BIOSORPTION OF Pb2+, Cd2+, & Ni2+ FROM WATERS BY ...

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ecome evident. Nickel sensitive people can have asthma attacks, but not common and some of them give a reaction consuming food or water containning nickel or breathing dust containing it. Chronic bronchits and reduced lung function problems are the consequences for the people who work in nickel refineries or nickel- processing plants. Together with these problems, workers who drank water containing higher concentration of nickel have stomach ache and suffered adverse effects to their blood and kidneys (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 2008). Nasal cancer among workers in Ni refineries was reported in the 1930s, and conclusive evidence of an increased risk of lung and nasal cancer in this group of people was presented in the 1960s (Ebdon, et al. 2001). Nickel sulfide (Ni2S3) is considered to be one of the most carcinogenic Ni compounds, as shown in experiments with animals and in human lymphocytes (Ebdon, et al. 2001). Nickel is an essential element for microorganisms and plants to carry out the reactions which is vital response. By the way, the urease that is an nickel containig enzyme assists in the hydrolysis of urea (Wikipedia 2008). According to the EPA recommendations, drinking water should contain less than 0.1 mg nickel/L (Environmental Protection Agency 2008). 1.3. Heavy Metal Pollution Heavy metal pollution is a quickly growing problem for our oceans, lakes, and rivers. It has started to influence our lives by its growing , so it can be emphasized that it has to be awared of the problems due to heavy metals. It can be concluded that the solution for the heavy metal pollution is demanding immediate actions. Since heavy metals has an ability not to decay unlike organic pollutants, hence it is the cause of challenge for remediation. It can be thought that the main cause of heavy metal pollution is due to the industralization and its outcomes, and this brings to threaten to human health, animals, plants, and the planet itself. Fertilizers and sewage also are the another source of heavy metal pollutants, however, the pollution is primarily based on the industralization. 5
1.3.1. Heavy Metal Determination Techniques It is needed to determine the amount and the form of heavy metals in sample which is taken up by the area of interest, since the quality of area is relied on these two factors. The concentration of five soil heavy metals (Pb, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg) was measured in forty sampling sites in central Transylvania, Romania, regions known as centres of pollution due to the chemical and metallurgical activities by the aid of ICP–MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry) and NAA (Neutron Activation Analysis) (Suciu, et al. 2008). The contents of cadmium, lead, nickel, zinc and copper in bee honey samples were analysed by ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectrometry) (Demirezen and Aksoy 2005). The preconcentration and determination of ultra trace amounts of inorganic mercury and organomercury compounds in different water samples was studied by RP-HPLC (reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography) after solid phase extraction on modified C18 extraction disks with 1,3-bis(2- cyanobenzene)triazene (Hashempur, et al. 2008). Recently, Pei Liang and a co-worker developed a new method for the determination of trace lead by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and preconcentration and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (Liang and Sang 2008). In this study, 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-5-pyrazo-lone (PMBP) as a chelating agent, which forms complexes with more than 40 metal ions and has found numerous applications in trace element separation and preconcentration. In addition, trace amounts of Pb in human urine and water samples was successfully determined by this method (Liang 2008). Robles and co-workers studied that phenyl-mercury (Ph-Hg) was selectively preconcentrated by living Escherichia coli strain (K-15) and mercury content was determined by CVAAS (cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry) (Robles, et al. 2000). Bacteria were used for speciation of Se(IV) and Se(VI) in complex environmental samples. The speciation of soluble inorganic selenium ions, Se(IV) and Se(VI), was studied by living bacterial cells of E. Coli and P. Putida and the 6
Page 1 and 2: BIOSORPTION OF AQUEOUS Pb 2+ , Cd 2
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT BIOSORPTION OF AQUEOUS Pb
Page 5 and 6: Anyone who has never made a mistake
Page 7 and 8: 2.3. Instrumentation and Apparatus.
Page 9 and 10: Figure 3.16. Effect of biosorbent a
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 1.1
Page 13 and 14: · or the change of active conforma
Page 15: possible kidney disease is as a res
Page 19 and 20: leads to develop an economical and
Page 21 and 22: cell metabolism. From the other poi
Page 23 and 24: 3. The metal removal is influenced
Page 25 and 26: 1.5. Algae Living or dead algal cel
Page 27 and 28: 1.5.1. Dunaliella salina Dunaliella
Page 29 and 30: Scenedesmus exists comonly in the p
Page 31 and 32: 1.6.1.2. Entrapment in Polymeric Ma
Page 33 and 34: 2.1. Preparation of Biosorbents CHA
Page 35 and 36: 24 Table 2.1. The properties of che
Page 37 and 38: temperature, and successive loading
Page 39 and 40: 2.6.2. Immobilization of Biosorbent
Page 41 and 42: where ce is the equilibirium concen
Page 43 and 44: CHAPTER 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.
Page 45 and 46: Table 3.1. IR stretching frequencie
Page 47 and 48: Table 3.2. Elemental composition of
Page 49 and 50: Figure 3.6. TGA decomposition curve
Page 51 and 52: the underlying mechanism of sorptio
Page 53 and 54: Concentration (x10 -5 Concentration
Page 55 and 56: Sorption (%) 100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 2
Page 57 and 58: such as 10.0, 20.0, 50.0, 100.0, an
Page 61 and 62: Desorption (%) Desorption (%) 100.0
Page 63 and 64: Table 3.6. Competitive biosorption
Page 67 and 68:
3.6.1. Immobilization of Oocystis s
Page 69 and 70:
3.7. Sorption Isotherm Results The
Page 71 and 72:
1/q e 1/q e 1/q e 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.
Page 73 and 74:
1/q e 1/q e 1/q e 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.
Page 75 and 76:
logq e logq e logq e -7.00 -6.00 -5
Page 77 and 78:
logq e logq e logq e -7.00 -6.00 -5
Page 79 and 80:
lnq e lnq e lnq e 0.00 0.00E+00 -2.
Page 81 and 82:
lnq e lnq e lnq e 0.00 0.00E+00 -2.
Page 83 and 84:
qe (x10-3 qe (x10 mol/g) -3mol/g) q
Page 85 and 86:
qe (x10-3 qe (x10 mol/L) -3mol/L) q
Page 87 and 88:
CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSION It has been sh
Page 89 and 90:
REFERENCES Agency for Toxic Substan
Page 91 and 92:
López A., N. Lázaro, A.M. Marqué
Page 93 and 94:
Volesky B. 2007. Biosorption and me
Page 95:
BBM KOH Solution Contents Concentra
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