature, and successive loading
Page 39 and 40: 2.6.2. Immobilization of Biosorbent
Page 41 and 42: where ce is the equilibirium concen
Page 43 and 44: CHAPTER 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.
Page 45 and 46: Table 3.1. IR stretching frequencie
Page 47 and 48: Table 3.2. Elemental composition of
Page 49 and 50: Figure 3.6. TGA decomposition curve
Page 51 and 52: the underlying mechanism of sorptio
Page 53 and 54: Concentration (x10 -5 Concentration
Page 55 and 56: Sorption (%) 100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 2
Page 57 and 58: such as 10.0, 20.0, 50.0, 100.0, an
Page 61 and 62: Desorption (%) Desorption (%) 100.0
Page 63 and 64: Table 3.6. Competitive biosorption
Page 67 and 68: 3.6.1. Immobilization of Oocystis s
Page 69 and 70: 3.7. Sorption Isotherm Results The
Page 71 and 72: 1/q e 1/q e 1/q e 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.
Page 73 and 74: 1/q e 1/q e 1/q e 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.
Page 75 and 76:
logq e logq e logq e -7.00 -6.00 -5
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logq e logq e logq e -7.00 -6.00 -5
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lnq e lnq e lnq e 0.00 0.00E+00 -2.
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lnq e lnq e lnq e 0.00 0.00E+00 -2.
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qe (x10-3 qe (x10 mol/g) -3mol/g) q
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qe (x10-3 qe (x10 mol/L) -3mol/L) q
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CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSION It has been sh
Page 89 and 90:
REFERENCES Agency for Toxic Substan
Page 91 and 92:
López A., N. Lázaro, A.M. Marqué
Page 93 and 94:
Volesky B. 2007. Biosorption and me
Page 95:
BBM KOH Solution Contents Concentra
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BIOSORPTION OF Pb2+, Cd2+, & Ni2+ FROM WATERS BY ...

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